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Introduction In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the malaria transmission landscape is influenced by diverse bioclimatic conditions, leading to varied transmission patterns across the country. Purpose The primary objective of this study was to investigate the bionomics of malaria vectors across 22 NMCP sentinel sites. By analyzing the different malaria transmission facies, we aimed to provide detailed insights into vector behavior and abundance to inform more effective malaria control strategies. Methods Mosquitoes were captured at 22 sentinel sites, with sampling conducted in 20 randomly selected households per site. These households were divided into two groups: ten utilized human bait traps, and the remaining ten employed pyrethrum spray catches. The captures were performed over five consecutive nights every six months. A total of 1,723 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected for analysis. Results The study identified five Anopheles species, with Anopheles gambiae s.l. being the most abundant and primary vector, representing 75% of the total captures. The other species included An. funestus group (15%), An. paludis (12%), An. coustani (0.3%), and An. nili (0.2%). Behavioral observations revealed that An. gambiae s.l. is active both indoors and outdoors, with peak biting occurring from 9 p.m. to 4 a.m., and an average biting density of 12 bites per person per night. 13209 mosquitoes (i.e., 88.5%) were captured using the HLC method, while, among the 1,723 mosquitoes captured using the PSC method, 51% were blood-fed, 24% were semi-gravid, 18% were gravid, and 7% were fasting. An. gambiae s.l. was found to be present year-round, contributing to continuous malaria transmission. Conclusion This study provides crucial data on the prevalence and behavior of malaria vectors, particularly emphasizing the role of Anopheles gambiae s.l. as the primary vector in malaria transmission. The findings highlight significant differences in bite rates among species and the year-round activity of An. gambiae s.l., underscoring the need for targeted vector control measures. The data will be used to refine and implement effective vector control strategies, such as long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), to reduce malaria transmission and mortality rates at NMCP sentinel sites.

Introduction Snakebitesrepresent a significant public health problem, particularly in rural and remote areas where access to medical facilities and antivenoms is limited. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and traditional management of snakebites in the Bofidji-Bolenge Grouping, Wangata Commune, Mbandaka City, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods The study area includes sites such as Mbandaka ea Mbula, Lokekya, Bopenzola, and Ikengo. The survey, conducted from January 2019 to December 2020, focused on mainland populations. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys of households and qualitative interviews with local residents, including doctors, herbalists, traditional healers, snakebite victims, their caregivers, and land chiefs. Questionnaires were administered to gather comprehensive data on snakebite occurrences and their management within the community. Results Epidemiologicalinvestigations recorded 1,569 pathological cases, with 780 men (49.71%) and 789 women (50.29%) affected. Pregnant women were particularly impacted, comprising 15.36% of cases. Men with pregnant partners at the time of the bite represented 12.94%. Men and women, in general, accounted for 11.92% and 11.66% of cases, respectively. Children were also affected, with boys at 7.52% and girls at 4.33%. The highest annual prevalence was at the Lokekya site (4.31%). The study identified 37 medicinal plants used in traditional treatments for snakebites and envenomations. Conclusion The study underscores the pivotal role of traditional medicine in addressing public health challenges, particularly in managing snake bites through indigenous plant treatments and the expertise of traditional healers. To improve snakebite management in the DRC, it is recommended to conduct phytochemical analyses of the 37 identified medicinal plants to verify their active compounds.

Introduction Food wastage is a significant global issue with adverse economic, social, environmental, and public health implications. Purpose This study aims to investigate the extent and impact of food wastage in various public markets within Kinshasa City. It seeks to understand the underlying causes and patterns of food wastage, the demographic characteristics of those involved, and the disposal methods employed. Additionally, the study explores the consequences of food wastage on the urban environment and public health. By providing a comprehensive analysis, this research intends to offer insights and recommendations for developing effective strategies to mitigate food wastage and its adverse effects on the city and its inhabitants. Methods The study utilized a combination of surveys, direct observations, and interviews to gather data on food wastage in Kinshasa. A sample of 100 individuals (representing 28.57% of the total market population) was randomly surveyed, and direct observations were made to assess the quantities of food wasted and the disposal methods used. Interviews were conducted to gather additional insights into practices and attitudes toward food wastage. The participants were characterized by low or medium education levels and were predominantly women and young single mothers. Results The study revealed that women constitute the majority of respondents in Kinshasa. Regarding food waste, the survey indicated that 40% of vegetables are wasted, followed by 30% of fruits, 20% of spices, and 10% of cereals. As for waste disposal, the survey revealed that none of the waste is directed to landfill sites as in other markets. Instead, 60% is thrown into the street, 30% into rivers, and a small percentage is either incinerated or used for composting. Conclusion Poor management of food waste increases health risks by attracting pests and causing environmental contamination, which can degrade water and soil quality. Addressing this issue requires implementing awareness campaigns to educate vendors and consumers about the impacts of food waste. Improving food handling practices, enhancing waste management infrastructure, supporting surplus food redistribution, and developing effective policies to reduce food waste are crucial actions to protect public health and promote a healthier urban environment in Kinshasa. These strategies are essential for ensuring food security and sustainability in the city, emphasizing the importance of sustainable consumption patterns and local product valorization through processing, preservation, and composting initiatives within a circular economy framework.

