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Na Li,1 Liufu Cui,1 Gary Tse,2,3 Panagiotis Korantzopoulos,4 Konstantinos P Letsas,5 George Bazoukis,6,7 Shuohua Chen,8 Nan Zhang,2 Xuemei Yang,9 Peipei Liu,10 Lili Wu,11 Gan-Xin Yan,12,13 Gregory Yoke Hong Lip,14,15 Shouling Wu,8 Tong Liu2 1Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China; 4First Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece; 5Arrhythmia Unit, Laboratory of Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece; 6Department of Cardiology, Larnaca General Hospital, Larnaca, Cyprus; 7European University Cyprus, Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus; 8Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China; 9School of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China; 10School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China; 11Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 12Lankenau Medical Center and Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA; 13Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Huazhong Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China; 14Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 15Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DenmarkCorrespondence: Tong Liu, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China, Email liutong@tmu.edu.cn; liutongdoc@126.com Shouling Wu, Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China, Email drwusl@163.comObjective: This study aimed to explore the impact of a combination of hyperuricemia (HUA) and excessive high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels on the likelihood of developing cardiac conduction block (CCB). Additionally, it sought to assess whether the influence of uric acid (UA) on CCB is mediated by hs-CRP.Methods: A prospective study was executed utilizing data from the Kailuan cohort, including 81,896 individuals initially free from CCB. The participants were categorized into four groups depending on the existence of HUA and low-grade inflammation (hs-CRP> 3 mg/L). Cox regression analysis was employed to ascertain hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of incident CCB. A mediation analysis was performed to determine if hs-CRP functioned as a mediator in the connection between UA levels and the incidence of CCB.Results: During a median observation period of 11.8 years, we identified 3160 cases of newly occurring CCB. Compared with the low UA/low CRP group, the combination of HUA and low-grade inflammation elevated the CCB risks (HR:1.56, 95% CI:1.22– 1.99), atrioventricular block (AVB) (HR:1.88, 95% CI:1.27– 2.77), and right bundle branch block (HR:1.47, 95% CI:1.02– 2.12), respectively. Mediation analysis revealed that in the HUA group, compared with the non-HUA group, the risk of CCB elevated by 14.0%, with 10.3% of the increase mediated through hs-CRP.Conclusion: HUA combined with elevated hs-CRP increased the risk of CCB, especially AVB. The connection between UA and the CCB risk was partly mediated by hs-CRP. Keywords: hyperuricemia, inflammation, cardiac conduction block, combined exposure, risk factors, mediation

Soonil Kwon,1,* So-Ryoung Lee,2,3,* Eue-Keun Choi,2,3 Kyung-Yeon Lee,2 JungMin Choi,2 Hyo-Jeong Ahn,2 Seil Oh,2,3 Gregory Yoke Hong Lip2– 5 1Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 4Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Chest & Heart Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 5Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Eue-Keun Choi, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-2-2072-0688, Fax +82-2-762-9662, Email choiek17@snu.ac.krBackground: While treatment interruption of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for elective surgery or procedures among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is becoming more prevalent, there remains insufficient evidence regarding the optimal perioperative management of NOACs, particularly procedures with minor bleeding risks.Objective: This study aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a simplified, standardized protocol for perioperative management of direct factor Xa inhibitors in patients, with AF undergoing procedures associated with minor bleeding risk.Methods: This multicenter, prospective single-arm registry study plans to enroll patients undergoing procedures with minor bleeding risk who were prescribed direct factor Xa inhibitors for AF. The procedures with minor bleeding risk will include gastrointestinal endoscopy for diagnostic purposes, selected dental procedures, and ocular surgery for cataracts or glaucoma. For apixaban, patients will withhold the last evening dose and resume either from the evening dose of the procedure day or the following morning, depending on the bleeding risk of the patient. For edoxaban or rivaroxaban, patients will withhold only a single dose on the procedure day. The primary outcome is the occurrence of major bleeding events within 30 days. Secondary outcomes include systemic thromboembolism, all-cause mortality, and a composite of major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding events.Conclusion: This study has the potential to generate evidence regarding the safety of perioperative management for patients, with AF undergoing procedures associated with minor bleeding risk.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05801068.Keywords: atrial fibrillation, direct factor Xa inhibitor, bleeding, oral anticoagulant, perioperative care

