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In the border regions of Iran, which include West Azerbaijan province, the interwoven dynamics between development and security present a multifaceted set of challenges. This comprehensive study delves into the intricate relationship between these two critical elements, with a focus on elucidating potential scenarios that impact on development and security alike. Employing a rigorous methodological approach, using advanced data analysis tools and incorporating insights from experts, this research identifies seven pivotal factors that play a crucial role in shaping the sustainable development and security landscape of these border regions. By using the Method for Inserting Knowledge into Decision Support Models (Méthode d’Insertion de Connaissances dans les Modèles d’Aide à la Décision) MicMac software, an in-depth analysis of both direct and indirect variables was conducted to precisely gauge their influence in border security. The outcomes of this extensive analysis provide a solid foundation for the construction of diverse scenarios, thus offering a wide spectrum of potential future trajectories for the region. The examination of these scenarios grants invaluable insights into the intricate nexus between development and security, reinforcing the essential need for a holistic and integrated approach to regional planning. This research effectively underscores the vital imperative of nurturing synergies between security and development for the sustained progress of Iran’s border areas. With a focus on empirical data and informed projections, this study sheds light on the intricate dynamics at play, emphasising the pivotal role of an integrated approach to regional advancement.

Circular Supply Chain Management (CSCM) is gaining prominence among diverse stakeholders, practitioners, and scholars. However, its adoption remains limited, particularly within Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). This study employs Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM), specifically tailored for SMEs, to elucidate the contextual relationships among CSCM indicators. Furthermore, it employs the Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliqué à un Classement (MICMAC) analysis to categorize these indicators into driving- dependence power quadrants. Thirteen CSCM indicators are identified and classified into three sustainability dimensions: economic, environmental, and social. The ISM model comprises four levels, with employees’ exposure to hazardous materials at level one, followed by ten indicators at level two, one at level three (reuse, remanufacturing, recycling complexity), and one at level four (eco-material). MICMAC analysis reveals that none of the indicators falls into the autonomous quadrant. Employees’ exposure to hazardous materials is categorized in the dependent indicators’ quadrant, while ten indicators belong to the linkage quadrant. The independent quadrant includes two indicators: eco-material and reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling complexity. SMEs can utilize these CSCM indicators as an initial step toward circularity implementation. The recommended implementation sequence follows the ISM model hierarchy, starting with level four indicators and progressing through levels three, two, and one, acknowledging the influence of higher-level indicators on lower-level ones.

Tiksi Port is a Russian seaport located on the Laptev Sea shore in the Central Arctic region and holds potential as a crucial and versatile hub for the improvement of the Eastern Arctic sector. It is one of the main ports on the Northern Sea Route and can potentially become the primary point for transporting various types of cargo. Currently, Tiksi Port is shallow and incapable of receiving large sea vessels and although it was initially equipped with handling equipment, signs of decline are visible. This study aims to identify the critical logistics elements of Tiksi Port and classify them according to their level of significance in vitalizing the logistics activities of the port for further practical use. Interpretive Structural Modelling and the Matrix of Cross Impacts Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) method was used in this study. The study findings revealed ten factors that appeared at three levels of importance. According to the analysis results, “combating oil spills” was present at Level 3, which is the first and most fundamental level to be improved. Tiksi Port officials and government ministries can use these results as a reference for development and to support the establishment of a cost-effective and agile logistics system for related companies.

The substantial amount of food waste generated in Sragen Regency due to inadequate food loss and waste (FLW) management has a detrimental impact on the environment. This study aims to analyze the efforts to optimize FLW management, examine the relationships between variables, and assess stakeholder synergy in accelerating FLW management to support the implementation of a circular economy in the Sragen Regency. This research employs a mixed-methods approach, with data analysis conducted using MICMAC and MACTOR methodologies. The MICMAC analysis results indicate that stakeholder relationships, waste prevention, location factors, cultural factors, and community scale are the core variables for accelerating improvements in FLW management. In contrast, the MACTOR analysis identifies the Environmental Agency (DLH), Kecik Waste Bank, and Si Repi Waste Bank as the primary stakeholders in these efforts. Additionally, the MACTOR analysis highlights changes in community behavior and the utilization of FLW in the circular economy as primary objectives agreed upon by all stakeholders. The findings from the MICMAC and MACTOR analyses provide a basis and reference for determining the model and grand design of an FLW management acceleration strategy to support the implementation of a circular economy in the Sragen Regency.

The construction industry consumes significant resources, emits considerable pollutants, and generates substantial waste. Green, Lean, Six Sigma (GLS) is an emerging paradigm to control waste, carbon footprint, resource conservation, non-value-added activities, and cost. However, limited focus has been given to the risks involved in GLS construction projects (GLSCPs). This research explored risk factors (RFs) to GLSCPs based on literature review and expert judgments. Brainstorming sessions were conducted to validate the RFs and establish mutual interactions among them through experts' opinions. A 4-level structural model was extracted through Interpretive structural modeling (ISM). The Matriced Impacts Croise's Multiplication Appliqée a UN Classement (MICMAC) was integrated to assess the ‘driving’ and ‘dependence’ power of the RFs. The results show that all RFs are crucial and impact GLSCPs, but the most critical are ‘unstable inflation,’ ‘fluctuations in interest rate,’ and ‘fluctuations in exchange rate.’ This study enhances managers' and policymakers' understanding of RFs associated with GLSCPs and supports effective risk management for successful GLS implementation in construction projects.

PURPOSE: Start-ups are widely acknowledged as crucial catalysts for innovation and drivers of economic progress. However, their vulnerability to failure continues to pose a persistent and significant obstacle. In light of this, the study intends to ascertain the various elements responsible for the elevated incidence of start-up failures and examine their contextual associations. It further aims to establish the hierarchical structure and identify the crucial factors of start-up failure. METHODOLOGY: The paper uses the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach to determine the structural hierarchy and interconnections among the causes of start-up failures identified through the comprehensive analysis of existing literature and experts’ opinions. MICMAC (Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification) analysis is also being utilized to categorize these identified failure causes into autonomous, independent, dependent, and linking factors by their driving and dependency powers. FINDINGS: A structural framework depicting the interrelationships among the factors has been derived, showing the failure factor, ‘poor market positioning’ factor at the highest level, and the ‘lack of entrepreneurial efficiency’ at the lowest level of the model. The results also revealed that lack of entrepreneurial efficiency, poor management, and external environmental issues are the most significant independent factors upon which all other failure factors rely. It also categorizes ‘poor market positioning’ as the dependent factor, signifying its passive role in the failure of start-ups. IMPLICATIONS: As previous literature has discussed the various factors responsible for the failure of start-ups in isolation, the current study fills out the gap in the literature by establishing linkages among those factors. The study’s insights emphasize the value of effective management teams and entrepreneurial skills in averting start-up failures. It highlights the importance of skill development and mentorship to enhance the capabilities of entrepreneurs and their teams. Furthermore, the research indicates that policymakers and support groups can create focus initiatives addressing issues like market validation, team dynamics, and financial management to enhance the start-up environment. These initiatives may encompass entrepreneurship training, financial assistance, and mentorship through the ‘Start-up India’ Program, Bharat Fund platform, etc. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: Previous studies on entrepreneurial failure are based on AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process), content analysis, and quality management methodologies. This is potentially the first study using the ISM-MICMAC approach that explores the complex world of start-up failures in India and illustrates the relative influence and interdependence of various failure factors of start-ups through a hierarchical model.

Supply chain resilience (SCRE) has emerged as a critical capability for mitigating the challenges posed by supply chain risks and vulnerabilities. To address the question of how businesses can enhance SCRE via the integration of organizational, technological, and environmental factors, this paper aims to develop a hierarchical model based on the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework. The model utilizes Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) to analyze the hierarchical relationships among these enablers. By assessing the driving power and dependence power of these enablers, a classification is derived using the Matrix of Cross Impact Multiplications Applied to Classification (MICMAC) method. This study focuses on five selected enablers and presents a streamlined framework along with six propositions to validate their impact on SCRE. The findings of this developed framework offer valuable insights into the critical strategies that practitioners can employ to enhance SCRE, ensuring uninterrupted operations even in dynamic and complex environments. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on SCRE, providing a structured framework for organizations to navigate the challenges of an ever-changing business landscape.

