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Conditions in Cape Town in the 1880s left much to be desired, especially when one looks at it from the city engineer's point of view. A boom town at that stage with a total population of approximately 40 000, Cape Town offered few of the amenities associated with a modern city. The water-supply was inadequate until the completion of the Molteno Reservoir on Oranjezicht farm in 1886. The dusty unpaved roads had to be wetted with seawater in the dry season. However, they quickly turned into mud after the rains. Many parts of the town were unsewered, and where they existed the sewers very often were blocked by uncontrolled building alterations or the dumping of rubbish. No wonder public health was brought to a crisis at intervals by epidemics of typhoid caused by local insanitary conditions. Very dissimilar to those of today, indeed, were the problems the city engineer of this town, growing into a city, had to handle.

City Corporations, which are crucial in defining the urban environment, have a significant impact on the quality of life of their residents. Hence, this study aims to explore citizens’ assessment and satisfaction with the different services provided by Mymensingh City Corporation. Employing an exploratory research approach, the study gathers quantitative data through surveys. The findings of the study revealed that 24% of participants strongly agreed that the Mymensingh City Corporation upholds the Citizen Charter while providing services, 38% were satisfied with the MCC’s present services, 12% claimed to have participated in the MCC decision-making process, 22% concurred that the MCC demonstrates an adequate level of transparency and accountability in its operations, 24% were satisfied with the MCC’s efforts to preserve public safety and civil defense, and 38% said that the MCC had done a good job of upholding urban planning. These statistics clearly indicate that MCC has enough scope to improve its overall performance regarding enhancing citizen satisfaction. Since the survey was conducted during the pandemic, it has restricted gathering data from an adequate number of respondents. However, there is a scope for further research by applying a mixed method with a large sample size. Finally, necessary policy recommendations have been discussed in the study that may improve the performance of the MCC.

The article examines the scientific and theoretical aspects of the organization of social protection of low-income groups of the population in local self-government bodies; the concept of administrative services, their place among other public services and the main problems of obtaining administrative services from the point of view of service consumers are characterized. It was determined that almost all citizens are required to receive certain administrative services (for example, regarding birth registration, residence registration, obtaining a passport, etc.), and some administrative services have a smaller number of consumers. It was established that the understanding of the category "administrative service" consists in creating convenient conditions for a person's communication with public administration bodies in the broadest category of cases. The concept of administrative services and their types is characterized:. state services, municipal services, non-administrative services.

Purpose – This study aims to examine the impact of migration growth on environmental outcomes and local governance and assess how well the existing local municipal governance has responded to the environmental impact of increased migration influx in Ontario, Canada using the annual data during 2012–2021. Design/methodology/approach – This study used the grey relational analysis (GRA) to examine the correlation degree between migrant growth, environmental outcomes and local governance, used coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) to access to what extent the existing local governance systems have responded to the environmental impact of immigrant growth. Findings – Results show that higher immigrant populations are associated with worse environmental outcomes and the need for more municipal environmental investment and service. The present local municipal environmental service in Ontario lags behind in response to the environmental impacts of increased migration. Good local governance practices and environmental services are required to improve the environmental adaptation capacity of host countries to migrant influx. Originality/value – Climate change has been regarded as an important driver of internal and international human migration. The mass influxes of migrants will threaten cities’ environmental quality and put considerable pressure on municipal services. This study provides empirical evidence for Ontario’s municipal environmental governance and relevant authorities on how to deal with the environmental impact of increased migration and contributes to call the attention of other countries to the urban environmental pressure caused by migration influx due to the changing climate world wide.

This study analyses the vulnerabilities, opportunities and urban resilience and social cohesion awareness that emerged in Adana province in the face of the mass migration movement towards Adana province after the civil war that started in Syria in 2011. In this respect, we will first try to make conceptual fixations on resilience awareness. After explaining the historical origin and evolution of the concept, we will address the issue of putting the issue on the agenda of our country and municipalities at the local level. Afterwards, we plan to make use of the Migration Master Plan prepared by Adana Metropolitan Municipality with the perspective of increasing urban resilience against migration and establishing resilience. Based on these points, we would like to summarize the study under three main headings. In the introduction section, we will try to reveal the political and historical background of the issue at the scale of Adana. In the first section, we will discuss the issue of urban resilience in the face of migration by making conceptual fixations. In the second section, we will try to understand the impact of Syrian migration on the city in Adana. In the third part, we will discuss the vulnerabilities and opportunities set out in the Migration Master Plan prepared by Adana Metropolitan Municipality and discuss the problems, targets and solution vision. The study will conclude with a general evaluation on the subject.

