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Today, every aspect of society’s activities is regulated by laws from the national and local levels. The increasing number of legal documents interwoven with each other also leads to difficulties in searching and applying in practice. In addition, later legal documents may change or invalidate previous legal documents. The construction of knowledge maps that involve one or a group of legal documents is an effective approach to represent actual knowledge domains. A legal knowledge graph constructed from laws and legal documents can enable a number of applications, such as question answering, document similarity, legal search, legal information retrieval, and legal argument claims. In this paper, we describe an ontology-based knowledge map approach for building a Vietnamese legal linked data from the source of about 325,000 legal documents. This study includes an integrated ontology to represent the legal knowledge from legal documents. This model integrates the ontology of relational knowledge and the graph of entities in the form of a concept graph. It can express the semantics of the content of a given legal document. In addition, this study also addresses potential legal applications, which can use the built linked data as a foundation resource of legal. We also highlight open challenges in the realization of knowledge graphs in a technical legal system that enables this approach at scale.

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the usefulness of using neutrosophic logic in determining ambiguities in legal texts. To do this, the aim is to carry out an analysis of a legal text through the use of neutrosophic operators to determine the existence of indeterminacies or ambiguities that may be the subject of deficiencies in the legal field. The use of neutrosophic correlation operators made it possible to identify a set of highly relevant elements that, according to the assessment of experts, must be subjected to mandatory evaluation in the process of analysis and interpretation of legal documents. The incorporation of neutrosophic numbers was particularly significant when examining in detail the language contained in legal clauses and provisions in order to detect vague, ambiguous, or general terms. This study has provided solid evidence of the effectiveness and versatility of the method when applied in the legal field.

Political process management in the healthcare sector is one of the main factors influencing the economic, social, and cultural development of a country, its international prestige and competitiveness in the world, and requires constant development in search of new ways, mechanisms, and methods of improvement. The study aims to reveal and deepen the scientific, theoretical, and methodological foundations of licensing, and their role in the organisation of local self-government in terms of implementing the State policy in the healthcare sector. The object and subject of the study were selected using the dialectical method substantiating its purpose and objectives; the methods of analysis and generalisation were used to provide the necessary justifications for defining the essence and content of the State healthcare policy, clarifying the competence of public authorities and local self-government bodies about compliance with healthcare requirements, considering the powers of public authorities and local self-government bodies in the field of public healthcare, and considering the focus and specific features of the State healthcare policy in the field of healthcare. The problem of the issue has been studied and conceptual directions for its solution have been built by filling the relevant gaps in the legislative framework. Several Laws of Ukraine and resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine regulating the management of the political process in the healthcare sector are analysed. The tendency of changes in legislation to ensure proper control over the quality of healthcare services is revealed. The author identifies several restrictions in the list of bodies authorised to issue relevant licences for individual entrepreneurial activity in the healthcare sector. The author outlines the structure of the system of regulatory management on the issue of exercising the constitutional right of citizens to independent individual economic activity. The author proves that licensing is a necessary instrument of state control over the quality of medical services and patient safety. The author proposes to grant representative local self-government bodies the right to consider and make decisions at their meetings on issuing or refusing licensing documents in the field of economic activity related to healthcare. Based on the results of the study, the author identified gaps in the current legislation of Ukraine relating to public health protection and formulated relevant recommendations for its improvement

This paper deals with an important task in legal text processing, namely reference and relation extraction from legal documents, which includes two subtasks: 1) reference extraction; 2) relation determination. Motivated by the fact that two subtasks are related and share common information, we propose a joint learning model that solves simultaneously both subtasks. Our model employs a Transformer-based encoder-decoder architecture with non-autoregressive decoding that allows relaxing the sequentiality of traditional seq2seq models and extracting references and relations in one inference step. We also propose a method to enrich the decoder input with learnable meaningful information and therefore, improve the model accuracy. Experimental results on a dataset consisting of 5031 legal documents in Vietnamese with 61,446 references show that our proposed model performs better results than several strong baselines and achieves an F1 score of 99.4% for the joint reference and relation extraction task.

