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Abstract Myrtaceae is a diverse family in Brazil and the sixth most representative family in the Atlantic Forest. In Paraná, the Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (ParNa Iguaçu) is a large National Park and also one of the largest remnants of this phytogeographic domain. The objective of the present study was to carry out a floristic inventory of the Myrtaceae of the ParNa Iguaçu, presenting an identification key to the species, illustrations, conservation status evaluation, and comments on geographic distribution and phenology. The collections were carried out between May 2019 and March 2020 in two areas composed of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and a transitional area to Mixed Ombrophilous Forest. In addition to the samples collected by us, material from other herbaria were also examined. Twenty-five native species and one exotic species of Myrtaceae were found, distributed in seven genera. Eugenia was the most representative genus with 11 species. Of the 26 species, seven are new occurrences for ParNa Iguaçu. From the samples collected in this research and other records in the northwest and west regions of the state of Paraná, the presence of Psidium striatulum in Seasonal Semideciduous Forest is confirmed. Eugenia myrciariifolia was the only species on Brazil’s endangered species list, the IUCN conservation status of which is Endangered (EN). The other species were considered as Least Concern (LC), but some of these species are restricted to certain areas or types of vegetation. Therefore, we conclude that ParNa Iguaçu contributes to the maintenance of these species in their natural environment.

Abstract Background The worldwide epidemics of diseases as dengue and Zika have triggered an intense effort to repurpose drugs and search for novel antivirals to treat patients as no approved drugs for these diseases are currently available. Our aim was to screen plant-derived extracts to identify and isolate compounds with antiviral properties against dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Methods Seven thousand plant extracts were screened in vitro for their antiviral properties against DENV-2 and ZIKV by their viral cytopathic effect reduction followed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, previously validated for this purpose. Selected extracts were submitted to bioactivity-guided fractionation using high- and ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography. In parallel, high-resolution mass spectrometric data (MSn) were collected from each fraction, allowing compounds into the active fractions to be tracked in subsequent fractionation procedures. The virucidal activity of extracts and compounds was assessed by using the plaque reduction assay. EC50 and CC50 were determined by dose response experiments, and the ratio (EC50/CC50) was used as a selectivity index (SI) to measure the antiviral vs. cytotoxic activity. Purified compounds were used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify their chemical structures. Two compounds were associated in different proportions and submitted to bioassays against both viruses to investigate possible synergy. In silico prediction of the pharmacokinetic and toxicity (ADMET) properties of the antiviral compounds were calculated using the pkCSM platform. Results We detected antiviral activity against DENV-2 and ZIKV in 21 extracts obtained from 15 plant species. Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) was the most represented genus, affording seven active extracts. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of several extracts led to the purification of lycorine, pretazettine, narciclasine, and narciclasine-4-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (NXP). Another 16 compounds were identified in active fractions. Association of lycorine and pretazettine did not improve their antiviral activity against DENV-2 and neither to ZIKV. ADMET prediction suggested that these four compounds may have a good metabolism and no mutagenic toxicity. Predicted oral absorption, distribution, and excretion parameters of lycorine and pretazettine indicate them as candidates to be tested in animal models. Conclusions Our results showed that plant extracts, especially those from the Hippeastrum genus, can be a valuable source of antiviral compounds against ZIKV and DENV-2. The majority of compounds identified have never been previously described for their activity against ZIKV and other viruses.

Abstract We present a taxonomic treatment of the Malvaceae from Serra do Lenheiro, a montane range in the municipality of São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in order to contribute to the knowledge of this family and the state’s flora. Eleven genera and twenty-nine species were recorded. Sida, Pavonia and Peltaea are the richest genera. Among the recorded species, nine are considered as ruderal and ten are endemic of Brazil. Three species have São João del-Rei as the type-locality. Analytic keys, morphological descriptions, photographic plates and comments about the treated species are presented. Illustrations are presented for two species: one has no iconography in Brazilian studies for Malvaceae (Sida plumosa) and one has only poor iconographic representations (Sida viarum).