Therese Dwyer Løken, Marit Kristine Helgesen, Catharina Bjørkquist Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organisation, Østfold University College, Halden, NorwayCorrespondence: Therese Dwyer Løken, Østfold University College, Post Box 700, Halden, 1757, Norway, Tel +47 92062944, Email therese.d.loken@hiof.noPurpose: Fragmentation in health and social care services can result in poor access to services, lack of continuity and inadequate provision for needs. A focus on integration of services are thus suggested to prevent negative consequences of fragmentation for service recipients. There are, however, few studies that explore the competence needed for integration of services in municipal health and social care organizations. This study explores which types of competence stakeholders require and how collective competence can promote service integration.Methods: This is a single-case study, and the data consist of focus group interviews and individual interviews with service recipients, family caregivers, professionals and managers. The data were analysed both inductively and deductively.Results: The analysis resulted in four main themes: 1) Knowledge about individual life situations and organization and system, 2) investigation competence, 3) person-centred collaboration competence and 4) facilitating competence. The themes form the basis for a collective competence framework that can promote service integration.Conclusion: As service integration involves a high degree of interlinked activities between professionals and organizational units, a collective approach to the concept of competence is presumably applicable. When service integration competence is approached as a collective attribute of a network within and between organizational units, the organization can facilitate this competence by encouraging an active exchange of knowledge between professionals. We also argue that service integration competence increases connectivity and interdependency between professionals and organizational units, and includes service recipients and family caregivers as legitimate extra-professional parts of the collaborative network.Keywords: fragmentation, care coordination, interdependency, extra-professional involvement, health and social services, municipal services

This research sheds light on the most important services performed by the municipality in the cities of Ramadi and Fallujah associated with solid waste and the problems caused by the efficiency of the performance of municipal services in it requires a detailed study of the uses of land in the city in all sectors, which will lead to know the size, quantity and quality of waste for collection Residential and commercial areas, industrial areas, hospitals, health clinics, parks and parks are among the most urban areas that generate solid waste. Jobs within Ramadi and Fallujah vary considerably due to Activities which are experiencing interference in the residential and commercial activity in both cities and the resulting residue nature related Bhaven sectors.

The subject of the study is administrative barriers in the provision of public services to individuals and business entities in the Russian Federation. The article proposes methods of analysis of the quality of providing public and municipal services to the population and economic entities. The paper investigates the degree of openness of public authorities. The authors propose a systematic approach to the study of the causes and conditions of administrative barriers, as well as an effective universal system of measures designed to eliminate such barriers and improve the quality of the state’s response to public requests. The paper studied methods of combating administrative barriers in a practical application with the establishment of the main techniques and methods of public administration, the methodology for eliminating administrative barriers. The authors analyze the role of self-regulation, professional communities and social networks in removing administrative barriers.

The issues of transformation of municipal formations from the standpoint of quality and accessibility of municipal services have been considered. The study on the example of the unification of rural settlements of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been carried out. It has been analysed whether the unification of municipal formations will affect the provision of social services by municipal institutions. It has been established that the enlargement of rural settlements will slightly affect the accessibility of municipal services provided by municipal institutions. The need and consequences of the unification of municipal formations from the point of view of the financial capabilities of local governments to tackle issues of local importance also have been assessed. It has been determined that the unification of rural settlements can to some extent solve the problem of reducing administrative costs and increasing the financing of other issues of local importance. However, the solution of the problems of accessibility and quality of municipal services should be implemented not only by administrative methods through the enlargement of municipalities, but also using the tools of inter-municipal cooperation.

