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Chemical formulas, as well as any linguistic entity, have to fulfill two basic requirements – expressiveness and economy, i.e. they have to express the maximal meaning with minimal means. Besides, chemical formula, being a scientific notation, has not to convey vague and scientifically unapproved meanings. This article presents the development of various kinds of chemical formulas and discusses their meaning in the historical context. Special attention is paid to line notation, developed for computers (WLN, SMILES, InChI etc.). We also discuss Seymour B. Elk's "biparametric nomenclature", based on the concept of 3-simplex, which was claimed to be universally applicable to all classes of compounds.

The original Zagreb indices and some of their variants, such as the modified Zagreb indices, variable Zagreb indices, reformulated original Zagreb indices, reformulated modified Zagreb indices, Zagreb indices as complexity indices, general Zagreb indices, Zagreb indices for heterocyclic systems, Zagreb co-indices, are outlined. Some interesting properties of the Zagreb indices, depending on the structure of molecular (chemical) graphs, are mentioned. Zagreb indices of line graphs and their connection with certain walks on graphs are discussed. The relationships between the Zagreb indices and some of the earliest molecular descriptors such as the Platt index (introduced in 1947) and Gordon-Scantlebury index (introduced in 1964) are presented. So-called Zagreb co-indices are briefly mentioned. Analytical formulas for computing Zagreb indices of several homologous structures are also given.

The stability constant of a complex generally depends on the electronic, stereochemical and steric factors, as well as on the chelate effect and interaction of the complex, metal and ligand with water. In the first part of the paper we discuss the Irving-Williams order of stability of bivalent transition metal ion complexes from Mn2+ to Zn2+, along with the HSAB model (hard and soft acids and bases) of stability. The second part describes three kinds of models for the estimation of the stability constants of complex compounds. First are those based on molecular mechanics, which were used mainly for the estimation of the enantioselectivity effect, i. e. Gibbs energy differences between MLL and MDL isomers. The second kind of models are mechanistic, that rest on the presumption of linear dependence of measured stability constants of the complexes with the same ligand (stability constants of mono- and bis-complexes, protonation constants, etc.). The third kind of models are heuristic (QSPR), which encompass molecular descriptors calculated by the method of overlapping spheres (OS), as well as topological indices. Among the variety of topological indices, connectivity indices proved best. They were calculated for the ligand and various representations of the coordination compound structure.

The subject of this article is an analysis of the hackathon concept as an educational approach and its role in the development of students' knowledge and skills. The goal is to conduct an in-depth examination of the effectiveness and achievements of the hackathon, with special reference to the attitudes of students and teachers involved in this educational methodology. The key emphasis is placed on participants' perception of the possibilities of hackathons providing long-term results and hackathons' impact as an educational format. Through a specific blockchain hackathon jointly organized by the University of Belgrade, Serbia, and the University of Florida, USA, the research examines participants' perspectives and their expectations, experiences, and overall impressions. The research focuses on the readiness of hackathon participants to incorporate new technical skills through this form of learning, knowledge acquisition, attitudes, and motivational drivers. Furthermore, the research examines how participants' views change before and after the event. The paper contains the insights of educators who, relying on their experiences at the hackathon, emphasize the importance of measuring and monitoring the outcome of the hackathon. Their perspectives highlight the motivation for promoting experimental learning methods in academic settings. This comprehensive research sheds light on multiple impacts of hackathon participation, which extend beyond knowledge acquisition to include changes in technological interests, success in specific domains, and the broader implications of hackathons as a transformative learning experience. The research contributes to the ongoing discussion about innovative approaches to learning. It provides a foundation for a better understanding of how hackathons shape attitudes and contribute to long-term outcomes for both students and teachers, establishing a conceptual framework for hackathon-based learning approaches and opportunities to monitor the effects of hackathons.

Introduction/purpose: This paper seeks to provide a review of the applications of the fifth (5G) and the next, the sixth (6G), generation of mobile wireless communications in the military environment. Methods: Analyzes and syntheses were used to consider various aspects, challenges, developments, and implementations of the fifth (5G) generation as well as the sixth (6G) generation mobile wireless communications for military purposes. Results: The background and the state of the art of 5G and 6G mobile wireless communications are presented. Next, 5G military impact and initiatives are described. The paper also presents future prospectives of 6G for its usage in the military. Finally, possible 6G military applications are presented. Conclusion: 5G had achieved the first deployment by 2020 and completed the first phase of its evolution in 2022. The 5G Advanced starts as a version towards the sixth generation in a way to find different solutions for implementation not only for commercial, but also for military purposes. With the platform approach to connectivity, 5G military networks contain different requirements, range of implementation options with spectral efficiency, latency, and reliability as primary performance metrics. Toward 6G, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) methods have proposed new approaches to modeling, design, optimization, and implementation in military systems.

In this paper, I tested our quadratic regression models for the estimation of flavonoid oxidation potentials based on spin populations, the differences in the net atomic charges between a cation and a neutral flavonoid, between a radical and an anion of a flavonoid, and between a radical and a neutral flavonoid on a larger set of flavonoids (N = 35). By including six new flavonoids (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone, 3,3’,4’,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3,7-dihydroxyflavone, 4’,7-dihydroxyflavone, 4’,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone, and 6-hydroxyflavone), we created a respectable calibration set of 35 flavonoids with their oxidation potentials all measured at the same conditions by the same experimentalist. The best model was based on the mean values of the three variables using differences in the net atomic charges (R2 = 0.970, S.E. = 0.043), which are connected with the three different mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation, SET-PT, SPLET, and HAT.

