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Abstract Background We have aimed to assess whether muscle thickness ultrasound (US) shows differences between patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), chronic axonal polyneuropathy (CAP), and other neuromuscular (NM) diseases compared to controls and to each other. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study from September 2021 to June 2022. All subjects underwent quantitative sonographic evaluation of muscle thickness in eight relaxed muscles and four contracted muscles. Differences were assessed using multivariable linear regression, correcting for age and body mass index (BMI). Results The study cohort consisted of 65 healthy controls, and 95 patients: 31 with CIDP, 34 with CAP, and 30 with other NM diseases. Both relaxed and contracted muscle thickness in all patient groups were lower than in the healthy controls, after controlling for age and body mass index (BMI). Regression confirmed that the differences persisted between patient groups and healthy controls. Differences between patient groups were not apparent. Conclusion The current study shows that muscle ultrasound thickness is not specific in NM disorders, but shows a global reduction in thickness compared with healthy controls after corrections for age and BMI.