Green construction practices (GCPs) are essential for the construction industry to achieve carbon neutral and sustainable development. However, the promotion of GCPs faces multifaceted challenges, particularly within the context of recent global uncertainties. The COVID-19 pandemic has wrought substantial disruption upon the construction sector, which makes it a good candidate as a case study for enhancing future risk management strategies. Currently, there is limited research on the factors influencing GCPs in the global uncertainty context. To bridge this research gap, this study first identifies 26 factors affecting GCPs in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic through a comprehensive literature review. Subsequently, based on feedback from 22 experts, Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) and Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement (MICMAC) methodologies are adopted to illustrate the intricate relationships among influencing factors and further classify their relative importance. The results underscore the pivotal role of factors such as technology development, the difficulty of construction, materials, and equipment performance, as well as identify 13 factors that have a fundamental impact. This research provides insights for decision-makers to enhance risk management strategies for GCPs in the global uncertainty context, prioritize the determinants, and facilitate the optimal allocation of resources to advance GCPs.

By analysing the factors influencing secondary vocational students' learning burnout in the context of social media, this study unearthed the underlying causes of learning burnout. It also determined the correlation paths among the factors influencing learning burnout, providing references for educational and pedagogical improvement. This contributes to preventing secondary vocational students' learning burnout and enhancing learning efficiency in secondary vocational schools. Combined with previous research results and a theoretical basis, this study identifies 10 influencing factors employing the Delphi method, and uses Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) and Matrice d' Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliqués à un Classement (MICMAC) to elucidate the relationship between influencing factors of learning burnout among secondary vocational students in the context of social media. This study also constructs a corresponding mechanism model and subsequently proposes prevention and improvement strategies. The results show that the overdevelopment of social media, as driving factors, has the greatest impact on secondary vocational students' learning burnout. Simultaneously, it takes the lead in addressing cognitive bias among students, decreased self-control, and low learning efficiency, factors that contribute to learning burnout. This is particularly beneficial in alleviating the degree of learning burnout among secondary vocational students in the context of social media and improves overall learning outcomes for these students. The hierarchical structure and correlation paths identified in this study offer robust invaluable guidance for developing a scientific program to address the problem of learning burnout among this demographic. This includes implementing related educational practises, thereby reducing the unpredictability of the practical applications.

This study examines the hierarchical relationships and inter dependencies of financial factors impacting companies’ health, using Total Interpretive Structural Modelling and Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement analyses. It identifies key financial factors and their influences. Findings reveal credit risk as a pivotal factor with substantial impact on other parameters. Solvency, capital adequacy, and Tier 1 capital ratios are also key determinants of financial health. The study further categorizes factors into independent, linkage, autonomous, and dependent categories. This research offers valuable insights for managers, policymakers, and investors aiding decision-making.

Land use planning plays a crucial role in urban planning by addressing urban needs, tackling land scarcity challenges, and determining the physical growth of cities. Urban redevelopment, specifically the revitalization of vacant and abandoned lands, serves as an effective strategy to optimize land utilization, mitigate pollution, and enhance the socioeconomic urban environment. In this study, a foresight approach is adopted, employing descriptive-analytical methods to conduct a structural analysis of the factors involved in infill development in the Bronsi barracks brownfields located in Mashhad. Data collection was conducted through secondary research and surveys, with a statistical sample comprising eight purposively selected urban experts. A total of 15 variables associated with sustainable brownfield planning were identified, encompassing physical-spatial, socioeconomic, managerial-institutional, and environmental aspects. These variables were further classified into five groups: influential, double-faceted, susceptible, independent, and regulatory. To evaluate the relationships among the variables, the Micmac software was utilized, and subsequent scenarios including probable and favorable outcomes were determined. The analysis highlighted the priority of three key factors in inactive lands: land price, accessibility to services and facilities, and the number of land uses. These findings are of great significance and should be taken into consideration by urban decision-makers not only in the studied sites but also in similar areas.

Rural tourism is a part of the tourism market and a source of employment and income, and it can be considered an essential tool for the economic, social, and ecological development of rural communities. The leading research based on the need for long-term planning in the field of rural tourism in Heris City, which is one of the most susceptible regions in the country in attracting rural tourism with various factors, is trying to reach a convincing answer to the question that the key and influencing factors on the future development of rural tourism in the city. Where is Heris? Based on the purpose, this is an applied study, and in terms of its nature and method, it is a descriptive-analytical study based on a prospective approach. Data collection tools included the use of (library) documents and interviews. To calculate validity, content and form validity methods and techniques were used. The reliability rate for "structural effects analysis" was 0.82. The panel of respondents consisted of 30 university professors and planning and development experts. This study identified 21 variables as primary factors and analyzed them with MicMac software. To determine the key drivers effective on the rural tourism approach of Heris City, based on the results of two methods, including "rank of variables in each mode" and "the total effect of variables in all modes," the key and effective factors were selected, which are "use of culture and rural art in presenting designs" and "paying attention to all levels and strata of society in presenting designs." Introduction Many development planners and policymakers refer to the tourism industry as the central pillar of sustainable development. Rural tourism is also considered a part of the tourism industry, which can play an influential role in developing these areas. As a result, proper planning and identifying the advantages and limitations of rural tourism, will achieve national development and diversification of the national economy. Leading research based on the need for long-term planning in the field of rural tourism in Heris City, which, with various factors, is one of the most susceptible regions in the country in attracting rural tourism, and due to its brilliant historical background and the presence of diverse weather, the scenic attractions have the ability to develop rural tourism. However, due to incorrect planning, it has yet to be successful in this field. According to the stated contents, the present research is trying to reach a convincing answer to the question of the key and influencing factors on the future development of rural tourism in Heris County. Materials and Methods In terms of the purpose, this is applied research, and in terms of the nature and method, it is of descriptive-analytical type, based on the prospective approach from the time dimension. According to the existing studies, the methods of obtaining information in the field of economic-social studies can be categorized in different ways. Based on the research objectives, data collection methods, and tools, including using documents, library documents, and interviews. To calculate validity, content and form validity methods and techniques were used so that it was accompanied by the guidance of scholars in this field to determine how well the questions represent the content and objectives of the research. Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the research questionnaire. According to each section, the questionnaire was provided to professors and experts in the mentioned field, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated in SPSS software. The reliability level for "structural effects analysis" is 0.82. The panel of respondents consists of 30 university professors in the fields of rural and urban planning, regional planning and tourism, social sciences, and economics, as well as planning and development experts, including experts from the Nomadic Affairs Organization, Sports and Youth Administration, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, East Azarbaijan province, and Heris city. The present study identified 21 variables as primary factors and analyzed data with MicMac software. In the cross matrix, the sum of the row numbers of each factor, the amount of influence, and the column sums of each factor shows the influence from other factors. Discussion and Results The number of 21 influencing variables on rural tourism development in Heris County was selected using the panel interview session. Then, by forming a 21 x 21 matrix, the effects of each index on the other were identified with the number zero to three using the mutual effects analysis method. Then, the matrix results were entered into MicMac software and analyzed to extract the drivers. To structurally analyze the mutual effects of factors on each other, a 21x21 matrix was formed. The filling degree of the matrix is 92.063%, which shows that the selected factors had a large and scattered effect on each other, and in fact, the system was in an unstable state. Out of 385 relationships that can be evaluated in this matrix, 35 relationships are zero, meaning that the factors did not influence on or were not influenced by each other. Eighty-seven relationships have been established on number one, 157 on number two, and 162 on number three. Conclusions What can be understood from the state of the dispersion plane of the effective variables is the state of instability of the system. Most of the variables are scattered around the diagonal axis of the plane. Except for a few limited factors that show that they have a high impact on the system, the rest of the variables have almost the same status. To determine the key drivers effective on the rural tourism approach of Heris City, based on the results of two methods including "rank of variables in each of the states" and "total impact of variables in all states," the key and effective factors have been selected as follows. Utilizing rural culture and art in presenting plans; Attention to all levels and strata of society in presenting plans; Emphasizing intellectual independence and not imitating foreign models in the design of rural tourism projects; Looking at rural tourists as cultural ambassadors; Designing suitable spaces for holding ceremonies and traditional rituals using cultural symbols (designing cultural routes for tourists); and introducing the projects done on different sites in different languages. Therefore, the vital and effective drivers that can be pointed out in this research for the planning approach of rural tourism development in Heris are the factors that emphasize all the studied aspects of the subject.

Our aim is to develop a hierarchical framework that assesses the interdependence of digital metrics impacting clean energy in the European energy market. The framework is evaluated to determine its applicability to clean energy and implementation. We utilize a taxonomy of digital metrics with the MICMAC ("Matrice d'Impacts Croisés-Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement") methodology and a questionnaire-based survey using DEMATEL to validate the framework. This results in an efficient hierarchy and contextual relationship between key metrics in the European energy industry. We investigate and simulate ten key metrics of digital conversion for clean energy in the energy domain, identifying the most significant effects, including the "decision-making process" the "sustainable value chain" the "sustainable supply chain", "sustainable product life cycle", and the "interconnection of diverse equipment". The MICMAC methodology is used to classify these parameters for a better understanding of their structure, and DEMATEL is employed to examine cause-and-effect relationships and linkages. The practical implications of this framework can assist institutions, experts, and academics in forecasting essential metrics and can complement existing studies on digital conversion and clean energy. By prioritizing these key parameters, improvements in convenience, efficiency, and the reduction of product fossilization can be achieved. The value and originality of this study lie in the novel advancements in analyzing digital conversion metrics in the European energy industry using a cohesive ISM, MICMAC, and DEMATEL framework.