Hui Zhang,1 Zhigeng Jin,1 Hao Wang,2 Yutao Guo,1,3 Gregory YH Lip3,4 1Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Pulmonary Vessel and Thrombotic Disease, Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiology, Second Medical Centre, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 4Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DenmarkCorrespondence: Yutao Guo, Department of Pulmonary Vessel and Thrombotic Disease, Six Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 5 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, People’s Republic of China, Email dor_guoyt@hotmail.comBackground: Guideline-recommended integrated care based on the ABC (Atrial fibrillation Better Care) pathway for “general” patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) improves clinical outcomes, as demonstrated in our prior mobile Atrial Fibrillation Application (mAFA)-II cluster randomized trial. The present study aims to investigate whether mAFA III-supported structured follow-up rehabilitation packages adapted to patient risk profiles and different treatment patterns (eg, for patients receiving drug treatment only, AF ablation, or left atrial appendage occlusion [LAAO]) will improve guideline adherence and reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.Methods and Analysis: In this prospective, observational mAFA III pilot cohort study, patients with AF aged ≥ 18 years will be enrolled using the mAFA III App for self-management. Assuming an annual rate of composite outcome of “ischaemic stroke or systemic embolism, all-cause death and cardiovascular hospitalization” of 29.3% for non-ABC pathway compliance compared with 20.8% for ABC pathway compliance, at least 1475 patients would be needed to detect the outcome of the A, B and C components of the ABC pathway, assuming a withdrawal rate of 20% in the first year. The primary endpoint is adherence to guidelines regarding the A, B and C components of the ABC pathway. Ancillary analyses will be performed to determine the impact of the ABC pathway using smart technologies on the outcomes among the “high-risk” population (eg, ≥ 75 years old, with multimorbidities, with polypharmacy) and the application of artificial intelligence machine-learning AF risk prediction management in assessing AF recurrence. The individualised anticoagulants with AF burden will be monitored by smart devices.Trial Registration Number: ISRCTN13724416.Keywords: atrial fibrillation, rehabilitation, mobile health

Mingfang Li,1 Jiaojiao Shi,1 Ming Chu,1 Youmei Shen,1 Shimeng Zhang,1 Xingxing Sun,1 Hengli Zhang,1 Qing Yan,1 Jinlong Gong,2 Gregory YH Lip,3,4 Minglong Chen1,5 1Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2Division of Cardiology, Jiangdu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 4Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; 5Division of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Minglong Chen, Division of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-25-68303115, Fax +86-25-6813-6479, Email chenminglong@njmu.edu.cnAbstract: China has a large population of elderly in rural areas. Village doctors are acting as health-care gatekeepers for the rural elderly in China and are encouraged to provide more long-term care for patients with chronic diseases such as atrial fibrillation (AF). The data of AF registries from the rural elderly are limited. The present registry aims to provide contemporary data on the current AF-related health status of the rural elderly and the gaps in management of AF by village doctors. This study has two phases. The first phase is a cross-sectional study of AF screening in two rural towns of eastern China. All the residents aged ≥ 65 years are eligible and will be invited to attend a government-led health examination or an in-house AF screening program. The AF detection rate, the awareness of AF and the usage of oral anticoagulants and smartphones by AF patients, and the ability to diagnose and manage AF by village doctors will be assessed. Participants with AF detected in the first phase are eligible for the second phase. A variety of modes of intensified education will be provided to all AF patients and their family members to enrich their AF-related knowledge. Their village doctors will be offered a lecture-based training program focusing on Atrial fibrillation Better Care (ABC) pathway. Follow-up will be conducted for 1 year. The primary endpoint is the composite of all stroke and all-cause mortality. The first phase of AF screening was conducted between April 2019 and June 2019, and 18,712 participants with the mean age of 73.1± 5.8 years were enrolled. The second phase that includes 810 patients with AF, started on 1 May 2019. This study will provide a perspective of primary care system and would indirectly reflect the current status of chronic disease care in rural China.Keywords: atrial fibrillation, elderly, village doctors, rural China