Glavni proizvod anaerobne digestije je bioplin, koji je obnovljivo gorivo, a sporedni proizvod ovog procesa je digestat, koji se koristi kao gnojivo bogato hranjivim tvarima. Dodatni pozitivni učinci anaerobne digestije su razgradnja organskog otpada te smanjenje neugodnih mirisa i koncentracije patogenih mikroorganizama. Bioplin se uglavnom koristi za proizvodnju električne energije i topline, a u nekim slučajevima se pročišćava da bi se dobio biometan koji se koristi u mreži prirodnog plina, kao gorivo za motore s unutarnjim sagorijevanjem ili kao polazna kemikalija za kemijsku industriju. Zbog svega navedenog, razvoj proizvodnje bioplina ima pozitivne društveno-ekonomske i ekološke učinke. Bioplin proizveden u Hrvatskoj većinom se koristi za proizvodnju električne i toplinske energije u kogeneracijskim postrojenjima. Iako su u Hrvatskoj dostupne različite obnovljive sirovine koje bi se mogle iskoristiti za proizvodnju bioplina, njihov je potencijal do sada bio nedovoljno iskorišten. Kao sirovine za proizvodnju bioplina u nas se pretežno koriste gnojovka i nusproizvodi poljoprivrede, klaonica i prehrambene industrije. Racionalnijim korištenjem zemljišta i razvojem prehrambene industrije mogla bi se povećati količina poljoprivrednih ostataka i nusproizvoda koji nastaju preradom hrane. Usmjeravanjem i poticanjem korištenja ovih nusproizvoda za anaerobnu digestiju može se stimulirati brži razvoj proizvodnje bioplina u Hrvatskoj. Pored mogućeg povećanja vlastite proizvodnje električne energije i goriva, radi se o ekološki povoljnoj tehnologiji koja ima pozitivan društveno-ekonomski učinak.

Wave data play a critical role in offshore structure design and coastal vulnerability studies. For various reasons, such as equipment malfunctions, wave data are often incomplete. Despite the interest in completing the data, few studies have considered constructing a machine learning model with publicly available wind measurements as input, while wind data from reanalysis models are commonly used. In this work, ANNs are constructed and tested to fill in missing wave data and extend the original wave measurements in a basin with limited fetch where wind waves dominate. Input features for the ANN are obtained from the publicly available Integrated Surface Database (ISD) maintained by NOAA. The accuracy of the ANNs is also compared to a state-of-the-art reanalysis wave model, MEDSEA, maintained at Copernicus Marine Service. The results of this study show that ANNs can accurately fill in missing wave data and also extend beyond the measurement period, using the wind velocity magnitude and wind direction from nearby weather stations. The MEDSEA reanalysis data showed greater scatter compared to the reconstructed significant wave heights from ANN. Specifically, MEDSEA showed a 22% higher HH index for expanding wave data and a 33% higher HH index for filling in missing wave data points.

Herein, I will review our efforts to develop a comprehensive and robust model for the estimation of the first oxidation potential, Ep1, and antioxidant activity, AA, of flavonoids that would, besides enabling fast and cheap prediction of Ep1 and AA for a flavonoid of interest, help us explain the relationship between Ep1, AA and electronic structure. The model development went forward with enlarging the set of flavonoids and, that way, we had to learn how to deal with the structural peculiarities of some of the 35 flavonoids from the final calibration set, for which the Ep1 measurements were all made in our laboratory. The developed models were simple quadratic models based either on atomic spin densities or differences in the atomic charges of the species involved in any of the three main oxidation mechanisms. The best model takes into account all three mechanisms of oxidation, single electron transfer-proton transfer (SET-PT), sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), yielding excellent statistics (R2 = 0.970, S.E. = 0.043).

Research background. Increasing awareness of the importance of nutrition in health promotion and disease prevention has driven to the development of foods for special medical purposes (FSMPs). In this study, the probiotic strain Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei (Lacticaseibacillus casei 431®) was incorporated into FSMPs to develop an innovative product. The aim was to investigate the influence of the FSMP matrix on the specific probiotic properties of L. casei 431® in vitro. Experimental approach. A series of in vitro experiments were performed as part of the probiotic approach. After evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility profiles, functional properties such as survival under simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions, bile salt deconjugation activities, cholesterol assimilation, antagonistic activity against spoilage bacteria and adhesion to Caco-2 cell line monolayers and extracellular matrix proteins were investigated. Results and conclusions. The L. casei 431® strain, both the lyophilised strain and the strain isolated from the FSMP matrix, effectively survived the simulated adverse gastrointestinal conditions without significant effects of the food matrix. The effect of the FSMP matrix on the deconjugation activity of the bile salts of L. casei 431® was minimal; however, cholesterol assimilation was increased by 16.4 %. L. casei 431® had antibacterial activity against related lactic acid bacteria regardless of whether it was used in FSMPs or not. Conversely, the probiotic strain isolated from FSMP matrix had significantly higher inhibitory activity against six potential pathogens than the lyophilised culture. The autoaggregation ability of the L. casei 431® cells was not affected by the FSMP matrix. The adhesion of L. casei 431® bacterial cells to the extracellular matrix proteins was reduced after treatment with proteinase K, with the highest adhesion observed to laminin. The adhesion of L. casei 431® reduced the binding of E. coli 3014 by 1.81 log units and the binding of S. Typhimurium FP1 to Caco-2 cell lines by 1.85 log units, suggesting the potential for competitive exclusion of these pathogens. Novelty and scientific contribution. The results support the positive effect of the FSMP matrix on the specific probiotic properties of L. casei 431®, such as antibacterial activity, bile salt deconjugation and cholesterol assimilation, while the incorporation of this probiotic strain adds functional value to the FSMPs. The synergistic effect achieved by the joint application of L. casei 431® and innovative FSMP matrix contributed to the development of the novel formulation of an improved functional food product with added value.

Introduction/purpose: This paper aims to present military green technology through present concepts, solutions and challenges, as well as through future trends, particularly in wireless communication. Methods: Analyses and syntheses were used to consider various aspects, challenges and developments of military green technology. Results: Important aspects of organization, challenges and strategies in military green technologies are presented. Next, the role of a green energy action plan is emphasized. Furthermore, green defence solutions and security challenges are considered. Besides presenting green technologies of today, primarily focused on wireless networks, especially 5G, the paper also considers the impact of biofuels, methanol-based fuel cells, hydrogen fuel cells, hybrid electrical vehicles and photovoltaic energy. Finally, green technologies for the future are presented through some of the most important technologies: next generation wireless networks, pulse detonation engines, piezoelectricity, and biodegradable platforms. Conclusion: Military green technology is now necessary for approaching wireless networking in order to meet challenges of high demands of wireless traffic and energy consumption. Also, military green technology will require further constant considerations in the field of efficiency and sustainability of application as well as research to provide different acceptable solutions, not only in technical, but also in the organizational domain, in order to be applied in military environment.