Objective: Good urban governance is considered as an approach of decision-making system and urban affairs management and urban management institution, which in Iran consists of two municipal organizations and city council, can be one of the best mechanisms for realizing governance. It's good to be urban. Equality in the spatial distribution of urban services and facilities is one of the most important topics in urban studies. The purpose of this study is to measure the spatial distribution of public services in the city of Kerman, emphasizing good urban governance in order to achieve sustainable development. New models of spatial analysis, including privacy analysis and self-correlation techniques, have been able to analyze the issue of access to urban services not only for a particular type of service but also for a large number of services, and how space services are distributed (focus and segregation). And explain the access of citizens and ultimately urban spatial justice. Method: The present research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library studies, documents and field studies. Data analysis was performed using Geoda software. Results: In Kerman city, regions 2 and 3 with 29 administrative uses have the largest share, while 95 users share less than 25 percent and 25 to 50 percent of administrative lands. These areas also accounted for the largest number of educational land uses with 22 major uses, while 149 educational land uses accounted for less than 25 percent of these services. Conclusion: Population-friendly services are not distributed in the novel's metropolitan areas and citizens' access to public services is not equal. The downtown areas have good access to services and the surrounding areas have poor access. The concentration of urban services in Kerman follows the center-periphery model, which means that as we move from the city center to the surrounding areas, the distribution of services is reduced. Areas with high population density also have high service density, and in areas with low population density, low facility density has been observed.

Russia is rapidly increasing the use of digital technologies in all spheres of public life. The speed, with which new technologies appear and are implemented, leads to the fact that people cannot quickly adapt to them. In this regard, in some cases, there may be social tensions, reluctance to use modern advances in digital technologies and other social problems. There is also a overestimation of the importance and impact of the introduced technologies on improving the socio-economic and political life of the country.In this regard, it is of interest to assess the attitude of citizens to the developing digital technologies, and, primarily, to digital services that are introduced in the system of providing state and municipal services and in the sphere of interaction between the state and society. This study is an attempt to make this kind of assessment. The background of the study was the adopting and approving in 2018 the national project “Digital economy of the Russian Federation” and the Federal programs implemented within the framework of this project, as well as the state programs and projects preceding the national project that accompany the formation of the infrastructure of the digital state.The authors conducted a survey of 541 respondents from 49 regions of the Russian Federation to determine and assess the attitude of citizens to the digitalization of public services. During the survey, respondents were asked questions about the use of Federal and regional portals of public services, about awareness of the availability and possibility of using public technologies and services, about the convenience of services and the ability to use them. As a result of the survey, conclusions are drawn about the advantages and disadvantages of using the electronic service of public services, as well as an assessment of the attitude of citizens to the digitalization of public services.

Citizen demand for quality public services is increasing, and improvements in the provision of public services affect citizen satisfaction and loyalty. This research is to evaluate citizens’ loyalty to municipal officials on the quality of public services provided by the municipality. The measurement is made through a household-level survey, with a sample of 428 valid questionnaires, in a rural parish of Tengel in Guayaquil, following the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). This study used the Warp-PLS 7.0 software with a structural equation model to evaluate the seven hypotheses raised. A new component is included in this research: the effect of perceived quality in the provision of municipal services in rural areas on the value ratio perceived by the citizen and overall satisfaction. The results obtained allowed us to observe that the loyalty of the citizen to the elected municipal officials depends on citizen satisfaction with the public services provided by the municipal administration in rural areas. In addition, the quality perceived by the citizen modulates at different levels the relationships between the perceived value and the citizen satisfaction. Areas of improvement in the provision of public services such as municipal police, firefighters, veterinary services, parking services and address information were identified. The findings would allow local public administrators to take action to improve the services provided in rural areas in order to maintain the loyalty of citizens.

For the planning of infrastructure systems, the models that include key elements of accessibility to municipal services in the early stages of spatial planning can be developed. Models for decision-making in spatial planning should enable suitable spatial presentation, economic assessments, and timely planning of infrastructure systems. This article describes the model of the accessibility to municipal services, which is based on the use of methods of fuzzy logic. Spatial, economic, and temporal variables of the fuzzy model are discussed, and a method for the determination of the membership functions is proposed. This method is based on sampling infrastructure systems within different classes of population density. A statistical analysis of 156 existing residential areas in the Republic of Slovenia has covered from 10 to 20% of the residential areas within 10 local communities. Validation of economic variables and verification of proposed spatial membership functions has been made within 16 residential areas of diff erent settlement densities and level of urbanization. The proposed method of spatial analysis is suitable for determining membership functions. For the proposed variables, a model of accessibility to infrastructure systems within Slovenia can be developed. There is a need for further research to establish a comprehensive model related to the infrastructural capacity, as well as environmental and social aspects of accessibility to municipal services.