Nicklas Vinter,1– 3 Pia Cordsen,3 Gregory YH Lip,4,5 Emelia J Benjamin,6 Søren Paaske Johnsen,3 Lars Frost,1,2 Ludovic Trinquart7– 9 1Diagnostic Centre, University Clinic for Development of Innovative Patient Pathways, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, Silkeborg, Denmark; 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; 3Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; 4Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Chest & Heart Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 5Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; 6Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; 7Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; 8Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; 9Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Nicklas Vinter, Diagnostic Centre, University Clinic for Development of Innovative Patient Pathways, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, Falkevej 3, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark, Tel +45 25321675, Email nicvin@rm.dkObjective: Prior work estimated excess death rates associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) in heart failure (HF) with hazard ratios (HR). The aim was to estimate the life-years lost after newly diagnosed AF in HF patients.Methods: Among patients diagnosed with HF in 2008– 2018 in the nationwide Danish Heart Failure Registry, we compared patients with incident AF to referents matched on age, sex, and time since HF. We estimated the marginal hazard ratio (HR) for death and marginal difference in restricted mean survival times (RMST) between AF cases and referents at 10 years after AF diagnosis. We adjusted for sex, age at AF diagnosis, clinical and lifestyle risk factors, and medications.Results: Among 4463 AF cases and 17,792 referents (mean age 73.7 years, 29% women), the HR was 1.41 (95% CI 1.38; 1.44) but there was evidence of non-proportional hazards. The difference in RMST was − 18.2 months (95% CI − 16.8; − 19.6) at 10 years after AF diagnosis. There were differences in life-years lost between patients diagnosed with AF > 1 year and ≤ 1 year after HF (− 25.7 months, 95% CI − 23.7; − 27.7 vs − 10.4 months, 95% CI − 8.2; − 12.5, p < 0.001), women and men (− 20.3 months, 95% CI − 17.7; − 21.9 vs − 17.2 months, 95% CI − 15.5; − 19.0, p = 0.05), patients with low, medium, and high CHA2DS2-VASc (10.3 months, 95% CI − 4.6; − 16.1 vs − 18.5 months, 95% CI − 16.7; − 20.4 vs 22.1, 95% CI − 18.8; − 22.3, p = 0.002).Conclusion: HF patients with incident AF lost on average 1.5 life-years over 10 years after AF. Life-years lost were larger among patients diagnosed with AF > 1 year after HF, women, and patients with higher CHA2DS2-VASc.Keywords: atrial fibrillation, heart failure, RMST, prognosis, mortality, sex

Stephanie L Harrison,1,2 Deirdre A Lane,1– 3 Benjamin JR Buckley,1,2 Kausik Chatterjee,4 Muath Alobaida,1,2,5 Emily Shipley,1,2 Gregory YH Lip1– 3 1Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; 2Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; 3Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; 4Care of the Elderly Department, Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, UK; 5Department of Basic Science, Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz College for Emergency Medical Services, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Stephanie L Harrison, Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK, Email stephanie.harrison@liverpool.ac.ukAbstract: Further research is needed to refine risk prediction models for adverse cardiovascular outcomes following stroke in contemporary clinical practice, such as incident atrial fibrillation (AF), recurrent stroke, and cognitive impairment and dementia. The aims of this study are to prospectively investigate cardiovascular outcomes and risk factors for incident cardiovascular disease in a post-stroke cohort, and to externally validate, refine and expand current risk prediction models for cardiovascular and cardiovascular-related outcomes. The study sample size was based on the development of post-stroke risk prediction models for AF and was calculated as 1222 participants. The study design is a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study. Participants will be adult patients admitted for ischaemic stroke confirmed by stroke physician or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) confirmed by MRI. Routinely collected data will be used in addition to the completion of simple validated questionnaires by the participants. Follow-up will be undertaken 12-months from the date of admission to hospital, in addition to linkage to routinely collected follow-up hospitalisation and mortality data. The primary outcomes are cardiovascular outcomes (including incident AF, stroke, TIA and myocardial infarction) at 12-month follow-up, all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular causes, and incident cognitive impairment and dementia. Secondary outcomes include changes in function, depression, anxiety, fatigue and quality of life. The study has received approval from the Health Research Authority Research Ethics Committee (21/WA/0209), and is registered on https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ (Identifier NCT05132465). Recruitment for the study began in October 2021 with completion of recruitment at all participating centres anticipated by October 2022.Keywords: stroke, risk prediction, epidemiology, cohort study

Rungroj Krittayaphong,1 Satchana Pumprueg,1 Kasem Ratanasumawong,2 Poom Sairat,1 Gregory YH Lip3,4 On behalf of the COOL-AF Investigators1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; 2Police General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; 3Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 4Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DenmarkCorrespondence: Rungroj KrittayaphongDivision of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandTel +66 2-419-6104Email rungroj.kri@mahidol.ac.thPurpose: Hypertension is associated with incident atrial fibrillation (AF) and AF-related complications. We investigated the associations between average systolic blood pressure (SBP) and outcomes in a nationwide cohort of Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).Patients and Methods: A multicenter nationwide registry of patients with NVAF in Thailand was conducted during 2014– 2017. Clinical data, including blood pressure, were recorded at baseline and then every 6 months. Average SBP was calculated from the average of SBP from every visit. Cox regression models were used to calculate the rate of clinical outcomes of interest, ie ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and all-cause death. Average SBP was categorized into three groups: < 120, 120– 140, and ≥ 140 mmHg.Results: A total of 3402 patients were included, and the mean age was 67.4± 11.3 years. The mean (±SD) baseline and average SBPs were 128.5± 18.5 and 128.0± 13.4 mmHg, respectively. The mean follow-up duration was 25.7± 10.6 months. The median rate of ischemic stroke/TIA, ICH, and all-cause death was 1.43 (1.17– 1.74), 0.70 (0.52– 0.92), and 3.77 (3.33– 4.24) per 100 person-years, respectively. The rate of ischemic stroke/TIA and ICH was lowest in patients with average SBP < 120 mmHg, and highest among those with average SBP ≥ 140 mmHg. The death rates were consistent with a J-curve effect, being lowest in patients with an average SBP 120– 140 mmHg. Sustained SBP control is more important than the SBP from a single visit.Conclusion: Sustained control of SBP was significantly associated with a reduction in adverse clinical outcomes in patients with NVAF.Keywords: atrial fibrillation, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, blood pressure, hypertension