This research studies the influence of the addition of defatted press cakes (from the production of hazelnut, camelina, pumpkin, and hemp seed oil) on nutritionally important components: fibre, resistant starch, polyphenols, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and acrylamide in directly and indirectly expanded snacks. The amounts of press cakes added to corn grits were 3, 6, and 9%. Extrusion was carried out in a laboratory single-screw extruder. For indirectly expanded products (SCFX), supercritical CO2 was injected during extrusion, and secondary expansion was completed in the microwave oven. The type and content of press cake, as well as the type of product, significantly influenced total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Press cakes increased the contents of both soluble and insoluble fibre (from 1.94% d. m. and 1.28% d. m. for extrudates without press cakes up to 3.17% d. m. and 6.94% d. m. for SCFX extrudates with press cakes, respectively), and resistant starch was not markedly influenced by their addition. The influence of the content of press cake on HMF was not significant, whereas the type of cake and the type of extrusion influenced HMF significantly. In a raw mixture of corn grits with 3% of pumpkin press cake, HMF was below the limit of detection, and the highest content was found in the classically extruded sample with the addition of 9% of camelina press cake (580 ppb). In all samples, the acrylamide content was below the limit of detection, indicating that safe products were obtained. This research shows potential for the implementation of supercritical CO2 extrusion in the production of safe, nutritionally improved snack products. Future research might bring about the design of cost-effective processes applicable in the industry.

In search and rescue (SAR) operations, up-to-date information on the terrain is critical because every additional hour required to search for a person reduces the likelihood of success. Therefore, it is necessary to provide quick access and the best possible input data for planners and search teams and to develop tools that can help them plan and monitor actions in real-time. This paper describes a novel system based on the use of GIS for planning actions and visualizing the situation on the ground. Special focus is devoted to the algorithm for assessing the mobility of the missing person. Using this algorithm, the area of the proposed search area is modeled based on obtained information about the type of terrain on which the searches are planned. The obtained results are presented as a new Geographic Information System layer and have proven to be a quality that helps in defining the search space. Further research is discussed, especially regarding the assessment of the passability of certain types of terrain.

Strawberry as a cultivated plant species shows exceptional sensitivity to various abiotic factors in cultivation, especially the deficiency of nutrient elements (micro and macroelements), such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, boron, calcium, etc. Therefore, in the cultivation of strawberries is very important monitoring of nutrients in the soil and reacting as soon as symptoms of deficiency are noticed. The most common symptoms of deficiency of these nutrients in plants, including strawberries, are changes in color of leafs (yellowing or chlorosis, redness, darkening, etc.), deformation of plants and fruit malformations. Chlorosis as a symptom most often occurs in the case of deficiency of nitrogen, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum and zinc, while the symptoms of deformationsoccur mainly in the case of deficiency of boron (on fruits) and deficiency of calcium (on leaves).

Jagoda kao kultivirana vrsta pokazuje izuzetnu osjetljivost na razne abiotske čimbenike u uzgoju, posebno na nedostatak biogenih elemenata, odnosno hranjiva (mikro i makroelementi), kao što su dušik, kalij, fosfor, bor, kalcij i dr. Stoga je u uzgoju jagode od velike važnosti pratiti stanje hranjivih elemenata u tlu i reagirati čim se primijete simptomi nedostataka ili viška istih. Najčešći simptomi nedostataka ovih hraniva na svim biljkama, pa tako i jagodama, su promjene boje lišća (žućenja ili kloroze, crvenilo, tamnjenje i dr.), kržljavost i deformacije biljaka te malformacije plodova. Navedeni simptomi često se mogu preklapati između pojedinih hranjivih elemenata, ali i sa simptomima parazitskih ili infektivnih bolesti, kao što su viroze i fitoplazmoze. Kloroze se kao simptom najčešće javljaju u slučaju nedostatka dušika, željeza, magnezija, mangana, molibdena i cinka, dok se simptomi deformacija javljaju uglavnom u slučaju nedostatka bora (na plodovima) i kalcija (na listovima).

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has proven to be an effective drug target in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and dementia. We developed a novel QSAR regression model for estimating potency to inhibit AChE, pKi, on a set of 75 structurally different compounds including oximes, N-hydroxyiminoacetamides, 4-aminoquinolines and flavonoids. Although the model included only three simple descriptors, the valence molecular connectivity index of the zero-order, 0χv, the number of 10-membered rings (nR10) and the number of hydroxyl groups (nOH), it yielded excellent statistics (r = 0.937, S.E. = 0.51). The stability of the model was evaluated when an initial set of 75 compounds was broadened to 165 compounds in total, with the increase of the range of pKi (exp) from 6.0 to 10.2, yielding r = 0.882 and S.E. = 0.89. The predictive power of the model was evaluated by calculating pKi values for 55 randomly chosen compounds (S.E.test = 0.90) from the calibration model created on other 110 compounds (S.E. = 0.89), all taken from the pool of 165 compounds.

The continuous development of quantum computing necessitates the development of quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms. In response to this demand, the National Institute of Standards and Technology selected standardized algorithms including Crystals-Dilithium, Falcon, and Sphincs+ for digital signatures. This paper provides a comparative evaluation of these algorithms across key metrics. The results indicate varying strengths and weaknesses for each algorithm, underscoring the importance of context-specific deployments. Our findings indicate that Dilithium offers advantages in low-power scenarios, Falcon excels in signature verification speed, and Sphincs+ provides robust security at the cost of computational efficiency. These results underscore the importance of context-specific deployments in specific and resource-constrained technological applications, like IoT, smart cards, blockchain, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication.

The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between chemotherapy- induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and quality of life, as well as to establish whether there was a difference in peripheral neuropathy symptoms and their effect on the quality of life depending on the type of agents applied. The study encompassed 156 patients treated at the Department of Oncology from March to May 2017. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires issued by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) and by Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy module (CIPN20). The results showed sensory and motor neuropathy to be statistically significantly correlated with the general quality of life variables of pain, tiredness, diarrhea, insomnia and breathing difficulty. Oxaliplatin had a significantly greater effect on the onset of motor and sensory neuropathy than taxane and cisplatin/carboplatin. Nursing interventions based on specific characteristics of certain chemotherapeutic agents should be developed for CIPN alleviation.