Ad hoc corpora are considered effective to deliver native-like technical (and legal) translation. This paper explores how the translation of a system-specific document such as an Italian procura alle liti (power of attorney to appear in court) can be addressed. Translating this legal document may be problematic due to the fact that it is not recurrent in the common law system, which contemplates other types of special powers of attorney (PoAs). This paper explores whether and to what extent a corpus-based translation is possible when L2 parallel texts are difficult to find in native contexts. To this aim, a translation project with technical translators and lawyers is carried out. The participants compose an ad hoc corpus which they consult as a language reference tool. The paper findings report that the translators' corpus-based translation is mostly a word-by-word rendering of the source text, which may sound unnatural to an expert of the field. The lawyers' translation partly deviates from source words, but addresses the communicative function of the source text. The paper highlights the need for a balance between the two strategies, for example by focusing on textual functionality and/or paraphrasing, although at the cost of a reduced formulaicity.

Most preserved Arabic documents come from al-Fayyūm. The publication and study of these documents rewrites the history of this region in the early Islamic era. Among the topics recorded on these documents are sales contracts, revealing one important practical application of the Islamic law. This article aims to publish and discuss a warehouse makhzan and a portico usṭuwān sale contract, currently preserved at the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo and dated 371 AH / 981 AD. These are compared to similar published contracts and the data provided in legal handbooks.

This article is devoted to the analysis and formulation of requirements for judicial documents. The relevance of the stated topic is explained by the need to improve the communication process and improve the efficiency of justice. The most developed are the issues of requirements for judicial acts. At the same time, the requirements for other judicial documents - petitions, statements, written evidence are important. The most important are the requirements of legality, validity, motivation. However, we must not forget such requirements as completeness, consistency, literacy. As part of the general characteristics of judicial documents, attention was paid to the requirement of fairness and expediency. Close attention is paid to the language and style of court documents. The requirements for the form and content of court documents are formulated. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to legislate the requirements for some varieties of judicial documents, just as the requirements for judicial acts are fixed.

One of the difficulties in translating English legal texts derives from the uses of specialized language, also known as “legalese“. This research is a preliminary study which sets out to investigate the translation of English legalese into Indonesian in four open-accessed agreements. The data in English, which cover terms and expressions commonly used in legal documents, are classified into seven categories of legal English features. Their Indonesian translations are analysed by using Indonesian dictionaries to discover whether they can be considered as Indonesian legal language. The research finds that most English legalese terms and expressions studied are translated using common words and expressions, which can be looked up in the official monolingual Indonesian dictionary (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia/KBBI) but cannot be found in an Indonesian law dictionary. Therefore, it is concluded that Indonesian legal language is not yet established.

Abstract Topic modeling that can automatically assign topics to legal documents is very important in the domain of computational law. The relevance of the modeled topics strongly depends on the legal context they are used in. On the other hand, references to laws and prior cases are key elements for judges to rule on a case. Taken together, these references form a network, whose structure can be analysed with network analysis. However, the content of the referenced documents may not be always accessed. Even in that case, the reference structure itself shows that documents share latent similar characteristics. We propose to use this latent structure to improve topic modeling of law cases using document homophily. In this paper, we explore the use of homophily networks extracted from two types of references: prior cases and statute laws, to enhance topic modeling on legal case documents. We conduct in detail, an analysis on a dataset consisting of rich legal cases, i.e., the COLIEE dataset, to create these networks. The homophily networks consist of nodes for legal cases, and edges with weights for the two families of references between the case nodes. We further propose models to use the edge weights for topic modeling. In particular, we propose a cutting model and a weighting model to improve the relational topic model (RTM). The cutting model uses edges with weights higher than a threshold as document links in RTM; the weighting model uses the edge weights to weight the link probability function in RTM. The weights can be obtained either from the co-citations or from the cosine similarity based on an embedding of the homophily networks. Experiments show that the use of the homophily networks for topic modeling significantly outperforms previous studies, and the weighting model is more effective than the cutting model.