Sustainable development projects require careful balancing of economic interests and ecological needs. The case of Skikda, a city in northeast Algeria, located on the Mediterranean coast, illustrates the challenges connected with such a development. The ancient city coexists with a young hydrocarbon port and industrial pole that serves as a transfer hub in the flow of petroleum between hinterland and sea. The installation of the port and petrochemical refining plants on the banks of the estuary of the Safsaf River presents many challenges to local citizens and the ecosystem, including pollution of the water system, groundwater, and river water, and damage to the area’s ancient heritage. This study argues that we need new and less polluting forms of intermodality between hinterland and seaport to make urban mobility more sustainable. It asks whether and how the existing rivers and wadis (river channels that are dry except during rainy periods) can be transformed into artificial canals for river navigation to improve the transport fluidity and sustainability of Skikda. To answer this question, the study adopts a prospective approach using the MICMAC scenario method. This approach entails, first, presenting and evaluating the potentialities of the existing rivers of Skikda using QGIS, and second, discussing and proposing scenarios for transforming these rivers into urban waterways, that is, artificial canals for inland navigation. The prospect of inland waterway transport in Skikda may be a radical scenario, yet, despite its hydraulic capacity and advantages, this system is not receiving attention in Algeria. We suggest that water transport can breathe sustainable blue life into a vulnerable industrial port city, transforming its challenges into opportunities.

Purpose: Despite several initiatives taken by government of India since 2013 to improve the performance of major ports, growth was not as anticipated. Hence, there is a need to understand the performance of these major ports during 2013–2020 and to identify the critical challenges that affect their performance. Design/methodology/approach: Performance analysis was conducted using Malmquist productivity index (MPI) and critical challenges were identified using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) technique as well as the cross-impact matrix multiplication (MICMAC). Findings: Ten major ports in terms of operational, 12 ports in terms of service quality, and six ports in terms of financial performance have been categorised as high performers, based on the MPI values. 19 challenges affecting the performance were identified in an eight layered ISM model. Research limitations: This research is limited to major ports of India and does not cover the non-major ports of India due to unavailability of data Practical implications: This study will enable the port decision-makers to identify the ports which are high performers in terms of operational, service quality, and financial performance, and thereby the best practices followed across can be replicated. Originality/value: This study explored the multi dimensions of performance of Major ports of India and there was no such study in the past. Despite the existence of performance studies in the literature, none of them explored the challenges faced by the major ports.

One of the main factors in increasing income and employment, as the most important pillar of livable cities, is attracting the creative class and investors. Implementing innovative plans and making basic investments in line with sustainable development requires many conditions and fields, one of the most important of which is the availability of cultural and social fields. But so far, this field and categories have been less in the focus of attention. For this purpose, in this study, an attempt was made to take into account the role and position of culture and social contexts in attracting investors to the city of Mashhad by using the descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, emphasis was mainly placed on the main drivers of this field. To reach this goal, the required information was collected from library and field sources. In the field part, the research sample included 30 qualified people in this field, who were selected by purposeful sampling. Micmac software was also used for data analysis. The results showed that the factors that influence the attraction of the creative class and investors and the increase of targeted investments in the city of Mashhad are: Investment in research and development, laws and regulations, number of resident foreigners, information and communication technology, appropriate financing, flight destinations and active airlines, rate of invention and innovation, level of literacy and education, performance evaluation and reward system, financial policies, flexible financial systems, scientific and technical exchanges and interaction between university and industry.

This research paper presents a comprehensive study on optimizing the critical artificial intelligence (AI) factors influencing cost management in civil engineering projects using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. The problem addressed revolves around the need to effectively manage costs in civil engineering endeavors amidst the growing complexity of projects and the increasing integration of AI technologies. The methodology employed involves the utilization of three MCDM tools, specifically Delphi, interpretive structural modeling (ISM), and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC). A total of 17 AI factors, categorized into eight broad groups, were identified and analyzed. Through the application of different MCDM techniques, the relative importance and interrelationships among these factors were determined. The key findings reveal the critical role of certain AI factors, such as risk mitigation and cost components, in optimizing the cost management processes. Moreover, the hierarchical structure generated through ISM and the influential factors identified via MICMAC provide insights for prioritizing strategic interventions. The implications of this study extend to informing decision-makers in the civil engineering domain about effective strategies for leveraging AI in their cost management practices. By adopting a systematic MCDM approach, stakeholders can enhance project outcomes while optimizing resource allocation and mitigating financial risks.

Quality is essential in today’s competitive market to ensure customers are happy; recent research shows that about 90% of customers think quality is just as important as price when purchasing. Total quality management (TQM) has been a boon to the economies of many countries. Different tools and methods are used in TQM to give customers the best quality. However, there are some challenges that manufacturing organizations face when implementing these tools. Much research has been done on MSME sector, so far as label manufacturers are concerned, there has yet to be any research on a national or international level. In this study, we found 66 barriers to programs to improve quality in the label printing industry. We have used fuzzy MICMAC analysis and total interpretive modeling (TISM) to make a structural model. Our research paper provides an easy-to-use methodology and critically analyses the biggest obstacles to the successful application of TQM in the flexographic printing industry. Our research identified ten issues with the implementation of TQM in this industry. The paper has identified the interdependencies of the above variables. The findings of this research will aid in future planning, particularly in E-commerce and the pharmaceutical industry, where proper label printing is crucial.

The economic condition of most coastal communities in Indonesia-including in Madura Island- is very vulnerable. This study aims to analyze the key factors for increasing the economy of community in the Madura Coastal Village. The Matrix of Direct Influences and Matrix of Indirect Influences (MICMAC) methods is used in this study. Respondents were experts in fisheries from the government, educational institutions, fishery business actors, and the community in Madura Coastal Village. The results show that the key factors for increasing the economy in the Madura Coastal Village are 1) modern technology, 2) ecotourism, 3) processing industry, 4) fishing business, 5) market guarantees, 6) promotion, 7) non-fishery business, 8) active role of government, 9) infrastructure. The government and academics need to provide education and train public about modern technology, take advantage of opportunities to increase income from ecotourism, processing fishery, and non-fishery businesses through promotion. The government is also expected to provide market guarantees and infrastructure facilities to support the economic sector of the coastal communities.

This research addresses the challenge of managing uncertainty associated with technology innovation, a process vital for economic growth and organisational sustainability. The study aims to offer novel insights on reducing uncertainty across the different stages of the innovation process by identifying interrelationships between technology innovation success factors. To achieve this, interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and MICMAC (a French acronym, which means “cross-impact matrix-multiplication applied to classification”) were applied as research methodologies, and the directional relationships among success factors in the four stages (concept development, technology development, product development and implementation) of the technology innovation process were determined. Data were collected from a research and technology organisation that specialises in technology innovation. The evaluation revealed essential interconnections and rankings of factors within each innovation stage, and that the interrelationships between the factors vary across the different innovation stages. The original contribution of this study to innovation theory lies in demonstrating that the same success factors manifest differently across various innovation stages. This suggests the necessity of tailored management strategies for each stage, highlighting the need for a stage-specific approach in innovation management practices. Additionally, in terms of practical implications, this research aids managers by providing guidance on identifying the most influential factors and the varying order in which these factors should be prioritised for effective innovation management. The implications of this research extend to practical applications in the field of technology innovation by enabling a better understanding of the varying significance of success factors across different stages. Ultimately, this insight can assist in refining future policy frameworks and strategic planning in technology-oriented organisations. It is recommended that the ISM/MICMAC approach applied to determine the interrelationships and ranking between the success factors for each stage could be formalised into a technique for assessing technology innovation management to reduce uncertainty.

Radon is a known carcinogen and a by-product of degrading naturally occurring radioactive elements. The North Shore Micmac District Council (NSMDC) board of directors, in Eastern New Brunswick, Canada, were aware of this issue and saw a need for increased radon testing and awareness in their communities. The initial plan was to administer a testing blitz across communities to gauge the current levels of radon exposure in both residential and band-owned structures. This, with Elder consultation and a participant health survey, would create a data set used to guide future strategies effectively and better direct resources to mitigate the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. These plans were put in place prior to the COVID-19 pandemic that began in March 2020. The subsequent provincial levels of restriction could not have been predicted. The ever-changing pandemic-related restrictions, and public health’s focus on a new deadly pathogen, led to difficulties managing and following through on many health and wellness projects. These circumstances led to a unique situation that delayed results, prolonged exposure to a known carcinogen, and may have consequences in the long term. Few procedures, treatments, or medications do not have side effects, and even warranted pandemic-related measures affect other aspects of health.