The article deals with improving the quality of the provision and accessibility of public and municipal services. With the rapid development of telecommunications technology procedures for obtaining services and information to signifi cantly expand and modernize the system of provision of public services to the population and reduce the time spent on their production. Today, multi-function centers (MFC) are beginning to take root everywhere for this purpose, allowing in a short time with the help of one window system to obtain the necessary state and municipal services. The article is an example of monitoring satisfaction scores a population of existing forms of cooperation with government agencies, such as the MFC in the Primorsky krai. The study evaluated the performance of services such as schedule the MFC; territorial availability of the MFC; size, equipment, interior space MFC; queuing; the level of service on the part of specialists and others. Monitoring in general showed a high degree of satisfaction of users of public and municipal services on the principle of one window. Although, despite that the participants of the survey is still a number of comments to the work of the multipurpose centers, which are currently in need of elimination.

Gender violence has been constructed as a social problem in diverse semiotic-material matrices. This article describes these matrices and analyzes their effects on laws and municipal services in Quito, Ecuador. Five different matrices are examined: sexuality, health, human rights; security and disciplinary practices. The analysis demonstrates that the actors and voices that attempted to generate ruptures in the status quo have been silenced, while those that have perpetuated the patriarchal order have become hegemonic.

Rail services for which substantial investment required can be provided only in cities with a certain population size. However, if a city does not have a sufficient potential for passengers to cover the operating costs, such service may not be offered. In particular, lowering the cost of rail vehicles can lead to applications in less populated cities. The purpose of this study was the investigation of encouraging domestic production, as a tool to reduce rail vehicle costs, and in the context of the relations of municipalities between central government and private sector within the framework of the public economy. For this purpose, the applications and rail transportation services of Bursa Metropolitan Municipality are discussed as examples. Büyük ölçekli yatırım gerektiren kentsel raylı ulaşım hizmetleri maliyet koşulları nedeniyle sadece belli bir nüfus büyüklüğüne sahip kentlerde sunulabilmektedir. Bununla beraber işletme giderlerini karşılamaya yetecek kadar yolcu potansiyeline sahip olmayan kentlerde söz konusu hizmet sunulamamaktadır. Özellikle araç maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi raylı sistem uygulamalarını daha az nüfuslu kentlerde de uygulanabilir duruma getirebilecektir. Araç maliyetlerinin düşürülebilmesinin bir yolu olarak yerli üretimin teşvik edilmesi ve bu bağlamda belediye ve merkezî idare ile özel kesimin rollerinin kamu ekonomisi çerçevesinde irdelenmesi bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmuştur. Bu amaçla örnek olarak Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nin uygulamaları ve raylı ulaşım hizmetleri ele alınmıştır.