This paper considers some issues of application of new information and telecommunication multimedia service-technologies designed for solving problems of increasing the efficiency of using the project method for educational purposes on the basis of the State educational standards of secondary vocational education, regulatory and legal support for the implementation of state programs on informatization in the field of education. We recommend applying new information and telecommunication technologies to solve problems in the implementation of educational programs. Modern information and telecommunication projects are very complex. In order to implement these projects, it is necessary to apply special information and organizational technologies, means of support. These technologies can be applied in different areas of activity - education, industry, economy, culture and art. In education, these technologies are referred to as Universal Educational Activities (UEA). The results of applying these technologies can be adapted both for education and for other areas of human activity. The universality of these approaches ensures the effective results, and an integrated approach ensures the possibility of application for educational or economic tasks. The article discusses the use of methods of universal educational actions and the method of project-based training. These issues were considered by a large number of foreign and domestic scientists. On the basis of the research work, technological maps and work flow diagrams were developed for conducting classes on the subject of “Technology of Works on Ships”. Students have mastered computer science, ship technologies, drafting and other disciplines. For the practical implementation of this direction, a comprehensive interdisciplinary lesson “Technology of creating and processing digital and multimedia information” was also prepared and conducted. The developed standardized adapted plan that was used at the lesson “Technology of creating and processing digital and multimedia information” on the theme: “Creating a business card in the vector graphics program Corel Draw” was presented at the VII International Conference-Competition “Innovative Information and Educational Technologies in the System of IT-education”. During the lesson, students master ICT competencies in computer science, history, cultural studies and other disciplines. Methodical development received a certificate “Winner of the Competition” Innovative Information and Educational Technologies in the System of IT education.“ A wide range of projects can be implemented using these methods. For example, the application of the project method for the implementation of the information and telecommunications multimedia service audio guide is considered.

Classification and topic modeling are popular techniques in machine learning that extract information from large-scale datasets. By incorporating a priori information such as labels or important features, methods have been developed to perform classification and topic modeling tasks; however, most methods that can perform both do not allow for guidance of the topics or features. In this paper, we propose a novel method, namely Guided Semi-Supervised Non-negative Matrix Factorization (GSSNMF), that performs both classification and topic modeling by incorporating supervision from both pre-assigned document class labels and user-designed seed words. We test the performance of this method on legal documents provided by the California Innocence Project and the 20 Newsgroups dataset. Our results show that the proposed method improves both classification accuracy and topic coherence in comparison to past methods such as Semi-Supervised Non-negative Matrix Factorization (SSNMF), Guided Non-negative Matrix Factorization (Guided NMF), and Topic Supervised NMF.

W artykule zaprezentowano informacje o odkrytym w 2015 r. w katedrze gnieźnieńskiej licznym zbiorze dokumentów papierowych z XV i początku XVI w. Jak wskazuje wstępna inwentaryzacja, powstał on w związku z działalnością konsystorza gnieźnieńskiego i składają się na niego m.in. mandaty oficjałów, pisma procesowe pełnomocników stron czy zeznania świadków. Najlepszą analogię do znaleziska stanowią znane z archidiecezji Canterbury i York kolekcje tzw. cause papers. Tekst zamyka edycja sześciu przykładowych dokumentów. The paper presents a large collection of paper documents from the 15th and early 16th centuries, discovered in Gniezno Cathedral in 2015. Initial analysis shows that it originated in connection with the activities of the Gniezno consistory and contains, among other items, mandates of officials, process writings of plenipotentiaries of sides in court cases or testimonies of witnesses. The best analogy for the finding are the collections of so-called cause papers known from the archdioceses of Canterbury and York. The paper ends with editions of six sample documents.

In today's world property is the material basis and a means to meet the material and spiritual needs of the population, so it needs protection against criminal attacks. Robbery and robbery are among the most serious crimes in which criminals infringe not only on human life and health, but also on wealth. Actuality is that the sharp increase in robberies and looting in need of improvement and continuous improvement of methods of investigating these crimes. The problem features in the study of theoretical problems of investigating robberies and robberies involved scientists, criminologists, Y.P. Alenin, L.I. Arkusha, V.D. Basay, V.P. Bahin, V.D. Bernа, R.S.Belkin, V.А. Zhuravel, V.A. Konovalova, M.V. Saltevskiy, V.Y. Shepitko. The investigation of these crimes depends on circumstances which were at the time of their commission. This is a crime scene, or his commission, the subject of attack, attack method, a way of obtaining property or cash, the presence of criminal groups, especially the characteristics of the crime. Looting and robbery are specific inherent properties and characteristics that distinguish them from other crimes. Starting from these crimes forensic point of view have much in common that allows them to give a generalized description. The investigation of robberies and armed assaults characterized investigating the situation and circumstances that characterize them. This makes it possible to develop the main directions of the preliminary investigation, that is, to determine a set of investigative actions and operational activities. Thus, establishing the conditions and reasons for the implementation of looting and robbery is one of the components of the investigative process. Most of these conditions can be set when questioning victims and witnesses (c. 224-226 Code of Ukraine), during the inspection of the scene (art. 237 Code of Ukraine), questioning of defendants and other actions. Unfortunately, some employees of pre-trial investigation underestimate the importance of these investigations, which results in the future to incomplete pre-trial investigation and the improper collection of information about the crimes committed. The successful investigation of robberies and looting must use every opportunity to obtain the necessary information, its processing and implementation of the norms of current legislation and features provided as criminology and other precise legal sciences.