Agnieszka Kotalczyk,1,2 Zbigniew Kalarus,2 David Justin Wright,1 Giuseppe Boriani,3 Gregory Y H Lip1,2 1Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 2Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Silesia, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland; 3Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, ItalyCorrespondence: Gregory Y H Lip Email gregory.lip@liverpool.ac.ukAbstract: Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are essential management options for patients with brady- and tachyarrhythmias or heart failure with concomitant optimal pharmacotherapy. Despite increasing technological advances, there are still gaps in the management of CIED patients, eg, the growing number of lead- and pocket-related long-term complications, including cardiac device–related infective endocarditis, requires the greatest care. Likewise, patients with CIEDs should be monitored remotely as a part of a comprehensive, holistic management approach. In addition, novel technologies used in smartwatches may be a convenient tool for long-term atrial fibrillation (AF) screening, especially in high-risk populations. Early detection of AF may reduce the risk of stroke and other AF-related complications. The objective of this review article was to provide an overview of novel technologies in cardiac rhythm–management devices and future challenges related to CIEDs.Keywords: cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, CIEDs, pacemaker, implantable cardioverter–defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy, remote monitoring, wearable technology

Hani Essa, 1 Rajiv Sankaranarayanan, 1, 2 Gregory YH Lip 1, 3 1Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; 2Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; 3Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DenmarkCorrespondence: Gregory YH Lip Email gregory.lip@liverpool.ac.ukHippocrates, the father of medicine, first recognised stroke 2400 years ago after noting that occlusion of the carotid arteries caused loss of consciousness.1 In the twenty-first century, stroke is ranked as the second leading cause of death with an estimated mortality of around 5.5 million in 2016.2 Additionally, over 50% of stroke survivors suffer chronic disability.3 Heart failure (HF) is a global cause of morbidity and mortality with an estimated 40 million cases in 2015.4 Long-term multi-system complications of HF (Figure 1) and multimorbid disease interactions are of increasing importance and demand a multidisciplinary approach. The prevalence of both stroke and HF is expected to increase due to an ageing population.5,6 It has thus far proven difficult to elucidate the strength of the association between HF and stroke.

Marco Proietti,1,2 Gregory YH Lip1,3 1University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK; 2Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza-University of Rome, Rome, Italy; 3Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Abstract: Oral anticoagulation is the therapeutic cornerstone in preventing thromboembolic risk in both atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thromboembolism (VTE). After decades of the sole therapeutic oral anticoagulation option being warfarin, the introduction of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants has heralded a new era. Edoxaban is the latest addition to these available for clinical use. Edoxaban was as effective and safer than warfarin in preventing thromboembolic risk in AF patients. Similarly, edoxaban effectiveness and safety was evident when treating VTE patients to prevent recurrent VTE or VTE-related death. Therefore, edoxaban represents a valuable alternative in treating thromboembolic risk for AF and VTE patients. Keywords: atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, stroke, anticoagulation, edoxaban

Tatjana S Potpara,1,2 Marija M Polovina,2 Nebojsa M Mujovic,1,2 Aleksandar M Kocijancic,2 Gregory YH Lip3 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 2Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; 3University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK Background: Many atrial fibrillation (AF) patients have a poor understanding of the management of this condition. We investigated patient attitudes towards AF and a potential invasive treatment following an average 10-year period of prospective rhythm control in a cohort of newly diagnosed AF patients. Methods: This was a prospective registry-based study. At the regular annual visit in 2007, patients were asked at random to answer several AF-related questions. Results: Of 390 patients, 277 (71.0%) reported symptom reduction over time, but only 45 (11.5%) reported that they had "got used" to AF; 201 patients (51.5%) stated they would always prefer sinus rhythm, and 280 (71.2%) would accept an invasive AF treatment. Independent predictors for choosing an invasive procedure were younger age, impaired career/working capacity, and male gender (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that most AF patients prefer sinus rhythm and would readily accept an invasive procedure if it offered the possibility of a cure for their AF. Keywords: atrial fibrillation, catheter ablation, treatment, symptoms, patient preferences