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An analysis of 58 cyclogenesis cases occurred from 2003 to 2011 over the southern Brazilian coast is presented focusing on the energy cycle proposed. For this analysis the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data was utilized to create the composite fields of all selected days as also to that of transitional seasons (austral spring and autumn), when it was verified a high number of cyclones. In the analysis, a deepening of a pre-existing surface trough over Paraguay was observed two days (D-2) before the surface pressure had reached its minimum over the southern Brazilian coast. Typically, the cyclogenetic process begins on the southern Brazil coast and spreads in a NW-SE direction, strengthening along its path. On D-2 the jet stream is almost zonally oriented and then when the cyclone is completely formed (D0), this acquire a cyclonic curvature, with two cores: one strongest in the SE and the other one in the NW direction. As soon as the geopotential anomaly for short waves (Gh) is in phase with anomaly for long waves (Gl) on D-1, the PhKh term increases in magnitude, becoming the dominant one. During all evolution stages, the dominant terms were the baroclinic (PlPh and PhKh), followed by the barotropic (KlKh) term. The friction term (RKh) had a secondary role and the source/sink of non conservative energy and flux of the available potential energy (RPh) did not contributed to the deepening of the surface low, which is not depending of the convective activity inside it. Significant differences were not observed in the mechanisms of cyclogenesis development and maintenance during the transition months, except for a greater availability of kinetic (Kh) and potential (Ph) energy and baroclinic and barotropic conversion terms during the austral autumn.

ABSTRACT Microphysical and thermodynamical features of two tropical systems, namely Hurricane Ivan and Typhoon Conson, and one sub-tropical, Catarina, have been analyzed based on space-born radar PR measurements available on the TRMM satellite. The procedure to classify the reflectivity profiles followed the Heymsfield et al (2000) and Steiner et al (1995) methodologies. The water and ice content have been calculated using a relationship obtained with data of the surface SPOL radar and PR in Rondonia State in Brazil. The diabatic heating rate due to latent heat release has been estimated using the methodology developed by Tao et al (1990). A more detailed analysis has been performed for Hurricane Catarina, the first of its kind in South Atlantic. High water content mean value has been found in Conson and Ivan at low levels and close to their centers. Results indicate that hurricane Catarina was shallower than the other two systems, with less water and the water was concentrated closer to its center. The mean ice content in Catarina was about 0.05 g kg-1 while in Conson it was 0.06 g kg-1 and in Ivan 0.08 g kg-1. Conson and Ivan had water content up to 0.3 g kg-1 above the 0ºC layer, while Catarina had less than 0.15 g kg-1. The latent heat released by Catarina showed to be very similar to the other two systems, except in the regions closer to the center.No presente trabalho foram analisados as características microfísicas e termodinâmicas de dois sistemas tropicais, o Furacão Ivan e o Tufão Conson, e um sub-tropical, Catarina, a partir de medições feitas com o radar PR a bordo do satélite TRMM. Na análise, os perfis de refletividade foram classificados conforme as técnicas de Heymsfield et al (2000) e Steiner et al (1995) e em seguida foram calculados os conteúdos de água e gelo, a partir de uma relação obtida no Estado de Rondônia (Brasil). Com estes perfis calculou-se a taxa de aquecimento diabático devido a liberação de calor latente conforme Tao et al (1990). Após serem comparados os três furacões, fez-se uma análise mais detalhada do Catarina, que foi o primeiro furacão oficialmente registrado no Atlântico Sul. Os resultados mostraram que o Ivan e o Conson tiveram um alto teor médio de água, especialmente nos níveis mais baixos e perto de seus centros. Os resultados indicaram que o furacão Catarina foi mais raso, tinha menor teor de água líquida e mais concentrada próximo do centro. O teor médio de gelo no Catarina foi cerca de 0,05 g kg-1, enquanto no Conson foi de 0,06 g kg-1 e no Ivan 0,08 g kg-1. O Conson e o Ivan tiveram teor de água de até 0,3 g kg-1 acima da isolinha de 0ºC, enquanto que o Catarina teve menos de 0,15 g kg-1. A taxa de aquecimento, devido à liberação de calor latente, no Catarina, mostrou ter magnitudes similares aos outros dois sistemas, com maiores diferenças nas regiões próximas do núcleo.