Background: Logistics is an integral component for success of an organisation. So correct decision on express logistics procurement plays a critical role in success in delivering right product at right place and right time. Procurement of express logistics service is not very straight forward, instead it requires evaluation of multiple factors. Objective: The objective of this research is to create a framework of influencing factor on express logistics buying decision. Method: For the study, researchers has adopted secondary research along with primary research with group of 14 subject matter experts in field of Indian logistics sector. A group of experts comprises of senior managers, consultants and academicians with deep understanding of subject. We have used ISM (Interpretive Structural Modelling) and Cross Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) to drive conceptual framework for logistics buying decision. Results: Framework shows that the decision making in logistics procurement should be highly driven by factors like network reach of Logistics Service Provider (LSP), technology followed by information sharing and strategic partnership. While service quality and cost of logistics remains as frontend factors in logistics procurement decision. Conclusion: The model output clearly suggests that final objective in buying process of express logistics is driven towards lower cost and improved service level, but it is driven by factors which directly adds value in supply chain like time to market and reverse logistics, technology and reach. Contribution: The model provides a framework for practitioners, which can enable them in decision making process of logistics procurement.

AbstractIn the context of the halal supply chain, the need for flexibility of halal suppliers is increasing along with changes in regulations, policies, markets, and technology that change dynamically. Therefore, more systematic and dynamic modeling of flexibility criteria for halal suppliers is needed to improve the quality of halal supply chain management as a whole. The purpose of this study is to identify the criteria for halal suppliers by considering flexibility in the context of a halal supply chain. In this study, modeling the criteria for the flexibility of halal suppliers is carried out using the Interpretive Structural Modeling—Matriced’ Impacts Croisés Appliquée á un Classement (ISM-MICMAC) hybrid approach and a dynamic perspective. This study resulted in 11 criteria for halal suppliers which were divided into four levels in the ISM hierarchical structure. The criteria were spread over three quadrants of the MICMAC analysis, namely independent, linkage, and dependent. The results of the ISM and MICMAC approaches are then represented in a causal loop diagram which consists of an amplifying loop and a closed loop. The reinforcing circle consists of the criteria of responsibility-service-security-trust, while the balancing circle consists of traceability and costs. Even though the flexibility criterion is not in between the two loops, the criterion still influences other halal supplier criteria. This shows that flexibility criteria have important relationships and influences in the context of halal supply chain management.

The research work identifies and priorities the factors affecting agri-logistics causing wastage of the agricultural products during its transit from farm to the point of consumption so that logistics mechanism for agriculture sector in India can be optimised by removing the barriers leading to hindrances in safe, timely, economical and good condition delivery of the agri consignment. The field of agri-logistics remains at the crucial nexus of the agricultural and logistics industries and has the potential to improve the nation's system for distributing food. The post-harvest wastage in India has been massive due to inefficiencies agri-logistics management and faulty food distribution mechanism. It is an exploratory study that along the factors (barriers) identified and synthesised from literature review of the concerned area. The identified barriers were reduced and finalised in consultation with the experts using Delphi technique. With the help of ISM questionnaire, a model has been developed reflecting the drivers and dependents out of the barriers considered for the study. The result is further validated through MICMAC analysis. The result of the study has come up with the interpretive structure model depicting hierarchy of the barriers pushing from down to top causing agriculture wastage. The paper holds originality in the sense that it comes up with fresh perspectives on the factors causing hindrances in the efficient logistics operation that certainly helps to minimise wastage of the agri-products in the post-harvest stages. The identification of the barriers and their detriments to the other factors will help to take essential steps on how to overcome the issues and optimize the agri-logistics that would minimise the agri-wastage in India and prove to be a game changer to the agri-trade sector.

PT. Duwa Atmimuda is a company engaged in manufacturing in producing stainless metal products and furniture frames. PT. Duwa Atmimuda is experiencing problems with the lack of application of technology in terms of marketing, seen from the absence of social media utilization, causing the company to find it difficult to expand market share. This study aims to identify the factors that hinder the company's innovation process using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method and classify the model using MICMAC Analysis. The results showed that the ISM model of the barrier factor for the innovation process in the furniture industry supply chain has 6 levels. After the ISM model is obtained, the next process is to classify each variable indicator on the barrier factors of the innovation process with the help of MICMAC analysis. There are 4 classification clusters, the first cluster (autonomous indicators) has one indicator. While in the second cluster (dependent indicators) there is one indicator. In the third cluster (linkage indicators) there are 9 indicators. In the fourth cluster (independent indicators) there is one indicator. The third cluster (linkage indicators) is the highest cluster of indicator spreads where this indicator has high control and dependence. The conclusion of this study is that there are 12 inhibiting factors in the innovation process which are arranged into six levels of the ISM model and in the MICMAC analysis the third cluster is the highest distribution cluster.

Introduction: Nowadays, due to the increasing growth of urbanization, especially in developing countries, the innovation of urban prosperity is one of the key human development issues facing the world. Prosperity is a broad concept that is related to balanced and harmonious development in an environment with fairness and justice.Data and Method: This research has practical-developmental goals and its nature and method is analytical-exploratory. In the theoretical part of this research, the required data and information have been collected using the library method, and in the field part, the required data has been obtained using a questionnaire based on the Delphi technique. In this research, our statistical population includes specialists and experts of Yazd city, and 30 people were selected as a sample from the statistical population by using the targeted non-probability sampling method. Then, using the Delphi method and completing the questionnaire by experts, 43 primary variables were identified. In the next step, the matrix of cross effects was designed to measure the influence of the variables on each other and was provided to the experts for scoring. The results were analyzed using the structural analysis technique and MICMAC software, and finally, from a total of 43 primary influencing variables, 10 factors were identified as the key driving factors affecting the urban prosperity of Yazd.Results::Findings shows that the most influence among the five dimensions is related to 1- Justice and non-discrimination with 28.93%, 2- Quality of life 21.23%, 3- 18.71%.Also, the most dependent among the five dimensions is related to 1- Justice and non-discrimination with 29.24%, 2- quality of life 23.58%, 3- productivity17.40%.Conclusion: The Conclusion show that among the key drivers affecting the future prosperity of the city of Yazd are the variables, the area of worn-out fabric (372), access to water resources (372), youth unemployment (352), poverty rate (348), Participation of people in government (338), average income (331), the percentage of marginalized households (331), the percentage of women's employment (321), and the ratio of employment to population (310), Savings rate (307) have had the most impact. The conclusion shows that the urban development system in Yazd city is unstable and the lack of influencing variables threatens the stability of the system.

Nowadays, the importance of logistics management has been increasingly realized in industry and society. However, current educational approaches in logistics management seem unable to effectively equip students with the necessary skills to cope with practical issues after graduation. Recently, contest-based education has attracted logistics management educators’ attention, but how it can be effectively utilized in this discipline is largely unclear. To fill this gap, this study followed a system approach and analyzed the factors influencing student performance in logistics management contests in China using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and Matrice d’ Impacts Croisés-Multiplication Appliquée á un Classement (MICMAC). The results suggest that the driving forces for improving student performance in contests are the instructors’ encouragement and their previous experience in instructing contests. Also, the contestants’ previous experience in academic contests, team leadership, and effectiveness of communication between instructors and contestants are critical influencing factors. Based on the results, the educational strategies for effective utilization of contest-based education in logistics management are discussed. This study contributes to the existing literature by using a system modeling approach to clarify the mechanisms of contest-based education adoption in logistics management as well as informing university teachers and higher education institutes about strategies to improve their education quality.

Purpose: Regardless of the potential benefits of Industry 4.0, firms are still experiencing difficulties in properly integrating new technologies into their business. This study focuses on addressing critical barriers to implementing Industry 4.0 in the manufacturing industries of Bangladesh with a view to exploring readiness. The paradigm of adopting new technologies is yet to be unlocked in Bangladesh, which serves as this study's motivating force. Approach: In order to accomplish the research objectives, "Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM)" analysis is used, which identified and outlined the most significant barriers to adopting Industry 4.0. This was also combined with MICMAC analysis, which categorized the barriers based on their driving and dependent power. To evaluate the industries' preparedness, "cross-tabulation and frequency analysis" is performed using SPSS. Key findings: According to the findings, “Lack of technical knowledge about industry 4.0” has been identified as the most crucial barrier. Limitations of the study: To address the firm’s preparedness, we looked at responses from management personnel. Nevertheless, if we could do this on a larger scale, a better scenario of Bangladesh's manufacturing industries toward Industry 4.0 might be shown. Practical implication: The study's findings will be conceptually linked to relevant aspects of I4.0, particularly for strategic planning, decision-making, future opportunities, and formulating policy-related guidelines. Originality: While several studies concentrate on particular sectors adopting Industry 4.0, no study has been conducted on manufacturing industries focusing on the industry's preparedness, which makes this study distinctive.

