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ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate and compare parameters of adaptability and stability for maize grain yield in a variety of environments by different projection methods. Data from experiments on 36 maize genotypes, in simple lattice 6x6, in 2012/13 season performed at nine growing locations in central Brazil were used. Adaptability and stability analyses were performed using the methods of Lin & Binns (1988) with decomposition, MHPRVG through REML/BLUP, AMMI-Biplot, and GGE-Biplot analysis. These methods have similarities in terms of genotype ordering but differ in precision and amount of information provided on genotype-environment (GxE) interactions. When compared to GGE-Biplot, AMMI method retained a good percentage of the total square sum, based on pattern of GxE interaction. The method of Lin & Binns with decomposition is similar to MHPRVG, but these one is more accurate, practice and informative. MHPRVG and GGE-Biplot methods should be used together to select the most promising genotypes. The genotypes G5 and G8 can be recommended for cultivation in central Brazil due to their adaptability, stability, and yield.

En el cultivo del frijol existen diversas especies de insectos que pueden ocasionar perjuicios a la productividad y enemigos naturales que pueden ayudar a regular sus poblaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la entomofauna asociada a 20 genotipos de frijol y correlacionar la interacción entre los insectos utilizando análisis multivariado. Las especies más abundantes en el sistema estudiado fueron Sternechus subsignatus (Curculionidae: Sternechini), Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) y Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Las tres especies presentaron correlación directa entre sí. El cultivo del frijol en estudio presentó tres especies de chinches consideradas importantes plagas. Las especies Cerotoma arcuata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) y Edessa meditabunda meditabunda (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) presentaron correlación inversa entre sí.

The present study aims to relate the micronucleus frequency in Tradescantia pallida to environmental factors and cardiorespiratory diseases to infer the effect of air pollution. The number of hospitalizations, diseases cases, frequency of micronuclei in plants, environmental variables, altitude, and vehicle traffic in cities of Mato Grosso do Sul were evaluated due to the high flow that surrounds agribusiness. The frequency of micronuclei decreased with the increase in relative humidity, while the altitude did not influence the mutagenicity or genotoxicity of the evaluated plants. The municipalities with micronucleus frequencies above 200 had the highest number of vehicle and cardiorespiratory diseases. Biomonitoring data obtained in cities throughout the year indicate that the number of cardiorespiratory diseases was probably due to vehicular pollution, which is evidenced by the increased frequency of micronuclei in T. pallida.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a mutagenicidade, genotoxicidade e citotoxicidade de amostras de água provenientes do Córrego Arara no município de Rio Brilhante, MS, Brasil, por meio de testes toxicológicos utilizando biomarcadores. Para avaliar a mutagenicidade utilizou-se o teste de micronúcleo, para a genotoxicidade o ensaio cometa, ambos com Astyanax altiparanae, e para analisar a citotoxicidade utilizou-se o teste de Allium cepa. As coletas foram realizadas nos meses de abril e junho de 2013, em três pontos distintos (pontos 1, 2 e 3) do Córrego Arara e no Tanque de Irrigação da UFGD (ponto 4). Os resultados indicaram aumento significativo na frequência de micronúcleos pisceos na coleta do mês de junho quando comparada com a realizada em abril. No teste de Allium cepa, o efeito citotóxico apresentou-se significativamente maior na coleta de abril, porém a genotoxicidade das águas não apresentou diferença estatística entre os meses de coleta. O maior número de danos no ensaio cometa ocorreu no ponto 4, em ambos períodos de coleta. A análise química da água indicou níveis de cádmio, cromo, cobre, chumbo e níquel, com valores superiores ao permitido pela legislação vigente. A presença de metais acima dos níveis permitidos nas amostras de água analisadas do Córrego Arara indica possíveis potenciais mutagênicos, genotóxicos e citotóxicos aos organismos devido a esses poluentes derivados ou não de ações antrópicas. Assim sendo, este trabalho pode contribuir como ferramenta adicional ao controle da qualidade da água do Córrego Arara, considerando sua utilização e importância para a região.

