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Our study aimed to investigate the impact of toluene and/or noise exposure on rat brains and assess the preventive effects of Olea europaea L. leaf extract (OLE) through biochemical, histopathologic analyses, behavior tests, and in silico study. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups: a control group, an OLE group, a noise-exposed group, a noise-exposed group treated with OLE, a toluene-exposed group, a toluene-exposed group treated with OLE, a co-exposed group to noise and toluene, and a co-exposed group to noise and toluene treated with OLE. OLE was orally administered at 40 mg/kg daily for six weeks. The results showed that noise and toluene exposure significantly disrupted brain tissue structure, causing oxidative damage, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation, decreased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, and increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. However, OLE administration alleviated oxidative stress by restoring antioxidant biomarker levels, maintaining AChE close to normal, and preserving brain histology, while also improving rat behavior and learning. These findings suggest that OLE may protect brain tissue against simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene. Importantly, these results have significant implications for the prevention and treatment of neurotoxicity associated with exposure to toluene and noise, highlighting the potential practical applications of our research.

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the pulmonary damage resulting from isolated or combined exposure to inhaled toluene (300 ppm) and noise 85 dB (A), with a focus on evaluating the potential protective effects of Olea europaea L. leaf extract (OLE). Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: control (C), OLE treatment (O), noise exposure (N), noise exposure with OLE treatment (N+OLE), toluene exposure (T), toluene exposure with OLE treatment (T + OLE), co-exposure to toluene and noise (NT), and co-exposure with OLE treatment (NT + OLE). OLE (40 mg/kg/day) was administered daily for six weeks via oral gavage. Exposure to toluene and noise resulted in significant disruption of the pulmonary tissue structure, accompanied by oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation, diminished catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6, IL-β, and TNF-α. Notably, the administration of OLE effectively mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation and preserved pulmonary histology. In conclusion, exposure to toluene and its combination with noise significantly elevated oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and histological disruptions in the lung tissue. In contrast, noise exposure alone is characterized by minimal effects, although it is still associated with an inflammatory response. Notably, Olea europaea L. leaf extract (OLE) exhibits a substantial protective role, effectively mitigating the adverse effects of combined exposure and highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for lung health.

The Juglans regia root aqueous extract (JRRAE) phytochemical variability and the investigation of their antimicrobial, antibiofilm, insecticidal, and anti-leishmanial properties were studied. As a result, the JRRAE chemical profile revealed the presence of biomolecules using UV, HPLC, and FT-IR analysis. The investigations showed marked antibacterial activities, highlighted inhibited biofilm formation, induced lethality Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes (50%), and possess an insecticidal activity at 100 µg/ml. A molecular docking study was performed against S. aureus gyrase, S. aureus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, human peroxiredoxin 5, cyclooxygenase-2, and trypanothione reductase and confirmed that the activities are mainly due to coumarin, epicatechin, juglone, epicatechin, and epicatechin presence, respectively. The stability of these complexes is essentially related to the strong hydrogen bonds formed between the most active compounds and the binding site amino acids. The identified compounds were found to pass the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion property as well as five Lipinski’s rules with good drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic behavior.

In many occupational settings, workers are frequently exposed to toluene and noise. However, the individual and combined effects of these exposures on the cardiovascular system have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of simultaneous exposure to toluene and noise on the rat heart, while also evaluating the potential preventive effect of olive leaf extract (OLE). Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 6/group): control group (C), control group that received OLE (C + OLE), group exposed to noise (N), group exposed to noise and receiving OLE (N + OLE), group exposed to toluene (T), group exposed to toluene and receiving OLE (T + OLE), group co-exposed to noise and toluene (NT), and group co-exposed to noise and toluene and receiving OLE (NT + OLE). The rats in this study were subjected to simultaneous exposure to toluene and noise for a duration of six weeks, within a custom-built plexiglass chamber. Toluene was administered at a concentration of 300 ppm, while the noise level was set to 85 dB(A). The exposure chamber was equipped with a generation system, an exposure system, and a monitoring system, ensuring precise and accurate exposure conditions. After the six-week period, heart and blood samples were collected from the rats for subsequent analysis. Plasma levels of cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured, and histopathological investigation was conducted using HE staining. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in heart tissue were measured. Our results showed that simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene altered CHOL, TG, LDH, and CK levels, and also caused an increase in lipid peroxidation levels and superoxide dismutase activity, along with a decrease in catalase activity in the heart. A significant alteration in the myocardium was also observed. However, treatment with OLE was found to modulate these oxidative and histological changes, ultimately correcting the deleterious effects induced by the combined exposure to noise and toluene. Therefore, our study suggests that OLE could be a potential preventive measure for individuals exposed to toluene and noise in industrial settings.