In order to study the influencing factors of coal miners’ psychological resilience and to conduct a simple assessment, 13 representative influencing factors of psychological resilience were firstly summarized and extracted from three aspects of coal miners’ personal, work and corporate management. Secondly, the interpretive structure model(ISM) was used to determine the hierarchical relationships among the influencing factors. Then the cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) was used to analyze the driving force and dependence of each influencing factor, and a dependency-driving force diagram was drawn to verify the rationality of the hierarchical relationship between the influencing factors in the ISM. Finally, ten influencing factors were selected as indicators to assess the psychological resilience of coal miners and a simple scale of psychological resilience was developed for application. The study shows that work stress, organizational fairness, organizational support and managerial safety attitudes are fundamental factors in enhancing psychological resilience. The scale assessment results are more reasonable in the light of the actual situation in the mine, and can provide references and suggestions for improving coal miners’ psychological resilience and reducing their unsafe behaviors.

Globally eCommerce potential is expanding at 55% of CAGR and accounts for 30% of global GDP growth as per the report generated by NASSCOM and Statista. The eCommerce industry's sustainability, on the other hand, is dependent on rising consumer engagement using tailored virtual experiential techniques. Hence, the focus of this study is on the links among the factors that influence sustainable client engagement via virtual experiential approaches. After reviewing 44 ABDC-indexed literature and utilising the nominal group technique, a list of 19 parameters influencing virtual experiential methods was identified. The driving force-dependency quadrant graph is then built using cross-impact matrix multiplication, and the hierarchical structure of each factor is identified using the ISM soft approach. Resultantly, immersive technologies were identified as the main VET driver for generating long-term customer engagement. This study will help decision-makers create proactive plans and regulations to strengthen operational models and boost the eCommerce industry's sustainable growth.

The developments of the fourth industrial revolution have caused changes in all areas of society, including production. The changes in production caused by the fourth industrial revolution have also resulted in fundamental changes in the supply chain and have converted it to supply chain 4.0. Organisations must be receptive to supply chain 4.0 to maintain their competitive advantage. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationships among supply chain 4.0 technologies so that, by learning and understanding these connections, industries can pave the way for the implementation of these technologies in their supply chains and use them in problem-solving. The literature review was used to identify the supply chain 4.0 technologies, and the Delphi technique was applied to extract them, including the Internet of Things (IoT), cyber-physical systems, cloud computing, big data, blockchain, artificial intelligence, Radio-frequency Identification (RFID), augmented reality, virtual reality, and simulation. The relationships of supply chain 4.0 technologies were examined using the DEMATEL technique and based on interpretive structural modelling (ISM), their deployment map was drawn. The type of technologies was determined using the MICMAC method. The MICMAC analysis found that the artificial intelligence technology is independent and, based on the findings through the DEMATEL technique, this technology is related to simulation, which belongs to the first level of the interpretive structural modelling technique, and IoT, cloud computing, big data, and blockchain technologies, which are at the second level. Based on the ISM method, RFID, virtual reality, augmented reality and simulation technologies are located at the first level; IoT, cyber-physical systems, cloud computing, big data and blockchain technologies are situated in the second level; and artificial intelligence technology belongs to the third level. According to the related literature, few studies have been conducted on the issues of supply chain 4.0 and the technologies that affect it.

Ante la necesidad de resolver los problemas hídricos, y los grandes retos en términos de la gestión del agua, es necesario implementar una metodología que se desarrolle desde una perspectiva sistémica; en donde la GIRH (Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos) asume un rol muy importante. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en evaluar los indicadores en el esquema PEIR (Presión, Estado, Impacto, Respuesta) determinantes en el escenario GIRH en la microcuenca “Villa Victoria”, a través del método de análisis estructural, mediante la herramienta MICMAC (Matriz de Impactos Cruzados Matriz Aplicada a una Clasificación. A través de la cual, se pudo estudiar la relación de 20 indicadores, encontrando las variables influyentes y dependientes, que fueron esenciales para entender la estructura y dinámica del sistema, en donde 12 resultaron claves. Los cuales muestran, que la población se ve marcada por desigualdades sociales que reflejan pobreza además un índice de marginación alta que exacerba la desigualdad social en la distribución de servicios como por ejemplo la cobertura de agua potable y drenaje y a su vez el crecimiento poblacional también se constituye como componente fundamental que agrava la insuficiencia en la prestación de servicios.

The imbalance in the spatial distribution of developments causes the formation of areas in which there is a clear contradiction in the development of central and peripheral areas. Such contradictions ultimately lead to changes in the quality of social and economic indicators, especially those related to poverty and livelihoods; There is a clear difference between these variables between rural and urban settlements in the provinces, which ultimately has led to the evacuation of most rural settlements. In the present study, with interpretive-structural analysis of the functional system of Semnan province, it has been tried to use the opinions of experts in the form of interviews and questionnaires, by examining the relationships between 80 variables and also using MICMAC software, production processes and poverty reproduction. Identify strategic variables for the evolution of this system. The results of the study show that the variable of water shortage has been one of the most important factors in the migration of the active population of villages to cities and as a result their evacuation. On the other hand, the value-added variables of total economic activities, capital flow, concentration of employment in cities, migration, concentration of active population in cities, existence of industrial estates and spatial and political dispersion of power in cities, by creating a sequence, have reproduced poverty in rural areas; Accordingly, by investing in the variables of water resources transfer and dam construction, improving the quality of the network of roads between urban and rural areas, as well as improving the agricultural sector and production in rural areas, unemployment and income reduction can be reduced and subsequently poverty can be prevented.

La reducida información que se tiene de la situación actual del cultivo cacao a lo largo de valle de los ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro (VRAEM) ha hecho que se tenga limitaciones para su promoción. Por lo tanto, fue necesario identificar variables estratégicas (VE) y recolectar datos de campo con propósito de promover y conocer la situación del cultivo. Para lo primero, se empleó la metodología del análisis estructural MICMAC (Matriz de Impacto Cruzado y Multiplicación Aplicada a una Clasificación) y en segundo aspecto se realizaron encuestas a 223 agricultores. Resultando que la promoción del cultivo en los jóvenes es una variable que aportaría a la mejora de la cadena productiva. No obstante, no se encontró en ningún distrito la existencia de agricultores menores de 41 años. Además, se identificó que las variables agricultura orgánica, caracterización de genotipos locales e implementación de jardines clonales catalizarían el sistema de producción. Sin embargo, la preferencia por los cultivos de las variedades CCN51 y criollos (>50%). Asimismo, la muy baja cantidad de agricultores certificados (2% - 10%). En suma, nos muestran la urgencia de atender estos temas con el propósito de mejorar la cadena productiva de cacao e involucrar organizaciones públicas y privadas.

This paper tries to model agile supply chain management performance indicators in the palm oil industry. The interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) method is used to find the relationship between these indicators. The ISM stages begin with identifying indicators, compiling contextual relationships, compiling reachability matrices, compiling level partitions, compiling digraphs, and compiling ISM models. Then MICMAC analysis is used to group each of these indicators into four categories based on their driving power and dependence power. In this study, 16 hands of agile supply chain management in the palm oil industry were obtained, of which the four-level ISM model could be constructed. Two indicators are at level 4, six hands are at level 3, three indicators are at level 2, and five indicators are at level 1. Meanwhile, through MICMAC analysis, five indicators are found in the independent indicators category, six hands are in the linkage indicator category, four indicators are included in the dependent indicator category, and one indicator is in the autonomous indicator category. This research can be used by managers in the palm oil industry who want to increase agility in their supply chain. In general, indicators at level 4 can affect indicators at level 3, and so on. So that management can start fixing the indicators at level 4 first. In addition, indicators that have a driving power value in MICMAC analysis can be prioritized to improve their performance.