Background: The prognosis of rectal cancer has improved with neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced disease. Twenty percent of patients respond to treatment with complete pathological regression, which is clinically estimated with magnetic resonance imaging. Aim: describe the properties of the pathological complete response group of patients at our institution Materials and methods: All selected patients received LCCRT at the University Hospital for Tumors Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, between January 2014 and December 2019 and were later surgically treated at the same facility. Results: We identified 23 patients with complete pathological responses, of which, despite surgery, seven progressed. We recorded a higher proportion of female patients in that group and younger age of onset. MRI preoperatively was not yet predictive of a complete pathological response. Conclusion: The proportion of patients with a complete pathological response is 16% in this cohort. All patients underwent surgery but did not receive consolidating therapy. About 30% progressed during the observed period.

Introduction: The occurrence of mesiodens is somewhat rare, but amongpatients with any kind of supernumerary teeth, it is rather common. From an anthropological point of view, it is interesting to confirm the development of mesiodens in various historical ages. Case report analyses a mesiodens and the surrounding skeletal remains dating from the late medieval ages (13th -16th centuries) which confirms the incidence of the mesiodens and presents the conclusion that historically, mesiodens, as a form of supernumerary teeth has been present throughout history. Conclusion finding of a mesiodens in an archaeological context proves that the occurrence of this type of accessory teeth has been present for at least half a millennium.

The chocolate industry is constantly developing new products with different fillings, toppings, flavours, etc. Chocolates with alcoholic filling are popular, especially with young adults. In chocolates with alcoholic filling different kinds of thickeners can be used to increase the viscosity of the filling and make production easier. In this study, we examined cocoa shells, a by-product of the chocolate industry, as a new ingredient and thickener of an alcoholic filling. Chocolates with bitter herbal liqueur were produced in a ball mill with four different fillers. A comparison of guar gum and cocoa shell as thickeners was conducted. The influence of the filling ingredients on the stability of the filled chocolate was determined by measuring colour and gloss over 30 days of accelerated fat bloom. The results showed that chocolates for which the cocoa shell was used were more stable than chocolates where guar gum was used. Evaluation of sensory properties of chocolates with bitter herbal liqueur and different thickeners was conducted by the trained sensory panel. The highest-rated, after sensory assessment, were dark chocolates that contained cocoa shells in the filling. Also, an online questionnaire was conducted to examine consumer preference for a new product. According to the results, it can be concluded that the production of this chocolate would be desirable.

The bifid mandibular canal (BMC) is an anatomical variation with reported prevalence ranging from 0.08 to 65%. Identifying anatomical variations of mandibular canal is very important in order to prevent possible complications during oral surgical and other dental procedures. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to classify the morphology of BMCs using digital panoramic radiographs. Material and methods: A retrospective study was conducted that included 1008 digital panoramic radiographs (412 female and 596 male) used to identify the type of BMC. Panoramic radiographs were analyzed by three oral surgeons and one dentist, and BMCs were classified into six different types, 4 types according to Langlais et al. (types 1-4), and two new types (types 5 and 6) described by authors. Results: The prevalence of BMC was 4.66% (n=47), with no significant differences in gender between BMC types (P=0.947; χ2=0.74). The prevalence of type 1 BMC was 0.79 % (n=8), type 2 2.08 % (n=21), type 3 0.30 % (n=3), type 4 0% (n=0), type 5 0.89 % (n=9) and type 6 0.60% (n=6). Conclusion: This study revealed a relatively high prevalence of BMCs among Zagreb citizens. Furthermore, two new types of BMCs were described. These results stress the importance of a careful and thorough radiographic analysis prior to each invasive procedure in the mandible.

The grapevine is one of the most important cultivated plant species in Croatia. The species is extremely sensitive to the attack of of large number of pathogens. Diaporthe neoviticola is the phytopathogenic fungus known under the former name Phomopsis viticola. This phytopathogenic fungus is one of the most important and most dangerous pathogen on grapevine in our country and in the world. Characteristic symptoms of the disease appear in the form of dark lesions on the primary internodes, which are during the winter in the form of small cancer wounds. Bleaching can also occur as an accompanying symptom of the disease, but it is not only a typical symptom of this disease. Control is performed with fungicides based on copper (copper oxide, copper oxychloride, etc.), aluminium fosetyl, folpet, mancozeb, metiram etc.

Vinova loza je jedna od najvažnijih kultiviranih biljnih vrsta u Hrvatskoj. Vrsta je izrazito osjetljiva na napad velikog broja patogena, od kojih je i kod nas i u svijetu jedan od najvažnijih i najopasnijih Diaporthe neoviticola, odnosno fitopatogena gljiva poznatija pod nekadašnjim nazivom Phomopsis viticola. U našoj fitopatološkoj literaturi najčešći naziv bolesti koju ova vrsta uzrokuje na vinovoj lozi je crna pjegavost ili crna pjegavost rozgve, a u starijoj literaturi spominje se i pod nazivom eskorioza. S obzirom na gljivu uzročnika primjereniji naziv bolesti bio bi fomopsioza vinove loze. Karakteristični simptomi bolesti pojavljuju se u vidu tamnih lezija na primarnim internodijima mladica, koje se kasnije primijete i na rozgvi tijekom zime u vidu malih rak ranica. Kao popratni simptom bolesti može se javiti i izbjeljivanje rozgve, međutim to nije tipični simptom samo ove bolesti, već i raznih drugih bolesti. Bolest se suzbija fungicidima na bazi bakra (bakarni oksid, bakarni oksiklorid i dr.), fosetila, folpeta, mankozeba, metirama i dr.