Brazilian protected areas are essential for the conservation of plants of the Atlantic Forest domain, one of 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the richness of plants protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism, and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the list. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN, or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD), and five as priorities for conservation."Parque Nacional do Caparaó" houses 8% of the land plant species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, including 6% of its angiosperms, 31% of its lycophytes and ferns, and 14% of its avascular plants. Twelve percent of the threatened species listed for the state of Espírito Santo and 7% listed for the state of Minas Gerais are also protected by PNC. Surprisingly, 79% of the collections analyzed here were carried out in Minas Gerais, which represents just 21% of the total extension of the park. The compiled data uncover a huge botanical collection gap in this federally protected area.

Abstract We present a taxonomic treatment for Malpighiaceae from the Lenheiro Mountain Range, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where a total of 23 species and nine genera were recorded. Identification keys for all genera and species are presented, along with morphological descriptions, photo plates, and comments on distribution, ecology and taxonomy of the studied species.

Calyptranthes conduplicata, C. vexata, Eugenia moritziana, E. pusilliflora, Marlierea suborbicularis, Myrcia crispa and M. subcordifolia are new records for the Brazilian flora. All species except Eugeniamoritziana, recorded from Espírito Santo state, are reported for the first time in Brazilian Amazonia.

Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. is a variable species concerning fruit colour, with three recognized varieties. However, the definition of varieties is not easy for Myrtaceae species and not widely accepted. Two fruit colour varieties (purple and yellow) of E. brasiliensis had their essential oil composition analysed in order to give support to the existence of varieties for this species. Although, the major components in the leaf oil are the same monoterpenes for both varieties, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and 1,8-cineol, the purple fruit variety accumulates more oxygenated sesquiterpenes (33.9%) than the one with yellow fruits (3.8%). The major differences occurred in purple fruits that present as major components caryophyllene oxide (22.2%) and alpha-cadinol (10.4%), not found in the leaf oil, and the yellow fruit oil presented a similar composition as observed for the leaves. These fruit colour varieties of E. brasilensis can be considered as two distinct chemotypes, since the sesquiterpene pathway is more operant in the purple variety than in the yellow one, in which monoterpenes are mainly accumulated.A espécie Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. apresenta a coloração dos frutos variável, sendo reconhecidas três variedades. Entretanto, a definição de variedades não é fácil para espécies de Myrtaceae e também não é amplamente aceita. Duas variedades de Eugenia brasiliensis, baseado na cor dos frutos (roxos e amarelos), tiveram a composição de seus óleos essenciais analisadas com a finalidade de obter indícios de variedade botânica para esta espécie. Embora, os componentes principais nos óleos das folhas fossem os mesmos monoterpenos para ambas as variedades, alfa-pineno, beta-pineno e 1,8-cineol, a variedade com frutos roxos acumulou maior quantidade de sesquiterpenos oxigenados (33,9%) do que aquela com frutos amarelos (3,8%). As diferenças principais ocorreram nos frutos roxos que apresentaram como componente principal o óxido de cariofileno (22,2%) e o alfa-cadinol (10,4%), não detectados no óleo das folhas, e o óleo dos frutos amarelos apresentou uma composição similar àquela observada para as folhas. Estas variedades de coloração dos frutos de E. brasilensis podem ser considerados como dois quimiotipos distintos, uma vez que na variedade com frutos roxos a rota biossintética para sesquiterpenos encontra-se mais operante do que naquela com frutos amarelos, onde são acumulados principalmente os monoterpenos.

Essential oils from M. richardiana, M. arborescens, M. selloi, M. oligantha, M. rostrata, M. lajeana, M. obtecta, M. pubipetala and M. hatschbachii were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-seven compounds have been identified ranging from 90-99% of the oil contents. All analyzed species were rich in cyclic sesquiterpenes (66-99%), mainly those from the cadinane, caryophyllane and germacrane cyclization pathway, among them b-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, d-cadinene, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, globulol and a-cadinol. The acyclic sesquiterpene series was well represented by M. lajeana (32.1%), with 25,3% of (E)-nerolidyl acetate.

