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Energy use is the major source of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this paper is to examine total domestic and foreign energy use across industries in Brazil over the period 1995–2015. We found that total energy use experienced an annual average growth rate close to 3%. In 2015 only three industries accounted for 37% of total energy use in Brazil: Transport, Food & Beverages, and Electricity, Gas, and Water. In these industries the share of the energy used and produced domestically was higher than the average (85.6%, 84.5% and 94.5% of the total, respectively). In contrast, other industries were increasingly reliant on foreign energy. Thus, the share of domestic use of energy produced abroad was higher than 20% in Textiles and Wearing Apparel, Electrical and Machinery, Transport Equipment and Construction. This fact extends the problem of energy-related emissions mitigation from the national to the global level.

The main objective of this research is to estimate the price and income parameters of the residential electric power demand of Bahia state, Brazil. For this, monthly data from 2004 to 2021 is used. The consumption is analyzed in terms of the electricity price, income, number of residentials, rainfall, average temperature, and residential index price. Regarding climatic variables, despite being important for the study of the electricity sector, especially rainfall, since Brazil depends on water sources, they are rarely used. After verifying that part of the series is non-stationary, it is decided to use the method of Cointegration and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). This estimator considers the model variables and their lags, reconciling short-run and long-run trends. The results are consistent with the established hypotheses, proving to be inelastic both in the short and long run. The parameters calculated can serve as another source of information, both for the agents responsible for conducting energy planning in the State of Bahia, and for eventual investors in the private sector.

El cambio climático es una gran preocupación mundial y está estrechamente relacionado con las estrategias utilizadas para generación y consumo de energía. Así, la búsqueda de fuentes de energías renovables ha crecido exponencialmente en las últimas décadas. A nivel de la Unión Europea (UE) se estableció que para 2020 el porcentaje de EERR debería cubrir un 20 por cien del consumo total de energía y para el 2030, al menos un 32 por cien. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el efecto de factores económicos y sociales en el consumo de energías renovables en el período 1995-2018 en los países de la UE, considerando, por un lado, el grupo UE-15, y, por otro, los 13 países que se incorporaron a la UE desde 2004. A través de la técnica de datos de panel se estimaron modelos que permiten concluir que el comportamiento de las variables es distinto al considerar la UE-28, el grupo UE-15 y el grupo de los 13 nuevos países miembros. Para cumplir con el objetivo propuesto para 2030 es necesario tener en cuenta la heterogeneidad entre países y elaborar planes que combinen aspectos económicos y sociales.