Blockchain-based applications necessitate the authentication of connected devices if they are employed as blockchain oracles. Alongside identity authentication, it is crucial to ensure resistance against tampering, including safeguarding against unauthorized alterations and protection against device counterfeiting or cloning. However, attaining these functionalities becomes more challenging when dealing with resource-constrained devices like low-cost IoT devices. The resources of IoT devices depend on the capabilities of the microcontroller they are built around. Low-cost devices utilize microcontrollers with limited computational power, small memory capacity, and lack advanced features such as a dedicated secure cryptographic chip. This paper proposes a method employing a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) to authenticate identity and tamper resistance in IoT devices. The suggested PUF relies on a microcontroller’s internal pull-up resistor values and, in conjunction with the microcontroller’s built-in analog comparator, can also be utilized for device self-checking. A main contribution of this paper is the proposed PUF method which calculates the PUF value as the average value of many single PUF measurements, resulting in a significant increase in accuracy. The proposed PUF has been implemented successfully in a low-cost microcontroller device. Test results demonstrate that the device, specifically the microcontroller chip, can be identified with high accuracy (99.98%), and the proposed PUF method exhibits resistance against probing attempts.

Starch sweeteners are commonly used in many confectionery food products. Usually, considering the trend of producing low-energy and low-fat products, these products include fat mimetics. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of fructose sweeteners on the development of functional properties of MCG fat mimetic, such as rheological and textural behavior. Fat mimetics made from Microcrystalline cellulose gel (MCG) consist of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and were observed in five different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, and 10%). The amount of starch sweetener in the mixture with the fat mimetics was 20%. The effect of pure crystalline fructose and a mixture of crystalline-fructose and high-fructose corn syrup in a ratio of 1:1 was analyzed. Rheological parameters significantly decreased with the application of starch sweeteners. By adding a mixture of starch sweeteners, this decrease was further increased by 10%. At higher gel concentrations of 5, 7, and 10%, the dominance of the elastic modulus G′ was preserved. Texture parameters such as firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and viscosity index were reduced accordingly. The presence of starch sweeteners significantly disrupted the networking of the three-dimensional structure of the MCG gel and the proper hydration process during the formation of fat mimetics.

Waste rubber takes many years to decompose, and thus the increasing number of tires in the world can be characterised as an important environmental issue, which generated the idea of implementing crumb rubber in structural self-compacting concrete (SCC). According to previous studies, up to 15% recycled rubber and 5% silica fume can be used to achieve the required properties of SCC in reinforced structural members with congested reinforcement, both in the fresh and hardened state. Most studies have focused on investigating the mechanical properties of self-compacting rubberised concrete (SCRC), and only a small number of studies investigated the durability and thermal properties, with contradictory findings. This study aims to determine the influence of crumb rubber and silica fume on the durability and thermal properties of SCC, with an emphasis on the selection of environmental exposure classes, the safety of using such a material in reinforced concrete members, and additional serviceability and durability requirements. This was further advanced by investigating the micro-structure of hardened SCC with recycled rubber and silica fume using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Test results indicate that the combining effect of crumb rubber and silica fume has a positive impact on the thermal and durability properties of SCC.

The main product of anaerobic digestion is biogas, which is a renewable fuel, and the by-product of this process is digestate, which is used as a nutrient-rich fertilizer. Additional positive effects of anaerobic digestion are the decomposition of organic waste and the reduction of unpleasant odors and the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms. Biogas is mainly used for the production of electricity and heat, and in some cases it is purified to obtain biomethane which is used in the natural gas network, as a fuel for internal combustion engines or as a starting chemical for the chemical industry. Due to all of the above, the development of biogas production has positive socio-economic and ecological effects. Biogas produced in Croatia is mostly used for the production of electricity and thermal energy at cogeneration plants. Although various renewable raw materials are available in Croatia that could be used for biogas production, their potential has been underutilized until now. Manure and by-products of agriculture, slaughterhouses and the food industry are mainly used as raw materials for the production of biogas in our country. More rational use of land and development of the food industry could increase the amount of agricultural residues and by-products resulting from food processing. Directing and encouraging the use of these by-products for biogas production can stimulate a faster development of biogas production in our Croatia. In addition to the possible increase in own production of electricity and fuel, it is an environmentally friendly technology that has a positive socio-economic effect.

Most empirical equations used for wave runup predictions have been developed from measurements at straight sandy beaches in unlimited fetch environments. While there are empirical equations to predict wave runup on gravel beaches, they have not been tested for prediction of wave runup on pocket gravel beaches, in limited-fetch environment, which can be found around Mediterranean. This paper addresses this lack of measurements on this type of beaches and examines the alongshore variability of wave runup. Wave runup measurements were made using video observations along 3 cross-sectional profiles on the pocket beach of Ploče, Croatia. The measurements have shown that the wave runup can vary for about 71% even around the centerline of the pocket beach. This variability is due to beach orientation and alignment of beach profiles to the prevailing wave direction, as well as difference in beach slope. Comparison of wave runup predictions from five well-known empirical equations and field measurements showed significant underprediction (up to NBIAS = −0.33) for energetic wave events, and overall high scatter (up to NRMSE = 0.38). The best performing wave runup equation was used for further refinement outside the original parameter space by including the Goda wave peakedness parameter (Qp). The newly developed empirical equation for wave runup reduced the NBIAS to 0 and the NRMSE by 31% compared to the original equation (developed equation metrics: R = 0.91, NBIAS = 0, NRMSE = 0.2, HH = 0.2 on the study site). This empirical equation can potentially be used for design of coastal structures and artificial beaches in similar environments, but further measurements are needed to test its applicability to a range of forcing and environmental conditions.

Croatia’s coast located on the eastern Adriatic is rich with small gravel beaches with limited fetch. This leads to a specific low-energetic wave climate compared to most other beaches, while their gravel composition makes them unique. Most management of these beaches is performed without understanding the sediment transport occurring on the beaches. XBeach-Gravel is a numerical model capable of simulating bed-level change on gravel beaches, but lacks validation in the case of low significant wave height (under 2.5 m) and low peak periods (under 6 s), conditions that are present on the eastern Adriatic. Based on measurements performed in both laboratory conditions in a water canal in Hannover and actual storm wave conditions on Ploče beach, calibration of the model is performed. Model results are compared between laboratory conditions and field conditions for comparable wave conditions. XBeach-Gravel can simulate low-energetic events resulting in berm formation and berm buildup with a high Brier skill score if calibrated. Simulation of laboratory conditions requires high transport coefficient values and shows more sediment transport than similar wave conditions in the field. Calibration for field conditions is dependent on geodetic survey data capable of isolating wave events with dominant cross-shore transport, but once calibrated, XBeach-Gravel can achieve good to excellent Brier skill score values in simulating sediment change in low-energetic wave conditions on the eastern Adriatic.