The objetive of this work was to evaluate the influence of intergenotypic competition in open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus and its effects on early selection efficiency. Two experiments were carried out, in which the timber volume was evaluated at three ages, in a randomized complete block design. Data from the three years of evaluation (experiment 1, at 2, 4, and 7 years; and experiment 2, at 2, 5, and 7 years) were analyzed using mixed models. The following were estimated: variance components, genetic parameters, selection gains, effective number, early selection efficiency, selection gain per unit time, and coincidence of selection with and without the use of competition covariates. Competition effect was nonsignificant for ages under three years, and adjustment using competition covariates was unnecessary. Early selection for families is effective; families that have a late growth spurt are more vulnerable to competition, which markedly impairs ranking at the end of the cycle. Early selection is efficient according to all adopted criteria, and the age of around three years is the most recommended, given the high efficiency and accuracy rate in the indication of trees and families. The addition of competition covariates at the end of the cycle improves early selection efficiency for almost all studied criteria.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fazer uma seleção prévia de pré-cultivares de milho-pipoca para o registro no MAPA, com base em diferentes caracteres, utilizando o índice de Garcia e o de soma de classificação, priorizando-se o rendimento de grãos e capacidade de expansão. Foram avaliados 16 genótipos de milho-pipoca, sendo oito variedades de polinização aberta (BRS Angela, UFVM2 - Barão de Viçosa, Viçosa, Beija-Flor, SAM, UNB2U-C3, UNB2U-C4 e UNB2U-C5) e oito híbridos (Zelia, Jade, IAC 112, P1 x P3, P1 x P7, P2 x P4, P2 x P9 e P3 x P7), em cinco ambientes. O delineamento experimental adotado foi blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, tendo sido avaliadas as características altura de planta, estande, tombamento, capacidade de expansão e rendimento de grãos. Os efeitos dos genótipos e ambientes foram significativos para todas as características, enquanto que suas interações o foram apenas para tombamento e rendimento de grãos. Os índices de Garcia e da soma de classificação foram positivamente correlacionados na classificação dos genótipos, ambos permitindo indicar as pré-cultivares UNB2U-C5 e P1 x P7 como as de melhor desempenho para regiões Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.The present study aimed to select pre-cultivars of popcorn maize for registration in MAPA based on different characteristics, using the Garcia and total-classification indices, giving priority to grain yield and expansion capacity. Sixteen genotypes of popcorn maize: eight open-pollinated varieties (BRS Angela, UFVM2 - Barão de Viçosa, Viçosa, Beija-Flor, SAM, UNB2U-C3, UNB2U-C4 and UNB2U-C5) and eight hybrids (Zelia, Jade, IAC 112, P1 x P3, P1 x P7, P2 x P4, P2 x P9 and P3 x P7) were evaluated in five environments. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with three replications, where the characteristics of plant height, growth, droop, expansion capacity and grain yield were evaluated. The effects of genotype and environment were significant for all characteristics, while their interactions were only significant for droop and grain yield. The Garcia and the total-classification indices correlated positively in the classification of genotypes, both indicating the pre-cultivars UNB2U-C5 and P1 x P7 as having the best performance for regions in the north and northwest of the state of Rio de Janeiro.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986612Muitos estudos têm recomendado o uso de parcelas pequenas na experimentação florestal, porém, não consideram o aumento da competição intergenotípica que isto acarreta e que pode resultar na seleção incorreta dos materiais genéticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar sete covariáveis de competição sobre o caráter volume de madeira em dois testes de progênies de Eucalyptus spp. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com seis repetições de 10 plantas. As sete covariáveis analisadas foram índice de competição de Hegyi (IC), autocompetição (AT), alocompetição (AL), média da autocompetição (MAT), média da alocompetição (MAL) e média aritmética dos quatro (M4) e oito vizinhos mais próximos (M8). Essas covariáveis foram avaliadas individualmente bem com em todas as suas possíveis combinações, obtendo-se estimativas de componentes de variâncias e suas alterações com o emprego das mesmas. A competição influenciou os resultados de análises de testes de progênies de eucalipto, em que, autocompetição e alocompetição interferem de forma diferenciada. As covariáveis mais influentes são a MAT, a MAL e o IC. A rotina de análise que apresentou melhores resultados foi a que incluiu as covariáveis IC/MAT, sendo eficiente na redução do efeito competicional em testes de progênies de eucalipto.