Antropogeni i tehnogeni uticaj na životnu sredinu pojačan je u poslednjoj deceniji XX veka. Taj trend se nastavlja i u XXI veku, a ofanziva globalizacije donosi nove ekološke probleme. Globalni ekološki problemi najviše pogađaju gradove. Izgled čovekove sredine, čiji je indentitet izražen kroz formu, strukturu i boju, predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih karakteristika prostora. Prvo što se uočava jeste građevina i urbanističko uređenje. Ljudi su uvek pridavali veliku važnost izboru materijala za izgradnju i uređenje prostora. Pri tome su korišćeni materijali koji su bili karakteristični za određene regije i podneblja. U eri savremenih tehnologija i ekspanzije novih tehničkih dostignuća, čovek i njegova okolina zahtevaju materijale koji će oplemeniti životni prostor, a konstrukcije i oblikovane volumene učiniti bogatijim i sadržajnijim. Materijali koji se primenjuju treba da zadovolje kriterijume koji omogućavaju komfor, obezbeđuju racionalno trošenje energije, zdrave životne uslove i očuvanje životne sredine. U ovom radu predstavljeni su građevinski materijali koji po svom sastavu i tehnologiji izrade doprinose zaštiti i očuvanju životne sredine. / The looks of any environment, the identity of which is expressed through its form, structure and color, is one of the most significant characteristics of any area. The first structures that catch the observer's eye are buildings and urban structures. People have always attached importance to the choice of building materials and interior design. Materials used have been specific for certain regions. In the era of modern technology and the expansion of new technical advances, the man and his environment require materials which are going to enrich living space, while constructions and shaped volumes will be made richer and more content aware. Materials should fulfill criteria which allow comfort, provide efficient energy consumption, healthy living conditions and preserve the environment. Buildings significantly change our environment. Most of such man-made objects do not comply with the needs of environmental protection because they are energetically inefficient, too cold or too hot and expensive to maintain. They are mostly built of materials which have a negative effect on health and environment. About 40% of stone and small and big aggregate are used for their production, as well as 25% of timber. Such objects waste 40% of energy and 16% of water worldwide. The use of eco-friendly materials results in objects with a minimal influence on the environment and at the same time such materials are more economical and healthier for living. Environmental protection and construction means the maximum utilization of natural site conditions, usage of healthy materials, efficient consumption of water and energy for building and use of water. / Антропогенное и техногенное влияние на окружающую среду особенно усилилось в последнее десятелетие ХХ века. Эта тенденция продолжается и в XXI веке, а наступление глобализации несет новые экологические проблемы. Города наиболее затронуты глобальными экологическими проблемами. Внешний вид окружающей человека среды, индивидуальность которой выражается через формы, структуры и цвета, является одним из наиболее важных характеристик пространства. Первое что бросается в глаза – это архитектура и строительство. Человек всегда придает большое значение выбору материалов для строительства и отделки. При этом влияние на выбор материала оказывают региональная принадлежность и климатические условия. В эпоху современных технологий и экспансии новых технических достижений, человек требует использования материалов, которые сделают окружающее пространство более комфортным и насыщенным. То есть, материалы должны обеспечивать необходимый уровень комфорта, соответствовать требованиям энергоэффективности, быть безвредными для здоровья и экологичными. В данной статье приведен обзор материалов, соответствующих таким требованиям.