The aim of the study was to test two assumptions about the lateralization of the processing of emotionalfacial expressions: the assumption of right hemisphere dominance and the valence assumption and toegsamine the influence of gender of the presented stimulus (chimera) and depression as an emotionalstate of participants. The sample consisted of 83 female students, with an average age of 20 years.Participants solved the Task of Recognizing Emotional Facial Expressions on a computer and thencompleted the DASS-21, Depression subscale. The results of the study partially confirmed theassumption of valence for the dependent variable - the accuracy of the response. Participants wererecognizing more accurately the emotion of sadness than happiness when it is presented on the left sideof the face, which is consistent with the valence hypothesis, according to which the right hemisphere isresponsible for recognizing negative emotions. However, when it comes to the right side of the face,participants were equally accurately recognizing the emotion of sadness and happiness, which is notconsistent with the valence hypothesis. The main effect of the gender of the chimera was statisticallysignificant for the accuracy of the response, the recognition accuracy was higher for the male chimerascompared to the female. A statistically significant negative correlation was obtained between the variablesides of the face (left and right) with the achieved result on the depression subscale for the dependentvariable - reaction time. The higher the score on the depressive subscale, the slower (longer) is reactiontime to the presented chimera, both on the left and on the right.

Starch is extensively used in the food industry as a texture modifier, a fat substitute, and in other applications. To optimise starch functional properties for specific use, it is subjected to various modifications. High-voltage electrical discharge (HVED) treatment, as a non-thermal and rapid process, was applied in this research as a single method and in combination with phosphorylation in order to explore its potential for improving starch physicochemical properties. Maize, wheat, potato, and tapioca starches were modified, and Na5P3O10 and Na2HPO4 were used for phosphorylation. Starch gelatinisation parameters (by DSC); paste clarity; and contents of amylose, damaged starch, and resistant starch were determined; and FTIR-ATR spectra were recorded. All modifications reduced the enthalpy of gelatinisation and decreased contents of amylose, resistant starch, and damaged starch. The effect of the HVED treatment on starch properties depended on starch type and combinations with chemicals. HVED could act as an aid in the starch phosphorylation process since the properties analysed were more effectively improved when HVED was combined with phosphorylation than by phosphorylation alone.

Objective: Permanent teeth trauma is most frequent in children aged 7-9 years, and the primary school teachers (PSTs) are often the first to notice it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the competence in tooth avulsion clinical issues and knowledge on dental trauma of PSTs, as they can occasionally take on the role of school nurses. Material and Methods: Questionnaires were handed to 312 PSTs from 24 randomly selected primary schools in Zagreb, Croatia. An algorithm was designed for PST competence assessment. Results: Response rate amounted to 81.37% (N=255). Only 3.14% (N=8) of the PSTs would replant the permanent tooth properly and only 43.92% of them (N=112) would immediately take the child to a doctor of dental medicine. Dry tissue, as a transport medium for an avulsed tooth, was chosen by 50.20% (N=128) of the respondents. Altogether, 4.71% (N=12) of PSTs were graded as competent in case of child’s tooth avulsion. Conclusion: These results provided significant implications for school health, showed the educators’ serious lack of knowledge in cases of dental trauma and stressed a need for continuous education of PSTs on the topic.

The aim of this study was to determine plasma adropin concentration and parameters of insulin resistance in obese male type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients before and after 3-month liraglutide treatment. In this interventional study, we enrolled 15 obese male T2DM patients with body mass index (BMI) >35 kg/m2, uncontrolled disease and HbA1c >7.5%, having previously taken taking two oral antidiabetic drugs. We modified their therapy to metformin and liraglutide for the next three months. After three months of liraglutide treatment, we observed significant decrease in body weight (from 111.5±18.7 kg to 109.2±17.5 kg, p=0.016) and BMI (from 40.9±7.3 to 40.1±7.0 kg/m2, p=0.021). Plasma adropin concentration increased significantly (p=0.003) compared with baseline. Fasting plasma insulin level decreased from 17.79±6.53 to 13.38±3.51 mU/L (p=0.002), fasting plasma glucose level decreased from 8.66±3.07 to 7.41±2.21 mmol/L (p=0.004) and HbA1c decreased from 7.98±0.70% to 7.26±0.36% (p=0.003). Insulin resistance presented as HOMA-IR decreased significantly from 7.30±5.19 to 4.52±2.61 (p=0.002). Systolic blood pressure, lipid status, liver and kidney function improved, but not reaching statistical significance. Treating obese male T2DM patients with liraglutide resulted in a significantly higher plasma adropin concentration, significant weight loss and improved parameters of insulin resistance, i.e. decreased fasting plasma insulin, plasma glucose levels and HOMA-IR.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinak živoga mikoriznog cjepiva na dinamiku opskrbljenosti biljnim hranivima vinove loze. Pokus je proveden na kultivaru Graševina (Vitis vinifera L.), cijepljenome na podlozi SO4 u uvjetima Vinogorja Kutjevo. Uzgojni oblik je Guyot, s opterećenjem od 10 pupova. U neposrednu blizinu korijenova sustava inokulirano je 20 ml mikorizne suspenzije koja sadrži oko 2000 propagacijskih jedinica živoga mikoriznog micelija. Istraživanje je provedeno u dvama klimatski vrlo različitim godinama. Prvu godinu istraživanja (2014.) karakterizirale su obilne oborine i manje sunčanih dana, što je rezultiralo kasnijom tehnološkom zrelošću grožđa od 34 dana u odnosu na 2015. godinu, koja je u periodu dozrijevanja grožđa bila iznadprosječno topla i suha. U obje godine istraživanja, u uvjetima slabe opskrbljenosti tla organskom tvari, fosforom i kalijem, mikorizna simbioza utjecala je na veći sadržaj fosfora i kalija u suhoj tvari list kultivara Graševine. U godini s više oborina i manje topline utvrđen je veći sadržaj dušika u listovima trsova s mikoriznom simbiozom. U suhim i toplim uvjetima tijekom cijeloga perioda dozrijevanja grožđa povećan je sadržaj kalcija, a opravdano veći sadržaj cinka, mangana i željeza utvrđen je u periodu neposredno prije tehnološke zrelosti grožđa. Nije utvrđen pozitivan utjecaj mikorize na urod, sadržaj šećera i ukupnu kiselost.