In order to analyze the logical relationship among the causal factors of gas pipeline repair and rescue accidents for effective prevention and control, a 24Model-based quantitative analysis method was put forward. Firstly, the causal factors of gas pipeline repair and rescue accidents were identified based on the hierarchical structure of 24Model and its causal factor identification procedure. Then, the comprehensive influence relation matrix and accessibility matrix of causal factors were established by the method of Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) integrating with Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), which is improved by the grey system theory. On this basis, the causal factors were ranked and the interaction between the causal factors was clarified. Next, the driving force and dependence of each causal factor were calculated by the Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) method, so as to determine their attribute categories. Finally, case study was performed based on the "7·4" accident occurred in Songyuan, Jilin province. The results show that the objective root of the accident lies in the poor supervision of local government agencies, while the factors, such as failure to implement the responsibility of safety subject and inadequate understanding of safety input, are the core subjective factors. The grey DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC method combined with 24Model could accurately and quantitatively explore the causing mechanism and evolution law of the repair and rescue accidents of gas pipelines, providing reference for provide reference for gas companies, outsourcing units and government departments to jointly formulate accident prevention and control.

Abstract The Weighted Influence Nonlinear Measurement System (WINGS) method originates from DEMATEL, which has the advantage of analyzing the interweaved determinants and the causal relationships within them. The innovation is mainly reflected in considering both the strength of the influencing factors themselves and the relationship of their mutual influence. To address the problems of ambiguity in assessing information and uncertainty in the judgment of expert group, this paper proposes fuzzy WINGS improved by D numbers (fuzzy D-WINGS). Combining D numbers with Triangular fuzzy numbers can overcome the limitation of mutually exclusive and collectively extensive set. The WINGS method is used to reveal the interdependent causal relationships by recognizing the orientation and strength of the factors. Utilizing the MICMAC method to draw matrix analysis diagrams can further reveal the relationship among them. Finally, a practical case study is conducted to prove the practicability of this fuzzy D-WINGS–MICMAC method.

Understanding, promoting and managing sustainable urban mobility better is very critical in the midst of an unprecedented climate crisis. Identifying, evaluating, benchmarking and prioritising its key indicators is a way to ensure that policy-makers will develop those transport strategies and measures necessary to facilitate a more effective transition to liveable futures. After identifying from the literature and the European Commission (EC) directives the indicators that are underpinning the powerful scheme of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) that each municipality in Europe may implement to elevate the wellbeing of its population, we adopt a Cross Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) approach to assess, contextualise and rank them. Through conducting a qualitative study that involved a narrative literature review and more importantly in-depth discussions with 28 elite participants, each of them with expertise in sustainable development, we are able to designate the Sustainable Urban Mobility Indicators (SUMIs) that are the most (and least) impactful. According to our analysis the most powerful indicator is traffic congestion, followed by affordability of public transport for the poorest, energy efficiency, access to mobility service and multimodal integration. This analysis allows us to then match them with the most applicable strategies that may ensure a holistic approach towards supporting in practical terms sustainable mobility in the city level. These are in ranking order: Transit Oriented Development (TOD); public and active transport enhancement; parking policies, vehicle circulation and ownership measures; telecommuting and car-pooling.

Tourism is an upcoming industry with a high potential for future growth. Many factors influencing destination image (DI) are affecting tourism development. Therefore, studying factors influencing DI is essential. This research study aims to model the factors influencing DI in the tourism industry. A total of 15 factors were the focus of the study. Data on the factors were collected from 10 tourism industry experts. An integrated modeling approach was adopted using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM). Interrelationships between the factors, causal effects, relative importance weights, ranks, and driving and dependence powers were analyzed to develop causal and interpretive structures. The developed model revealed that political stability is foundational to other aspects of DI. Then, factors related to safety and security, policy rules and regulations, tourism infrastructure, information and communication technologies, environment, economic development and affluence, fairs, exhibits, and festivals in a destination should be considered. These affect others related to health and hygiene, transport infrastructure, natural and cultural resources, human resources, quality of services, prices, hospitality, friendliness, and receptiveness aspects in a destination. The developed model provides a valuable framework for decision-makers in the tourism industry to enhance and shape the DI.

The Lean methodology allows for the streamlining of management and production systems to reduce costs. In the case of the construction sector, the goal is to optimize processes, reduce waste, increase product quality, and increase client satisfaction. These have been areas where construction, as a sector, is struggling to deliver substantial results. Despite the potential benefits associated with Lean approaches, there has been significant resistance from the construction industry. The main objective of this research is to identify the barriers to applying Lean methodology in the Portuguese construction sector. This will contribute to understanding why Lean is not gaining traction among construction stakeholders and help to identify improvement areas replicable in similar markets. Initially, the barriers were identified based on a comprehensive literature review, and those barriers were evaluated based on their importance using a survey responded to by construction sector professionals. Based on the survey’s results, 15 barriers were considered critical. Additionally, a combined ISM model and MICMAC analysis was developed to study the relations between these barriers and the driving and dependence power of each one of the critical barriers. The results obtained show that the main barriers are the lack of support and commitment from top management, a lack of organizational communication, a lack of communication and transparency between stakeholders, unsuitable organizational structures, a lack of adequate Lean awareness and understanding, management resistance to change, and employees’ aversion to change and fear of new procedures.

This study aims to identify the critical parameters for implementing a sustainable artificial intelligence (AI) cloud system in the information technology industry (IT). To achieve this, an AHP-ISM-MICMAC integrated hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model was developed and implemented. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine the importance of each parameter, while interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was used to establish the interrelationships between the parameters. The cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis was employed to identify the driving and dependent parameters. A total of fifteen important parameters categorized into five major groups have been considered for this analysis from previously published works. The results showed that technological, budget, and environmental issues were the most critical parameters in implementing a sustainable AI cloud system. More specifically, the digitalization of innovative technologies is found to be the most crucial among the group from all aspects, having the highest priority degree and strong driving power. ISM reveals that all the factors are interconnected with each other and act as linkage barriers. This study provides valuable insights for IT industries looking to adopt sustainable AI cloud systems and emphasizes the need to consider environmental and economic factors in decision-making processes.

Regional inequality as one of the existing forms of inequality is one of the issues in the system of opportunity and its presence / absence and intensity / weakness has an important effect on the order and cohesion of society at different levels and dimensions. This is a serious problem, especially in developing countries. Due to the importance of this issue, this study seeks to identify the factors affecting regional inequality in Iran. The present study is a descriptive-exploratory study and the statistical population of the study consists of experts familiar with the issue of inequality and development of regions in Iran. Snowball, 10 of them were selected as a statistical sample of the study. Also, Content analysis, structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis were also used to analyze the data. The results showed that out of 47 initially identified factors, 14 factors, including factors of poor planning, decisions of managers and planners and poor access to facilities and equipment, in calculating content validity, CVR coefficient above 0.75 and were recognized as the final factors of regional inequality. Also, the leveling of factors showed that the relevant factors can be classified into six levels. The factors of unique resources and capabilities were at the lowest level with 29% subscription and the factors of government centralism and inefficiency were at the highest level with 90% and 91% subscription. Their classification also showed that the factors of manpower constraint (with influence 10 and degree of dependence 5), lack of financial and investment resources (with influence 8 and degree of dependence 7) and lack of attention to research (with influence 13 and the degree of dependence 5) are the key factors of regional inequality and have a great impact on inequality.

Manager at PT. PLN Persero has an important role in balancing internal relations with employees and external parties such as stakeholders. PT. PLN (Persero) Distribution Central Java and Yogyakarta D.I consists of a Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan (UP3) and Unit Layanan Pelanggan (ULP), ULP is directly related to the community and stakeholders. ULP Managers consists of Millennial Generation is 87% and Generation X 13%. The generation gap between Generation X and Generation Y (millennials) caused by the 7 years vacuum of recruitment, it causes of communication problems and Generation Y rapid adaptation to become young managers. Indicators identification are needed related to Generation Y's leadership style so that young managers are better prepared. Identification of the relationship between indicators is carried out using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method and then classifying indicators using the Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) method. There are 7 indicators obtained from ISM: M1 (Communication Method), M2 (Media Communication), M3 (Managing Team Involvement), M4 (Resolving Internal Conflicts), M5 (Risk Management), M6 (Responding to Change), M7 (Managing Stakeholder). MICMAC analysis results are M7 in the Dependent Indicators Cluster, the other indicators from M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 are in the Linkage Indicators Cluster.

The development of the area in the TPST-Bantargebang moved by conditions of decreasing capacity in the zone. The resulting negative externalities have had an impact on social and environmental conflicts for the surrounding community. The success of developing an area is determined by the existence and effectiveness of the roles of each stakeholder involved. Therefore, this study is important to do, especially for the development of sustainable management of TPST-Bantargebang. The objective of this research focused on finding the key factors driving the development of TPST-Bantargebang management. The method used is the MICMAC analysis approach. Retrieval of data through interviews key informants (experts) that determined based on the results of the snowball method. The results of the analysis show that there are important key factors, namely the development of human resource capacity and environmental carrying capacity. It recommended that the management of the TPST-Bantargebang establish a development scenario for the development of the TPST-Bantargebang based on these two key factors are in the social and environmental dimensions.