O estudo floristico e fitossociológico dos compo­ nentes arbóreo e arbustivo da mata subtropical preser­vada no Parque Estadual do Turvo, RS (27 º a 27 º20'S e 53 °40' a 54° 10'W), está sendo feito pelo método de quadrantes, em três áreas com estruturas aparentemen­te distintas. O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados do estudo titossociológico da área 1, onde foram alocados 107 pontos, com amostragem de 428 indivíduos do componente arbóreo (DAP-z: 10 cm) e428 do componen­te arbustivo (DAP < 1O cm e h 2: 1 m). Foram estimadas densidade e freqüência absolutas e relativas, dominância relativa, índice de valor de importância e índice de valor de cobertura. Determinou-se ainda a distribuição dos indivíduos em classes de diâmetro e em classes de altura. A densidade total por área foi estimada em 546,59 indivíduos/ha para o componente arbóreo e 1499,25 indivíduos/ha para o arbustivo. Sorocea bonplandii apre­sentou o maior IVI para ambos os componentes. A estratificação dos indivíduos do componente arbóreo permite a delimitação de três estratos, apesar de não bem definidos.

o estudo florístico e fitossociológico dos componentes arbóreo e arbustivo da mata subtropical preservada no Parque Estadual do Turvo, RS (27° a 27°20'S e 53°40' a 54°10'W) está sendo feito pelo método de quadrantes em três áreas com estruturas aparentemente distintas. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do levantamento florístico da área 1, onde foram alocados 107 pontos com amostragem de 428 indivíduos do componentearbóreo (DAP >10 cm) e 428 do componente arbustivo (DAP < 10 cm e H >1 m), num total de 37 famílias, 69 gêneros e 88 espécies. O levantamento do componente arbóreo pelo método de quadrantes, comparado com um levantamento de todas as árvores com DAP >10 cm feito em 1 ha, da mesma área em estudo demonstra a adequação do método de quadrantes para levantamentos desta natureza.

Este estudo é resultado da amostragem sistemática da flora da floresta ombrófila mista em Santa Catarina, realizada em 155 pontos amostrais em toda a sua extensão e permite atualizar o conhecimento sobre a ocorrência de espécies. Foram registradas 925 espécies de espermatófitas, distribuídas em 439 gêneros e 116 famílias botânicas. A família com a maior riqueza específica foi Asteraceae (119 espécies), seguida por Myrtaceae (88), Fabaceae (58) e Solanaceae (52). Dentre as famílias restantes, 34 apresentaram somente uma e outras 27 tiveram duas espécies registradas. Os gêneros com maior número de espécies foram Solanum (31 espécies), Baccharis (27), Eugenia (23), Ocotea (21) e Myrcia (19). Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc., Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer e O. porosa (Nees & Mart.) Barroso são as espécies ameaçadas de extinção registradas. Entre todas as espécies do componente arbóreo ou arbustivo/subarbóreo, 56,5% são comuns a ambos os componentes e dentre as 194 espécies arbóreas citadas para o planalto catarinense, 157 foram amostradas pelo IFFSC. O levantamento florístico extra registrou 474 espécies de angiospermas a mais do que o levantamento nas unidades amostrais do IFFSC. O IFFSC amostrou um conjunto significativo das espécies do Domínio Floresta Atlântica. Estas coletas georreferenciadas e realizadas com uma amostragem sistemática e consistente, representam um importante avanço e atualização do conhecimento da flora de Santa Catarina. Inventários sistemáticos desta natureza são necessários às demais regiões no Sul do Brasil, para que se possa compor um banco de dados consistente e atualizado e possibilitar a implantação de políticas de conservação e manejo.