Foreign body ingestion is a common issue in the daily practice of dentistry and can lead to life-threatening complications such as intestinal obstruction, perforation, fistulas, peritonitis and sepsis. In the majority of cases, the foreign object will pass through the gastrointestinal tract without any complications, 10% of cases will require endoscopic treatment and in 1% of cases surgical removal is necessary.

Heyde syndrome is a multisystem disorder characterized by an association between gastrointestinal bleeding and aortic stenosis. High shear stress on stenotic valves leads to acquired coagulopathy due to proteolysis of von Willebrand factor and thus leads to bleeding from angiodysplasias of the digestive system.

Digital transformation of metrology is a holistic process that was started formally by the Joint Statement of Intent “On the digital transformation in the international scientific and quality infrastructure” signed by major metrology organisations in March 2022. With the digital transformation of metrology in motion, the questions of a seamless transition to digital representation while ensuring adherence to all the requirements of digital representation and maintaining a sustainable framework for future operations are just some of the challenges faced. To tackle these challenges, also within the concept of “more electrical world” (MEW), one technology is demonstrating high potential applicability as a possible candidate solution—blockchain technology, with its critical underlying properties (e.g., immutability, decentralisation, etc.) being fully compliant with the requirements of digital representation in metrology. Accordingly, this paper presents a blockchain-based concept for the digital transformation of the traceability pyramid for electrical energy measurement. The concept is developed in accordance with the goals of the Metroracle project. Based on the analyzed and presented state-of-the-art, the main contribution of the paper is the comprehensiveness of the concept, which encompasses the whole pyramid and describes all relevant processes and responsibilities of all stakeholders: measurement instrument (MI) owners, certificate issuers (National Accreditation Body (NAB), National laboratory (NL), Reference laboratory (RL)), MI manufacturers/developers, MI installers. The transformed pyramid is defined by Croatian metrology laws and regulations, but with smaller adjustments, it is applicable to other EU countries as well, and also to the traceability of other physical quantities, i.e., not to electrical energy only. Possible legal and technical issues are identified (amount of data, machine-readable standards and regulations, ensuring limited access, legal relevance of digital signature) and corresponding solutions presented, as well as further steps in our research and development within the Metroracle project.

In this study, we developed several QSAR models based on simple descriptors (such as topological and constitutional) to estimate butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition potency, pKi (or pIC50), of a set of 297 (289 after exclusion of outliers) structurally different compounds. The models were similar to the best model that we obtained previously for acetylcholinesterase AChE and were based on the valence molecular connectivity indices of second and third order (2χv and 3χv), the number of aliphatic hydroxyl groups (nOH), AlogP Ghose–Crippen octanol–water partition coeff. (logP), and O-060–atom-centred fragments (Al-O-Ar, Ar-O-Ar, R..O..R and R-O-C=X). The best models with two and three descriptors yielded r = 0.787 and S.E. = 0.89, and r = 0.827 and S.E. = 0.81, respectively. We also correlated nine scoring functions, calculated for 20 ligands whose complexes with BChE we found in the Protein Data Bank as crystal structures to pKi (or pIC50). The best correlations yielded PLP1 and PLP2 (Piecewise Linear Pairwise potential functions) with r = 0.619 and 0.689, respectively. Correlation with certain simple topological and constitutional descriptors yielded better results, e.g., 3χv (r = 0.730), on the same set of compounds (N = 20).

Introduction/Objective. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation is mostly triggered by infectious agents and seriously compromises the patient’s quality of life and predicts a poor outcome of the disease as well. If the signs of the probable bacterial cause of COPD exacerbation are presented in an intubated patient, initial antimicrobial management must be launched. Depending on the results of the respiratory system sample cultures, the initial antimicrobials can be changed or continued. The objective of this study is to present in-hospital suggestions regarding the use of the initial antimicrobial management of urgently intubated COPD adults with the probable bacterial cause of exacerbations, considering the source of bacterial acquisition (i.e. facility- or community-acquired bacteria). Methods. The cross-sectional study covered 51 patients urgently intubated on admission to the medical Intensive Care Unit of the Zemun Clinical Hospital Center during 2015/2016. The patients were divided into two groups: community-acquired (n = 26) and facility-acquired infection group (n = 25). The respiratory system samples were processed in the Microbiology Laboratory. Results. Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas spp. were the most frequently isolated bacteria in both groups, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. as the third most frequent bacteria in the community- and facility-acquired group, respectively. The parallel use of tigecycline and aminoglycosides proved to cover a sensitive microbial spectrum in 52% of examinees of the community-acquired and 32% of examinees of the facility-acquired group. Conclusion. The present study suggests the initial management of intubated adults with probable bacterial infection-induced COPD exacerbation by the parallel use of tigecycline and aminoglycosides. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 173033]

The availability of reliable sensitive multi-analyte methods for unambiguous determination of mycotoxins is crucial for ensuring food and feed safety, considering their adverse health effects and (co-)occurrence in various foods. Accordingly, a multi-mycotoxin confirmatory method for simultaneous determination of 11 mycotoxins regulated in cereals within the European Union (EU) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was developed and in-house validated to fit the EU legislation requirements for analytical methods. A simple sample preparation was based on a solid–liquid extraction using a solvent mixture acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79/20/1, v/v/v) and a dilution of raw extract using water/acetonitrile/formic acid (79/20/1, v/v/v) before instrumental analysis. Average recoveries in all three validated cereal crop types (maize, wheat, and barley), spiked at multiple levels, were found acceptable for all analytes when matrix-matched calibration was used, ranging from 63.2% to 111.2% and also showing very good repeatability, with relative standard deviations below 20%. Matrix effect (SSE) evaluation revealed maize as the most complex of the three analyzed cereal matrices, with strong SSE (150%) recorded for all 11 analyzed mycotoxins. An additional method verification was performed through successful participation in proficiency testing schemes, with the achieved z-scores generally in the acceptable range of −2 ≤ z ≤ 2. The obtained validation results demonstrated the suitability of the developed confirmatory multi-mycotoxin UHPLC-MS/MS method based on a dilute-and-shoot principle for the simultaneous determination of low concentrations of 11 EU-regulated mycotoxins in cereals, including aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1 and B2, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and ochratoxin A.

With advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in convergence with blockchain technology, cities have been given the opportunity to improve their services, efficiently use resources, and, thus, become Smart Cities. The main properties of blockchain technology like decentralization, immutability, transparency, consensus, and robustness are qualities needed for Smart City. In this paper, we propose a digitalization strategy for the City of Osijek. Smart City digitalization strategy aims to solve problems of emerging urbanization, improve administration by reducing energy and water consumption, carbon emissions, pollution, and city waste management. To develop an information system based on blockchain technology, the administration structure and the current state of information systems are analyzed, and new solutions are presented.

The prospects of sparkling wine production by the 'Champenoise' method using alginate-immobilised yeast cells were examined. Grape varieties dominant in quantity were selected within the group of recommended and permitted varieties of Kutjevo vineyards, located in the eastern part of continental Croatia. Research revealed that there are no influential variations in the principal physicochemical and sensory characteristics between sparkling wines obtained through immobilised yeast and traditional sparkling method. The analysis of aroma compounds showed minor differences between samples. Observed oenological parameters assessed in the final products did not show any relevant oenological differences, with the exception of alcohol content, which was slightly higher in sparkling wines made with yeast cells immobilised with calcium alginate beads. According to this research, the sensory properties of the produced sparkling wines, compared to sparkling wine produced with free yeast, did not show any significant differences. On the full-scale obtained results indicate that some of the selected varieties can be sorted as suitable for the production of sparkling wine using immobilised yeast cells.

U posljednjih se desetak godina u medijima često govori o povećanom broju dijagnosticiranih slučajeva autizma u djetinjstvu. U ovom sustavnom pregledu razmatramo razvoj razumijevanja percepcije lica, jedne od specifičnijih značajki autizma, u svjetlu komorbiditeta s aleksitimijom i uznapredovalih statističkih metodologija istraživanja. Navodimo literaturu koja se bavi percepcijom lica u autizmu u različitim kognitivnim zadacima i upućuje na važnost često komorbidne aleksitimije, kao i literaturu koja koristi neuroslikovne metode istraživanja i potvrđuje važnost različitih uzoraka gledanja u autizmu pri analizi rezultata. U svrhu poboljšane obrazovne i socijalne integracije osoba s autizmom i/ili aleksitimijom predlažemo teme za daljnje istraživanje.

Maritime industry is a complex system that requires a quick adaptation to changing conditions and in which decision-making needs to take into account a large number of parameters. As navigation systems become more advanced, there is a significant amount of ship performance and navigation data generated. Big Data analytics tools make it possible to analyze these large quantities of data in order to gain the insight that supports decision-making. This paper gives an overview of the applications of Big Data in maritime industry, specifically in logistics optimization, safety and energy efficiency improvement, as well as the challenges that systems involving Big Data face.

Glass Ionomer Cements (GIC) have been widely used in clinical practice since they have a wide range of positive characteristics: chemical bonding to the tooth surface, fluoride release, a heat-expansion coefficient similar to the tooth, do not require an absolutely dry working area, less volumetric contraction, good color stability. Physical properties can be improved by using external energy such as ultrasound and radiant heat (thermo-curing), which also accelerates chemical curing. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the most effective polishing technique and to compare the surface roughness of two Glass Ionomer Cements after treatment with heat (thermo-curing), and without heat treatment during the setting process. Materials and methods: Two polishing systems (Tungsten carbide burs and Sof-Lex discs) were used on two types of GIC (Equia Fil and Ketac Molar Universal). Bluephase 16i LED (Vivadent, Schaan Liechtenstein) light was used for the specimens treated with heat (thermo-curing). Samples without heat treatment are left for 10 minutes to chemically cure. Surface profilometar was used for measuring the mean surface roughness value (Ra). Results: Group with Mylar strip (control group) of each material showed the lowest (Ra) value. The Equia Fil material samples treated with heat (thermo-curing) achieved lower surface roughness values (Ra), and showed lower surface roughness values (Ra) after polishing with a Sof-Lex discs (p0.05) between polishing with Sof-Lex discs and Tungsten carbide burs. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the smoothest surface roughness is achieved by the Mylar strip. Some types of Glass Ionomer Cements can obtain better surface polishing with heat treatment (thermo-curing).

Potato starch was extruded and roasted with apple distillery wastewater to produce starch esters substituted with malic acid residues. The starch esterification degree was higher at the higher roasting temperatures. Starch modification contributed to its darker color, its increased resistance to the action of amylolytic enzymes, and its decreased solubility and heat of phase transition. The changes in the other starch properties examined depended on the extrusion and roasting temperatures. The process, which was conducted without a chemical agent—in this case, the process of starch extrusion and roasting with apple distillery wastewater—should be deemed a novel method for resistant starch production.

Resistant starch (RS) is a part of insoluble dietary fiber, and it could be recognized as a functional food ingredient in some types of confectionery products that lack dietary fiber. Unlike dark and milk chocolate, white chocolate does not contain fat-free cocoa solids rich in dietary fiber. In the present study, 5%, 10%, and 15% of white chocolate were substituted with RS in order to improve the nutritional value of enriched white chocolate. The influence of RS on rheological, textural, and thermal properties of the chocolate fat phase was firstly investigated, and then further influence on physical properties, dietary fiber content, and sensory characteristics of enriched white chocolates were investigated. The obtained results showed that enriched chocolates had increased content of total dietary fiber and reduced total fats and protein content in accordance with the added amount of RS. At the same time, RS increased viscosity and reduced the hardness and volume mean diameter in enriched chocolates in accordance with the added amount. RS improved the nutritional composition of white chocolate by increasing the content of dietary fiber. At the same time, RS did not impair the color and sensory characteristics of enriched white chocolates.