AbstractAn agile supply chain can respond quickly and cost-effectively to unexpected changes in the market and increase the levels of environmental turmoil regarding both volume and variety. This study aims to present a model for the interactions of pharmaceutical supply chain agility (SCA) factors. In this study, the interactions of variables influencing pharmaceutical SCA were determined using the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach. The variables affecting SCA were extracted through library research and thematic literature, and the final variables were entered into the model using experts' views. These variables were classified according to their strength and dependence into 10 levels and 17 variables, and the relationships were determined at different levels. The results show that the indices of information technology, information sharing and organization integrity are the foundation of the supply chain agility and are the most influential indicators. MicMac analysis and the DEMATEL technique were used to test and confirm the model. ISM provides a way by which order can be imposed on the complexity of such variables. This insight from the model helps strategic planning managers to improve the SCA.IntroductionThe supply chain (SC) aims to deliver the right product, in the right quantity, under the right conditions, at the right time and place for the right cost. In recent years, the production field has moved to a new paradigm called agile manufacturing. The agile manufacturing paradigm was presented as a solution to management problems and environmental changes and strategies that keep organizations competitive (Landaran et a.l, 2014). Supply chain management (SCM) is also of strategic importance in healthcare. Inequality in health care delivery and complexities persist in healthcare systems worldwide. This highlights the need for efficient healthcare SCM. The pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) represents the path through which good quality pharmaceutical products are delivered to the final consumer at the right place and time (Pitta & Laric, 2004). Managing such an SC is so sensitive that no activity less than 100 percent of the customer service level is acceptable, as it will directly influence the health and safety of the community (Zheng et al., 2006). This study, considering the importance of SC in the pharmaceutical industry, identified the factors affecting the agility of the PSC. Using the ISM technique, a map of relationships between different elements, concepts, or dimensions with different levels was drawn. Then, after reviewing the theoretical foundations and literature, we present the research methodology, findings, discussion, and conclusion.Case studyThis study was conducted to provide a model for agile SC in the pharmaceutical industry.Theoretical foundationsIn recent years, organizational agility has been derived from the organizations' needs to complement the earlier paradigms (Ghorani et al., 2016). The SCA is widely considered an essential element affecting corporate competition because companies with agile SC perform better in response to unforeseen events (Tse et al., 2016). Agility is a significant paradigm for progress and survival in today's business. In recent decades, marketing companies have focused only on money, but companies have also had to increase speed, quality, and resilience. Companies are looking to improve their agility in order to increase these factors. Agility is the ability of a system to establish an appropriate response mechanism in the event of uncertainty (Jain & Gupta, 2016). It can be claimed that SCA is a tool that helps the company achieve a competitive advantage at the firm level (wu et al., 2017). The pharmaceutical SC is the means through which critical medicines are distributed and delivered to the final consumer in the right quantity, at the right place, and at the right time (Mehralian et al., 2012). PSC is so sensitive that no activity less than 100 percent of the customer service level is acceptable, as it will be directly related to patients' health and safety. Therefore, most pharmaceutical companies try to store a large volume of inventory to ensure 100% accountability (Chandrasekaran & Kumar, 2003).MethodologyThis study aims to present a model for the interactions of pharmaceutical SCA factors. By exploring the thematic literature, the factors affecting SCA were extracted, and then, based on nine experts' views, the pharmaceutical SCA factors were determined. Since this study seeks to develop knowledge and help managers apply agile SCM in the pharmaceutical industry, it is methodologically applied and developmental research conducted through a survey study with a hybrid (qualitative and quantitative) approach. The purposive or judgmental sampling method was used according to experts' knowledge of the pharmaceutical industry. Then, using the ISM method and the relevant experts' views, the factors were extracted and classified, and their relationship was determined. The population consisted of academic and pharmaceutical experts with good experience. This study used library and field research methods for data collection. The library research method from internal and external sources in journal articles, books, and dissertations on SCA formulated theoretical foundations and literature reviews. The field research method was also used in interviews with experts.Discussion and findingsThe SCA prerequisite is to find the leading and influential factors and establish a relationship between them. Therefore, in this study, with an extensive review of the literature, the factors affecting the SCA were presented in Table 2, and according to experts, 17 dimensions affecting the SCA were determined. This study sought to present a model for the interactions of pharmaceutical SCA factors. The ISM approach was used to classify and level the SCA components. A model with 10 levels and 17 dimensions was presented following its steps. According to Fig.1, the study results showed that the dimensions of "IT utilization," "information integrity (knowledge sharing)," and "integrated processes (organizational integrity)" are at the bottom of the ISM model, respectively, which indicates a significant impact on other dimensions. In other words, the pharmaceutical SCA prerequisites are the dimensions that should be given more attention. "IT utilization," "skills development," and "competency building" are the most influential dimensions, and "increased customer trust and satisfaction" are the most dependent elements in the PSC. The MicMac analysis also confirms the results.ConclusionThis study showed that pharmaceutical SCA depended on customer satisfaction, new product launch, continuous improvement, cost reduction, increased trust, and reduced uncertainty. These indicators are highly dependent on other indicators to provide the necessary capabilities for agility, of which IT utilization is one of these capabilities. Another requirement is to establish systems that can be used to be aware of changes in consumer tastes. Utilizing manufacturing technologies that provide the flexibility needed by the organization is another requirement for agility. On the other hand, holding continuous training courses needed by employees to develop their skills and competencies is an essential requirement for agility. Also, integrated planning must be done for the entire SC. In this way, all SC parts should move towards a common goal to create sufficient interaction, and differences between different parts do not slow down customer response. A combination of dimensions such as integrated processes, non-dependence on a supplier, and proper planning has a driving force and moderate dependence requiring careful management attention to increase SCA, as minor changes in the level of these indicators may severely affect SCA.

For many years, entrepreneurs were considered the change agents of their societies. They use their initiative and innovative minds to solve problems and create value. In the aftermath of the digital transformation era, a new group of entrepreneurs have emerged who are called transformational entrepreneurs. They use various digital platforms to create value. Surprisingly, despite their importance, they have not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, this research scrutinizes the elements affecting transformational entrepreneurship in digital platforms. To do so, the authors have considered a two-phase method. First, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and Matrices d’Impacts Croises Multiplication Appliqué a Un Classement (MICMAC) are used to suggest a model. ISM is a qualitative method to reach a visualized hierarchical structure. Then, four unsupervised machine learning algorithms are used to ensure the accuracy of the proposed model. The findings reveal that transformational leadership could mediate the relationship between the entrepreneurial mindset and thinking and digital transformation, interdisciplinary approaches, value creation logic, and technology diffusion. The GMM in the full type, however, has the best accuracy among the various covariance types, with an accuracy of 0.895. From the practical point of view, this paper provides important insights for practitioners, entrepreneurs, and public actors to help them develop transformational entrepreneurship skills. The results could also serve as a guideline for companies regarding how to manage the consequences of a crisis such as a pandemic. The findings also provide significant insight for higher education policymakers.

The supply chain performance measurement system (SCPMS) is considered an integral and important part of supply chain management (SCM) for an effective and efficient supply chain (SC). The healthier and more flexible SCPMS is based on the enablers from which the SC metrics are taken. The identification of such enablers must be aligned with the strategic objectives of the organization and mapped to the SC measurement objectives. Hence, this study identifies a set of enablers and ranks them. Interpretive structural modeling (ISM)-based methodology is used in the current study to model the SCPMS implementation enablers. MICMAC analysis is further employed to categorize and comprehend the importance of each SCPMS enabler. ISM offers relationship modeling of SCPMS enablers, whereas MICMAC helps with classifying them into four categories. The Delphi method is then used to validate the ISM model. The SCPMS variable is also used in prioritization using stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA). Practicing managers may benefit when developing and installing the SCPMS to satisfy the requirements of supply chain 4.0 for Industry 4.0 (I4.0). They will also be able to recognize and allocate resources while implementing SCPMS. The prioritization using SWARA provides an important ranking according to its importance. The SCPMS enablers of ‘top management support’, ‘SC 4.0 performance measurement awareness’, and ‘managerial readiness’ are found to be significant.