Three populations of popcorn from the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro recurrent selection program (cycles C3, C4 and C5 from UNB2U), five simple hybrids provided by the Universidade Estadual de Maringá breeding program, five varieties (BRS Angela, UFVM-2 Barão de Viçosa, Viçosa, Beija-Flor and SAM) and three commercial hybrids (Zelia, Jade and IAC 112) were evaluated in five environments for their potential to be registered by the MAPA and recommended to producers in Northern and Northwestern Rio de Janeiro State. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with three replications. The two main economic traits of the crops, grain yield (GY) and popping expansion (PE), were assessed. In the joint analysis of variance, significant differences were observed using the F test for the GY and PE traits. Regarding the genotype x environment interaction, only the GY was significant, thus revealing that the cultivar behavior varies according to the environment. The Pi statistics and the results for those traits showed that UNB2U-C5 and hybrid P1 x P7 have the potential to be recommended as new alternatives for producers in the region.

Many studies have recommended the use of small plots for forest experiments, although they do not consider the inter-genotype competition increase. If this competition is not isolated from the mathematicsmodel, it can lead to incorrect selection of genetic materials. The aim of this work was toevaluate the effect of seven competition covariates in two Eucalyptus spp. progeny tests. Data from the two half-sib eucalyptusprogenies were analyzed, using the randomized blocks design. The seven analyzed covariates were HegyI¿scompetition index (IC), self-competition (AT), alo competition (AL), self-competition mean (MAT), alocompetition mean (MAL), and arithmetic means of four (M4) and eight (M8) nearest neighbors. Individualand combined analyses of covariates were used for the wood volume trait. All the variance components and the changes caused by covariates use were evaluated. The competition affects theresults of eucalypt progeny analysis in different ways, according to its type, self or alo competition. Most influential covariates were MAT, MAL and IC. Most promising results of competition effects reduction wereobserved for the IC/ MAT covariates inclusion in eucalypt progeny tests.

The effect of competition is an important source of variation in breeding experiments. This study aimed to compare the selection of plants of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus with and without the use of competition covariables. Genetic values were determined for each family and tree and for the traits height, diameter at breast height and timber volume in a randomized block design, resulting in the variance components, genetic parameters, selection gains, effective size and selection coincidence, with and without the use of covariables. Intergenotypic competition is an important factor of environmental variation. The use of competition covariables generally reduces the estimates of variance components and influences genetic gains in the studied traits. Intergenotypic competition biases the selection of open-pollinated eucalypt progenies, and can result in an erroneous choice of superior genotypes; the inclusion of covariables in the model reduces this influence.

Com o intento de selecionar progênies superiores para a efetiva concentração de alelos favoráveis em uma população de quinto ciclo de seleção recorrente intrapopulacional em famílias de irmãos-completos de milho pipoca, avaliaram-se 200 famílias quanto a seis características agronômicas, incluindo rendimento de grãos e capacidade de expansão, em delineamento aleatorizado em blocos com duas repetições dentro de 'sets' em dois ambientes distintos: Colégio Estadual Agrícola Antônio Sarlo, em Campos dos Goytacazes, e Estação Experimental da PESAGRO-RIO, em Itaocara, Rio de Janeiro, em 2007/2008. Houve diferenças significativas para famílias/"sets" para todas as características, indicando a presença de variabilidade genética a ser explorada nos futuros ciclos. Na seleção das progênies superiores o índice de Mulamba e Mock resultou em ganhos proporcionais mais adequados para capacidade de expansão e rendimento de grãos, com valores respectivos de 6,01 e 8,53%, na utilização de pesos econômicos arbitrários.Aiming to select superior progenies for concentration of favorable alleles in a popcorn population on the fifth cycle of intrapopulation full-sib recurrent selection, two hundred progenies were evaluated for six agronomic traits, including grain yield and popping expansion, in randomized complete block design with two replications within sets, in two distinct environments: Colégio Estadual Agrícola Antônio Sarlo, in Campos dos Goytacazes, and Experimental Station of PESAGRO-RIO, located in Itaocara, Rio de Janeiro State, in 2007/2008. There were significant differences among families within sets in all traits, indicating the presence of genetic variability to be exploited in the future cycles. The utilized selection indexes were the Mulamba and Mock; and Smith and Hazel. The Mulamba and Mock index propitiated more elevated magnitudes of the predicted gains for most of the traits, including popping expansion and grain yield, with values of 6.01 and 8.53%, respectively, utilizing arbitrary weight attributed by tentative.