Apresentamos neste trabalho o estudo taxonômico das Myrtaceae ocorrentes no Parque Estadual do Itacolomi (PEIT), uma Unidade de Conservação localizada no estado de Minas Gerais, no sul da Cadeia do Espinhaço. A vegetação da área é formada por florestas montanas tropicais e campos rupestres. Para o tratamento taxonômico foram elaboradas descrições, comentários, chaves de identificação e ilustrações. Foram realizadas coletas de setembro 2009 a dezembro de 2010 e foram revisados os herbários BHCB, OUPR, RB e VIC. A família está representada no PEIT por 11 gêneros e 44 espécies: Blepharocalyx (1 sp.), Calyptranthes (1 sp.), Campomanesia (4 spp.), Eugenia (4 spp.), Marlierea (3 spp.), Myrceugenia (2 spp.), Myrcia (20 spp.), Myrciaria (1 sp.), Plinia (1 sp.), Psidium (3 spp.) e Siphoneugena (4 spp.).

Resumo O gênero Campomanesia Ruiz & Pav. pode ser reconhecido pelo ovário 4-18-locular, com vários óvulos por lóculo, e parede locular glandular nos frutos maduros, que serve como um falso envoltório das sementes. Normalmente todos ou todos menos um óvulo abortam em cada lóculo. Apresenta pedúnculos unifloros, dicásios ou racemos, e os botões têm cálice desde aberto até completamente fechado. No estado do Paraná, o gênero apresenta 11 espécies (C. adamantium, C. aurea, C. eugenioides, C. guaviroba, C. guazumifolia, C. neriiflora, C. pubescens, C. reitziana, C. schlechtendaliana, C. sessiliflora, C. xanthocarpa), distribuídas por todos os tipos de vegetação. Campomanesia neriiflora teve seus frutos descritos pela primeira vez. Neste trabalho são apresentadas chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações, dados sobre distribuição geográfica e lista de materiais selecionados para as espécies de Campomanesia do Paraná.

O presente trabalho visou apresentar e analisar a flora da Floresta Estacional Decidual em Santa Catarina, Brasil, tendo como fonte de dados os levantamentos realizados durante o Inventário Florístico Florestal de Santa Catarina. Foram avaliadas as espécies de indivíduos lenhosos de 79 unidades amostrais de 4.000 m². Foram feitas coletas extras de indivíduos férteis, no entorno e nas unidades amostrais, das demais formas de vida. Este esforço amostral registrou 420 espécies, abrangendo 90 famílias e 275 gêneros. Nas unidades amostrais, registrou-se 233 espécies, sendo 204 com diâmetro na altura do peito (DAP) > 10 cm e 162 com diâmetro na altura do peito DAP < 10 cm e altura > 1,50 m, portanto com espécies em comuns. A coleta de material extra registrou 332 angiospermas e uma gimnosperma (Araucaria angustifolia), demonstrando a importância de coletas externas às áreas previamente delimitadas. Entre as ameaçadas de extinção foram registradas Ocotea odorifera e Araucaria angustifolia.

This study presents the list of species of Evergreen Rainforest in Santa Catarina, based on 202 sample units established by the Floristic and Forest Inventory of Santa Catarina, in order to study the tree/shrub component and regeneration in addition to a floristic survey outside the sample units. We recorded 1,473 species: three gymnosperms and 1,470 angiosperms, that totalize 19% of all species quoted for this Brazilian forest type. The most species-rich families were Orchidaceae (143 species), Myrtaceae (142), Asteraceae (98), Melastomataceae (86), Fabaceae (78), Rubiaceae (65), Solanaceae (61), Bromeliaceae (57), Piperaceae (56), and Lauraceae (52). Among them are eight species listed in the Official List of Endangered Species of the Brazilian Flora: Aechmea blumenavii, Araucaria angustifolia, Billbergia alfonsijoannis, Euterpe edulis, Heliconia farinosa, Ocotea catharinensis, O. odorifera and, O. porosa.

Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora.

Abstract Lepidaploa opposita, a new species from the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new species is readily distinguished from other Lepidaploa species by the opposite leaves. This character is very unusual in this genus, as well as in subtribe Lepidaploinae and tribe Vernonieae.