Introduction Recognizing and examining the housing situation in a country depends on identifying and analyzing the factors affecting housing. To assess the housing situation, housing indicators that express the quantity and quality of different dimensions of housing can be studied. Indicators are tools to measure the housing situation and its evolution, as well as assess the success rate and implementation of housing policies. Paying attention to the quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing is one of the most important issues in housing planning. Housing, as the most basic human need, has become very important in the life of urban communities, so that it has become one of the most effective components of measuring the quality and well-being of citizens. Futures studies are now well over 50 years old. Discussants pointed out that the term ‘futurology’ was first introduced by Ossip Flechteim in his 1966 book History and Futurology. Eleonora Masini suggested that Flechteim himself did not have a great deal of confidence in the term, nor was he sure whether the said discipline was a ‘science’ or a ‘prescientific’ branch of knowledge. But he was certain that the new field ranged from ‘the destiny of man, the future of his society to the entire range of his future cultural activities. The strongest defense of ‘futurology’ was provided by Pentti Malaska. Malaska argued, describes ‘what futures knowledge is all about – not only epistemologically, i.e. how to acquire knowledge of the future with different techniques for this or that pragmatic purpose but especially ontologically, i.e. what the knowledge of the future may mean. Dator’s First Law of Futures states, ‘The future cannot be ‘‘predicted’’ but alternative futures can be ‘‘forecasted’’. Warren Wagar in his The Next Three Futures and in tracing the history of future studies consistently uses the term ‘futurism’. Futures studies are a mosaic of approaches, objectives, and methods, and many parts of it are in different stages of evolution. Methodology The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature. To collect data has been used of statistical yearbooks, censuses of different periods as well as completing a questionnaire from 40 experts in the field of housing. To analyze the data and determine the strategic indicators has been used of the method of structural/cross-impact analysis approach with MICMAC software and to determine the most probable scenarios has been used of Wizard scenario software. Results and Discussion In the last 40 years in the metropolis of Tabriz, housing has improved in all quantitative indicators except the average number of rooms in a residential unit. Reasons for the decrease in the number of rooms in a residential unit are the change in the architectural style of houses and the transformation of households from widespread to nuclear. Information on the infrastructure of ​​residential units also shows that the infrastructure is moving towards standardization and the number of residential units with very low and very high infrastructure has been decreasing. Regarding the quality of housing, all indicators indicate an improvement of trend in the last 40 years, and the only indicator of the housing ownership, despite the increase in the number of owner-occupied households, shows a decrease in the percentage of owners and an increase in the percentage of tenants. Also among the 16 indicators affecting the quantitative and qualitative status of housing in the metropolis of Tabriz, 5 indicators of the average infrastructure of the residential unit, housing with a lifespan of fewer than 30 years, household density in the residential unit, person density in the residential unit and the average room in the residential unit known as strategic and key variables in the future state of housing and two scenarios were identified as the most likely scenarios in the housing sector in the metropolis of Tabriz. In the first scenario, we will see a decrease in the infrastructure of housing units, a decrease in household density and individual density in a housing unit, and a decrease in the average number of rooms per housing, and an increase in units with a lifespan of fewer than 30 years. In the second scenario, we will see the stability of the infrastructure of housing units, the stability of household density and individual density in the housing unit, and the stability average of rooms in housing, and continue to increase housing with a lifespan of fewer than 30 years. Conclusion The results of the present study show that all quantitative indicators of the housing situation in Tabriz have been improved in the last 40 years and only a slight downward trend is observed in the average room index in each residential unit. We also see acceptable growth in housing quality indicators. Although the research results indicate an improving trend in housing quality and quantity indicators in the Tabriz metropolis, there is still a long way to reach the ideal housing conditions. Therefore, to achieve a better quantitative and qualitative status of housing in Tabriz metropolis, conduct comprehensive housing plan studies, employ housing specialists and professors to plan and policy in the field of housing, identify diverse population groups and consider all population groups, age and income and construction of housing in accordance with the needs of each group, using the experiences and studies of successful countries in the field of housing and their adaptation to demographic, cultural and economic conditions of the geographical area and more emphasis on effective housing indicators along with other indicators in housing planning and construction is suggested.

Pengembangan sebuah kawasan merupakan bentuk perpaduan kolaborasi yang melibatkan multi-pengambil kebijakan, dan berbagai bentuk kegiatan yang mengarah kepada peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat lokal, serta pelestarian budaya dan lingkungan. Pariwisata dipercaya menjadi salah satu kegiatan yang dapat mempercepat pencapaian pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam sebuah kawasan, khususnya di daerah pesisir. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pilihan-pilihan faktor pembangunan berkelanjutan dari Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus (KEK) Mandalika di Lombok Tengah – Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Oktober 2019 sampai Maret 2020. Data dikumpulkan dari wawancara dan diskusi berkelompok terfokus (FGD) dan kunjungan lapangan. MICMAC digunakan dalam menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap keberlanjutan KEK bidang pariwisata ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat delapan belas faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap keberlanjutan KEK Mandalika yang tercakup dalam dimensi ekonomi, sosial dan ekologi. Faktor-faktor tersebut dikelompokkan ke dalam empat kuadran pengaruh dan ketergantungan MICMAC, yaitu tujuh faktor sebagai faktor pendorong, enam faktor sebagai faktor relay, tiga faktor sebagai output, serta dua faktor sebagai otonom. Faktor investasi akan sangat memberikan pengaruh, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung terhadap peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat lokal (income). Dua faktor potensial kunci dengan berdimensi lingkungan bagi pengelolaan KEK Pariwisata Mandalika di masa yang akan datang adalah pencemaran (polusi) dan ketersediaan air bersih (water).

Introduction At present, the growth of the urban population of the world is faster than the world's largest, with more than half of the population living in urban areas. This fact has created many environmental and socio-economic problems on a large scale, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the high urbanization rate and the lack of urban infrastructure on the one hand, and the reduction of land with environmentally valuable land in the cities, on the other hand, reveals the need for a review of the process of change and the prediction of the expansion of cities in the coming years. Foresight science is an interdisciplinary knowledge that, in addition to analysing the trends of the past, has been able to discover, invent, and evaluate possible, probable and desirable future, and transformed the dispersed and inconsistent literature on planning for the future into scientifically codified with solid principles. In this regard, environmental futures research is a process of systematic and accountable effort to address the long-term future with the aim of identifying strategic research areas and the emergence of inclusive environmental technologies, which, while embracing the economic and social benefits of citizens, also minimize the potential for potential losses. Urban environment and provide favourable environmental scenarios, taking into account sustainable development patterns. This research has been designed with the aim of identifying the development indicators of the city of Sardrood including social, economic and environmental dimensions and defining the directions of the city development. During this process, the environmental consequences of its development will be explored with the future-oriented and futuristic approach in the event of its accession to the metropolis of Tabriz. Methods and material This research is based on the objective, applied and descriptive-analytical method. Initially, the required data and indices were prepared using library questionnaires and social, economic and environmental indicators. Then, in the MICMAC software designed for structural analysis, the impact of the indicators produced on each other and on the growth and development of the city was studied. Then, with the Scenario wizard software, the scenarios needed for key factors and driving force behind the development of the city were presented. Results and Discussion The initial variables affecting the future of the system were collected and analyzed using the Delphi technique, and finally, 59 variables were extracted in different dimensions. In order to analyze the effective variables, the structural analysis method was used using MICMAC software and the experts. The distribution of variables indicates that the system is unstable. The direct and indirect effects of variables on each other and on the future of the system were examined by experts and finally, 13 effective factors were obtained from a total of 59 primary factors. In this study, "the type of attitude in the annexation of the city of Sardrood to the metropolis of Tabriz" was identified as the most influential factor. In the final part of the study, a scenario was performed and for each of the key factors, the probable situations were identified. A total of 53 statuses were compiled and to examine the effect of each of the probable situations on other situations, the questionnaires were provided to the experts and entered into the scenario software for analysis of the results. Finally, there were three strong, more likely to occur scenarios, 9,999 poor scenarios, and 13 reasonable and believable scenarios by considering incredible scenarios, there are 169 statuses for them, of which only 24 are highly desirable and 44 are in a desirable process and the rest of the state is static, undesirable, or critical, which does not represent a desirable future for the future of the system. Conclusion This research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the environmental consequences of the development of the city of Sardasht and its annexation to Tabriz's capital city. In the first step, by using the questionnaire tool, 59 factors were identified and evaluated by the experts on the future of the system in various dimensions and entered into the software to determine the key factors. Since the system software was identified as unstable, variables were classified into five general categories, which eventually identified 13 indicators out of 59 indicators as the main factors. In the following, 53 potential scenarios were designed for key factors that indicate the future of key factors. Then, to assess the impact and scenarios of these situations, they were compared through a questionnaire and their results were analyzed using the Wizard scenario software. The software provided 9,999 weak, 13 credible scenarios, and three strong scenarios. For credible scenarios, the status of the future of the ruling system is 169, of which 68 are favorable and 101 are unfavorable. Consequently, even in the case of favorable scenarios, the optimal future for the system is not expected.