Bu çalışmada yerel halkın mahalli, müşterek nitelikteki işlerin görülebilmesi için karar alabildiği yerel yönetim birimlerinden en etkilisi olan Belediyelerin, hizmet pazarlaması fonksiyonlarında yerel katılımın etkisi ve halkın hangi hizmet pazarlama fonksiyonlarında katılımı daha önemli bulduğu ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma ile ulaşılmaya çalışılan bir diğer sonuç da belediyelerde vatandaşın katılım düzeyine göre hizmet pazarlama fonksiyonlarından memnuniyet algısının nasıl değiştiğidir. Bu amaçla yapılan yüz yüze anket çalışması ile yerel katılımın belediye hizmet gruplarında ne ölçüde uygulandığı belirlenmiş ve belediyelerin hizmet pazarlama kararlarında yerel katılımın kullanım düzeyinin hangi pazarlama kararlarında daha önemli olması gerektiği ortaya konularak vatandaşların mevcut durumda belediye hizmet pazarlaması alt değişkenlerine ilişkin memnuniyet düzeyleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, yerel katılımın hizmet pazarlamasındaki etkinliğine yönelik 6 alt faktör grubu oluşmuştur. Bu faktör grupları sırası ile fiyat-ürün ve fiziksel ortam, süreçler, stratejik düşünme, tanıtım, kurum dışı çalışanlar ve kurum içi çalışanlardır. Araştırmada erkekler fiyat-ürün ve fiziksel ortam gibi daha somut pazarlama değişkenlerini soyut unsurlara göre daha fazla önemserken kadınlar soyut hizmet pazarlaması bileşenlerinde katılımı daha önemli bulmuşlardır. Yine araştırma sonucuna göre, hedef kitlenin eğitim düzeyine bağlı olarak belediyelerin pazarlama kararları alırken özellikle düşük eğitim düzeyine sahip vatandaşlara yönelik hizmetlerde katılımcılar olarak tanımlayabileceğimiz çalışanları daha özenle belirlemesi gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Objective: to propose ways of increasing the activity of Russian citizens through the institution of municipal services. Methods: the methodological basis of the study was a systematic and integrated approach to the analysis of the institution of municipal services. The general philosophical method was used, as well as general scientific methods of cognition (dialectical, systemic, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), and specific scientific methods (comparative-legal, formal-legal, historical-legal, sociological, systemic-functional, theoretical-prognostic, linguo-legal methods). In particular, the formal-legal method was used to study the problem of the legal fixation of administrative regulations statuses; the theoretical-prognostic method was used in preparing recommendations to increase the activity of citizens. Results: the municipal services are regarded by the author as a way to meet the needs of the population of a particular territory, and as a way of interaction between local public authorities and the citizens. The issue of the functioning of e-municipalities is studied, as well as the shortcomings in the legal regulation in this field. The problem is discussed of insufficient use of the Internet in the local authorities’ interaction with citizens. The author suggests ways to improve the Federal Law "On the organization of state and municipal services" N 210-FZ of July 2, 2010, regarding the use of the Internet as a means of feedback between the public authorities and the population of a territory. Special attention is paid to normative legal acts, regulating the procedure of municipal services provision, i.e. the administrative regulations of local authorities. The emerging challenges in the legal regulation of the specified institution are identified, the solutions to the identified problems are proposed. Scientific novelty: in 2010, the institution of municipal services has undergone significant modernization, thus, the necessity to its research arose. In this article, municipal services are for the first time examined from the point of view of stimulating the citizens’ activity. Practical value: the provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in the practical activities of local self-government bodies, give impetus to further scientific study of municipal services from the point of view of stimulating the citizens’ activity.

Objective to propose ways of increasing the activity of Russian citizens through the institution of municipal services. Methods the methodological basis of the study was a systematic and integrated approach to the analysis of the institution of municipal services. The general philosophical method was used as well as general scientific methods of cognition dialectical systemic analysis and synthesis induction and deduction and specific scientific methods comparativelegal formallegal historicallegal sociological systemicfunctional theoreticalprognostic linguolegal methods. In particular the formallegal method was used to study the problem of the legal fixation of administrative regulations statuses the theoreticalprognostic method was used in preparing recommendations to increase the activity of citizens. Results the municipal services are regarded by the author as a way to meet the needs of the population of a particular territory and as a way of interaction between local public authorities and the citizens. The issue of the functioning of emunicipalities is studied as well as the shortcomings in the legal regulation in this field. The problem is discussed of insufficient use of the Internet in the local authoritiesrsquo interaction with citizens. The author suggests ways to improve the Federal Law quotOn the organization of state and municipal servicesquot N 210FZ of July 2 2010 regarding the use of the Internet as a means of feedback between the public authorities and the population of a territory. Special attention is paid to normative legal acts regulating the procedure of municipal services provision i.e. the administrative regulations of local authorities. The emerging challenges in the legal regulation of the specified institution are identified the solutions to the identified problems are proposed. Scientific novelty in 2010 the institution of municipal services has undergone significant modernization thus the necessity to its research arose. In this article municipal services are for the first time examined from the point of view of stimulating the citizensrsquo activity. Practical value the provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in the practical activities of local selfgovernment bodies give impetus to further scientific study of municipal services from the point of view of stimulating the citizensrsquo activity. nbsp