Recently, the political and social notion of natural risks and disasters has gained increasing attention, partly as a result of high-magnitude disaster events in last decades. In this regard, the concept of social vulnerability has been incorporated into international legal frameworks and strategies of disaster risk reduction, emphasizing that the effective ways to reduce natural risks are inherently related to social action at different institutional levels. The shift in research agenda towards vulnerability assessment and social notion of natural risks seems to be less intensive in Czechia, however, which is due to epistemological traditions in geosciences and regional studies in the country. Therefore, the background aim of the study is to raise a discussion on emerging research themes for geoscientists and regionalists in the country-wide perspective through the two specific aims. First, we evaluated the success of Czech political representatives in implementing the international legal frameworks and strategies into the national and regional policies. Our results of analysis of strategic documents and legal frameworks suggest that although the issue of natural risks is well incorporated into the strategic documents and legal frameworks in Czechia, these documents do not sufficiently reflect the international agreement on the necessity of a conceptual shift towards a social vulnerability concept within disaster risk reduction. Second, we analysed social perception of natural risks in a case study of the city of Ústí nad Labem in northern Czechia. On one hand, the analysis has revealed that the issue of natural risks, represents an important short-term decisive factor for local community. On the other hand, the long-term perception of natural risks, as analysed using the econometric data about the impacts of natural hazards on real estate property, has shown that the social perception of risk, during the periods between the individual disaster events and after these events is relatively weak. This may represent a significant constraint for the implementation of community-based strategies of disaster risk reduction. Politická regulace a společenské vnímání přírodních rizik: „riziková společnost“, česká zkušenost a evropský kontext Důsledkem výrazných přírodních pohrom v posledních desetiletích začalo být stále více pozornosti věnováno společenské dimenzi přírodních rizik. Výzkumy sociální dimenze přírodních rizik v tomto ohledu přispěly k implementaci konceptu společenské zranitelnosti do mezinárodních právních rámců a strategií zmírňování přírodních rizik. V sociálně vědní perspektivě je efektivní cesta ke zmírňování škod způsobených přírodními pohromami spatřována ve společenské aktivitě (akci) realizované na různých institucionálních úrovních. Prvním cílem této studie je zhodnotit, do jaké míry česká politická reprezentace přijala a implementovala zmíněné legislativní rámce a strategie do národních a regionálních politik. Druhým cílem je pak analyzovat sociální odezvu na přírodní rizika v Česku a dokumentovat ji na případové studii města Ústí nad Labem. Politická deklarace přijetí konceptu přírodních rizik a koncepcí zmírňování zranitelnosti společnosti byla hodnocena na základě obsahové a kritické diskursivní analýzy strategických a legislativních dokumentů a rámců. Provedená analýza indikuje, že problematika přírodních rizik je do těchto dokumentů velmi dobře zakomponována, avšak dostatečně se v nich neodráží současný posun blíže ke konceptu sociální zranitelnosti, který je stále běžněji přijímán v Evropě a ve světě. Výsledky výzkumu sociální percepce přírodních rizik a terénní šetření v případové studii zaměřené na město Ústí nad Labem ukazují, že problematika přírodních rizik představuje významný krátkodobý rozhodovací faktor pro denní aktivity obyvatel města. Na druhou stranu, analýza dlouhodobé percepce přírodních rizik obyvateli města, provedená prostřednictvím analýzy cenové mapy nemovitostí po povodňové situaci, naznačila, že vnímání přírodních rizik mezi jednotlivými událostmi a po jejich odeznění je vcelku slabá. Tato skutečnost může představovat významnou bariéru v implementaci komunitních strategií zmírňování dopadů přírodních pohrom.

This article overviews and identifies major international and Lithuanian legal documents regulating landscape protection, management and planning, as well as contributing to preservation and development of aesthetic values. Santrauka Straipsnyje apžvelgiami ir išskiriami pagrindiniai tarptautiniai bei Lietuvos teisiniai dokumentai, reglamentuojantys kraštovaizdžio apsaugą, tvarkymą ir planavimą – plėtojantys estetinių vertybių išsaugojimo ir gausinimo principus. Teisiniai dokumentai apžvelgiami pabrėžiant esminius jų išskirtinumus, siekiant papildyti ankstesnį straipsnį (Kalkė 2014) ir dar išsamiau, visapusiškiau įvertinti kraštovaizdžio estetinio potencialo aspektą. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kraštovaizdis, estetinis vertinimas, potencialas, teisinė politika, teisiniai dokumentai.

The overarching objective of this article is to contemplate on the significance of questioned document examination in forensic linguistics. Questioned document examination (QDE) is a forensic linguistics discipline pertaining to disputed documents and applying a variety of linguistic methods and tools to answer questions about a disputed document. More specifically, this article elaborates on the categorization of legal documents that are instrumental in the process of establishing the authenticity of documents in dispute.