O aumento significativo da produção de milho na segunda safra no Brasil, principalmente no centro-sul do país, têm estimulado os programas de melhoramento da cultura a selecionar genótipos que sejam adaptáveis às condições climáticas das diferentes épocas de semeadura. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar a interação progênies x épocas de semeadura e verificar seus reflexos no progresso genético com o uso de índice de seleção multivariado para seleção de progênies do Composto Isanão VF-1 de milho. As semeaduras foram realizadas na segunda safra em 2004 e na primeira safra do ano agrícola 2004/05. Foram utilizadas 71 progênies de meios irmãos avaliadas em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os caracteres avaliados foram: altura de plantas, altura de espigas, tombamento, prolificidade e rendimento de grãos. Realizaram-se a decomposição da interação progênies x épocas e foram estimados os ganhos pelo índice de seleção descrito por Mulamba e Mock. Houve predomínio da interação do tipo simples para maioria dos caracteres, exceto para prolificidade, que revelou 86% de interação do tipo complexa. Pelo índice de Mulamba e Mock, os ganhos proporcionais mais adequados para o conjunto de caracteres avaliados foi obtido pelos pesos econômicos atribuídos por tentativas. Os ganhos preditos foram de 1,41, 0,86, -13,03, 9,54 e 16,12% para altura de planta, altura de espiga, tombamento, prolificidade e rendimento de grãos, respectivamente.The significant increase in maize production in the second season crop in Brazil, mainly in central-south of the country have stimulated breeding programs to select genotypes adapted to the climatic conditions of different sowing times. The objective of this study was to quantify the progenies x sowing times interaction and check its reflexes on the genetic progress with the use of multivariate selection for selection progenies of the maize Composite Isanão VF-1. Sowings were done in the second growing season, in 2004 and in first growing season of the 2004/05 crop year. A total of 71 half-sib progenies were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. The traits evaluated were: plant height, ear height, lodged and broken plants, prolificacy and grain yield. There was decomposition of progenies x sowing times interaction and gains from selection index Mulamba and Mock were estimated. There was a predominance of the simple interaction for most traits, except prolificacy, which revealed 86% of complex type interaction. For the index Mulamba and Mock, proportional gains most appropriate for the traits set was obtained by the economic weights assigned by attempts. The predicted gains were 1.41, 0.86, -13.03, 9.54 and 16.12% for plant height, ear height, lodged and broken plants, prolificacy and grain yield, respectively.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes covariáveis de competição em análises de vizinhança, e verificar sua eficiência no aumento da precisão experimental e as consequências no ordenamento de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar em termos de potencial produtivo. Foram utilizados dados da rede de ensaios do programa de melhoramento de cana-de-açúcar do Instituto Agronômico, instalados em 2002. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. As parcelas constituíram-se de cinco sulcos de 8 m, espaçados 1,50 m entre si. A produtividade de colmos por hectare (TCH, Mg ha-1) foi avaliada no primeiro e terceiro cortes. As covariáveis "lateral", "ponta" e "quatro vizinhos" foram incluídas nos métodos de Papadakis, em duas variações do método médias móveis. Os métodos de Papadakis e médias móveis 1 não alteraram a precisão experimental em comparação à análise tradicional. O método médias móveis 2 reduziu a variância ambiental, mas alterou as estimativas da variância genotípica e o ordenamento dos genótipos, o que pode induzir a conclusões equivocadas na seleção. Embora a covariável "lateral" tenha sido influente na competição, o efeito em parcelas de cinco sulcos é pequeno.The objective of this work was to study different competition covariates in neighborhood analysis and to check the efficiency of this analysis in the increase of the experimental precision and the consequences in the ranking of sugarcane genotypes in terms of productive potential. Data used were from the state experimental network of the sugarcane breeding program installed in 2002, of the Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, SP, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks, with three replicates. The plots were formed of five 8 m rows with 1.5-m spacing between rows. The stalk productivity (TCH, Mg ha-1) was evaluated in the first and third harvests. The covariates "side", "tip" and "4 neighbors" were included in the Papadakis method and in two variations of the moving average method. The Papadakis and moving average 1 methods did not change the experimental precision in comparison with traditional analysis. The moving average 2 method reduced the environmental variance. However, it changed the estimates of the genetic variance and the genotype ranking, and could lead to erroneous conclusions in the selection. Although the "side" covariate was influential on competition, its effect or on five row-plots was small.