This study examines the relationships that exist between quality municipal service and citizen satisfaction. This paper is, therefore, an examination of Relationship between quality Municipal Service and citizen satisfaction in Batu Pahat, Malaysia. It argues that the constitutional mandate of local council in terms of “function performance” has not been translated into reality in many occasions. Hypothesis was postulated for the study. The methodology adopted is quantitative in nature, 100 questionnaires were administered and 89 were retrieved. Systematic random sampling technic was used to retrieve the respondents’ responses. This study applies SPSS statistical tests and AMOS version 23 and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) software was used for further analysis. The relationship between these two constructs was then evaluated. The findings in this paper are that quality municipal services have direct effect on citizen satisfaction. The paper shows that, on average quality municipal service enhanced citizen satisfaction. The paper has developed valid and reliable constructs that can be used to measure the effect of quality municipal services on citizen satisfaction with municipal council service delivery. Thus, the paper concludes and recommends that municipal council must attempt to overcome the challenges that have by-passed their performance. The study recommends that there is needs for local municipal to strategies to makes the local council more robust for enhancing the lives of inhabitants and to foster good relationship between the management and local people in the study area. The study also gives recommendation to municipal council to strategies on other factors to enhance citizen welfare.

The aim of the paper is to discuss the situation of the municipal enterpreneurship in some EU member countries (namely Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria and Scandinavian countries) with regards to the process of privatization running out since later 1970s and the subsequent outsourcing of contracting the municipal service provision by private companies. This situation was related to the shortage within public budgets as well to the influence of the so called New Public Management ideas. The findings are compared with the situation in the Czech Republic. The fully privatized sector of municipal services did not show to be the best way of how to provide citizens with such services. The procurement of public services for individual settlements proved to be quite successful by means of collective communal enterprises or through the joint contracting of these services by a group of municipalities with the private entities in Western countries. Unfortunately such a co-operation does not find place in the Czech Republic.

Globalization and high pace of technological processes,achieved by information technology, increase the pressure on private andpublic organizations to compete for providing new services. The servicesector accounts for the largest employment growth and value-added indeveloped economies. Therefore, extensive studies on developing newservices and their success factors have become more important. In thisregard, the present study is carried out with the purpose of investigatingcritical success factors and presenting a model for new service development.The population of this study consists of two groups; the first group includesmanagers and experts of municipality for identifying CSFs and the secondgroup includes citizens of region 1 of Tehran in order to evaluate theperformance of municipality in NSD. For collecting data, two questionnairesof identifying CSFs and evaluating the performance are used. Structuralequations model and Topsis and Vikor decision making techniques areemployed to examine the questions. For presenting obvious and practicalresults, CSFs that are confirmed in the model are included in importanceperformancematrix and are divided into 4 sections the most important ofwhich are those located in the second quarter. Therefore, municipality mustimprove its performance in these items to successfully develop its services.

Hva betyr kommunestørrelse (antall innbyggere) for den service kommunen gir? Artikkelen drøfter paradokset at selv om små kommuner objektivt sett skulle ha lavere systemkapasitet enn større kommuner, så er likevel innbyggere i små kommuner mer fornøyd med tjenestetilbudet. Det argumenteres deretter at nærhet bør betraktes som en systemkapasitet. «Nærhetseffekten» testes så indirekte ut ved å se på den service kommunen tilbyr sine innbyggere gjennom tre ulike kanaler: telefon, e-post og nettsider. Antakelsen er at små kommuner på grunn av nærhetseffekten vil yte bedre service gjennom interaktive kanaler (telefon og e-post), men dårligere der service er basert på selvbetjening (nettsider). Studier av alle norske kommuner i 2007 foretatt av Forbrukerrådet, og av alle norske kommuner med hjemmeside i 2004 og 2011 foretatt av DIFI inngår som empirisk datamateriale. De empiriske funn viser ingen forskjell mellom store og små kommuner når det gjelder service gjennom interaktive kanaler, men at store kommuner scorer betydelig høyere enn små når det gjelder nettbasert service også når det kontrolleres for andre relevante trekk ved kommunen (frie inntekter og trekk ved befolkningen). Forskjellene er stabile over tid for service over nett. Nøkkelord: kommunestørrelse, kommunal service, IKT, kommunale nettsteder, nærhetseffekten