The purpose of this study was to verify the breeding potential of the maize composite Isanão VF1 in the secondgrowing season. One hundred and fifty half-sib progenies were evaluated at spacing of 0.45 m, densities of 57,778 and 80,000plants ha-1, in a randomized block design with three replications. Gains of 16.0 and 19.2% were estimated for grain yield, 11.1and 10.5% for prolificacy and 12.3 and 12.9% for ear height, respectively, at 57,778 and 80,000 plants ha-1. The heritabilitiesfor plant height, ear height and grain yield were 65.2 and 61.3%, 64.3 and 66.9% and 53.5 and 63.3%, respectively,confirming the potential for breeding at both densities. The absence of progeny by density interaction indicates that no furtherselection programs are necessary. The occurrence of segregation for modifier genes for height suggests stabilizing selectionbased on ear height.

The performance of maize is highly influenced by environmentalvariations, what can result in a low yield average, and instability varying from region toregion, month to month, and year cropping to year cropping. These environmentaleffects can be different for each cultivar, characterizing the genotype x environment interaction, which needs to be evaluated to a more efficient recommendation of cultivars.This work was developed in the experimental farm at Universidade Estadual Paulista(UNESP) – Campus de Ilha Solteira, in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, in order to evaluatethe stability and adaptability of 20 experimental three-way - hybrid crosses and thecommercial hybrids XB 8010, DKB 333B, TORK and P 3041. The experiments wereinstalled in November/2000, December/2000, January/2001 and March/2001 in acompletely randomized blocks design with four replications. The evaluated traits were:plant height, ear height, percentage of erect plants, grain yield and percentage of burnedgrains. The most responsive hybrids to the most favorable crop season were HS 10 x L2,HS 32 x L2, HS 83 x L3 and TORK for the percentage of erect plants and HS 7 x L1, HS32 x L1, HS 83 x L1, TORK and P 3041 for grain yield. Under these improvedenvironments, an increase on the percentage of burned grains incidence was detected forthe hybrids HS 83 x L1, HS 7 x L1, HS 83 x L3, HS 10 x L3 and P 3041, although thisincrease was within commercially acceptable levels.

The aim of this work is to present the features of the popcorn cultivar UENF 14, developed from five cycles of recurrentselection of the population UNB-2U, to the scientific community. The cultivar produces yields of 3047.58 kg ha-1 and has poppingexpansion of 35.69 mL g-1.

Abstract: Knowledge of the genetic variability and of the variables for evaluating common bean lines for the physiological seed quality trait is important for the selection of promising common bean genotypes for this trait in breeding programs. Through multivariate analysis, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of physical and physiological tests for studies of genetic variability in seeds of common bean lines. Twenty lines of common bean were evaluated for thousand-seed weight, first count, germination, tetrazolium, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging, field emergence and seedling performance. The experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance, analysis of genetic parameters and multivariate analysis of principal components. Genetic variability was observed among the common bean lines, and two groups of lines with superior physiological performance according to the germination and seed vigor tests were identified. First germination count, germination, seedling length in the field, accelerated aging and emergence speed index tests are the most promising for characterizing the physiological potential of seeds of common bean lines.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate DNA damage in animal and plant cells exposed to water from the Água Boa stream (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) by using bioassays, and to identify the chemical compounds in the water to determine the water quality in the area. Through the cytotoxicity bioassay with Allium cepa, using micronucleus test, and comet assay, using Astyanax altiparanae fish, the results indicated that biological samples were genetically altered. Micronuclei were observed in erythrocytes of A. altiparanae after exposure to water from locations close to industrial waste discharge. The highest DNA damage observed with the comet assay in fish occurred with the exposure to water from locations where the presence of metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni) was high, indicating the possibility of genotoxic effects of these compounds. Thus, these results reinforce the importance of conducting genotoxicity tests for developing management plans to improve water quality, and indicate the need for waste management before domestic and industrial effluents are released into the rivers and streams.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate DNA damage in animal and plant cells exposed to water from the Água Boa stream (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) by using bioassays, and to identify the chemical compounds in the water to determine the water quality in the area. Through the cytotoxicity bioassay with Allium cepa, using micronucleus test, and comet assay, using Astyanax altiparanae fish, the results indicated that biological samples were genetically altered. Micronuclei were observed in erythrocytes of A. altiparanae after exposure to water from locations close to industrial waste discharge. The highest DNA damage observed with the comet assay in fish occurred with the exposure to water from locations where the presence of metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni) was high, indicating the possibility of genotoxic effects of these compounds. Thus, these results reinforce the importance of conducting genotoxicity tests for developing management plans to improve water quality, and indicate the need for waste management before domestic and industrial effluents are released into the rivers and streams.