Introduction Low birth weight (LBW) is defined as a birth weight of less than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds) and is associated with various health risks. Factors contributing to LBW include premature birth (before 37 weeks gestation), poor maternal nutrition, maternal health issues such as hypertension or infections, teenage pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, substance abuse during pregnancy, lack of prenatal care, and socioeconomic factors such as poverty and limited access to healthcare. Purpose This study was aimed at assessing the risk factors of low birth weight at Kitenge Hospital Mbujimayi City, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods The study is a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted on the different risk factors for low birth weight in the gynaecology-obstetrics departments of the Kitenge Hospital in Mbuji-Mayi among women who gave birth and newborns who were well-registered from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2022. Results The incidence of LBW was 9.13%. LBW affects more newborns born to young mothers (≤19 years) at 41.73%, primiparous at 36.69%, and non-alcoholic at 73.38%. The sex ratio of newborns was 1.72 in favour of girls, and their birth weight was between 1,000 and 2,000 grams (58.99%). Most newborns (50.36%) had attended PNC

Introduction Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation that affects both the vulva (the external part of the female genital organs) and the vagina. It can be caused by various factors such as bacterial, fungal, or viral infections, allergic or irritative reactions, or hormonal imbalances. Common symptoms include itching, burning, redness, pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Purpose This study aimed to examine the epidemiological and clinical approach to vulvovaginitis at the University Clinics of Kisangani during the years 2012-2014. Methods The study included a total of 1,966 patients admitted to the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Department during the study period. Data on age, marital status, education level, occupation, and residential area were collected. Information on antecedent infections, presenting symptoms, and causative agents was also gathered. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the prevalence and distribution of vulvovaginitis cases. Results Out of the total patients, 298 (15.2%) were diagnosed with vulvovaginitis. Most cases were aged between 20-24 years (29.9%), followed by 15-19 years (25.8%), and 25-29 years (17.1%). Most cases were married (55.4%) and had secondary education (46%). Housewives accounted for the highest proportion of cases (44.63%). Makiso had the highest number of cases (54%), followed by Mangobo (25.2%). The most common antecedent infection was vaginal candidiasis (46.3%), and the most common presenting symptom was abnormal genital discharge (37.2%). Candida albicans was the most common causative agent (46.64%), followed by Neisseria gonorrheae (26.84%) and Trichomonas vaginalis (22.48%). Other agents were Chlamydia trachomatis (1.67%), Haemophilus ducreyi (1%), human papillomavirus (HPV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) (0.67% each). Conclusion Vulvovaginitis is a common condition at the University Clinics of Kisangani, affecting a significant proportion of women. The findings highlight the need for further research and education on the prevention and management of vulvovaginitis in this population.

Introduction Male infertility refers to the inability of a man to impregnate a woman. It is a public health issue among men of reproductive age. Certain minerals, such as zinc, selenium, iron, and magnesium, are essential to produce healthy sperm and for maintaining male reproductive function. Medicinal plants containing these minerals can improve sperm quality and increase the chances of conception in men suffering from infertility. Purpose The aim of this research was to analyze the elemental composition of four medicinal plants traditionally used for their aphrodisiac properties, with a particular emphasis on their application in the treatment of male sterility. Methods The mineral content of selected plants was assessed by X-ray fluorescence using Energy Dispersive XRF Spectrometer (EDXRF). Results The findings reveal significant concentrations of various minerals in the studied medicinal plants, providing crucial information about their elemental composition. Thirty mineral elements were identified, including six macro elements (Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca), 15 micro elements (Al, Si, Mn, Ni, Cu, Mo, Pb, Ti, V, Cr, Hg, Br, Rb, Sr, and Cd), three important elements in the diet of spermatozoa (Fe, Zn, Mg), and seven non-relevant elements. These results can have direct implications for the medicinal properties of the plants, especially in the context of treating male sterility. Conclusions Among the selected medicinal plants, Mondia whitei is rich in minerals as evidenced by principal component analysis (PCA) and could potentially contribute to improving overall health and indirectly promoting male fertility. the

The use of plant extracts as a bio-reducer for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles has attracted attention due to its rapid, ecological, non-toxic and economical protocol. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of synthesizing silver nanoparticles using Cymbopogon citratus leaf extract, and characterizing them by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction and X-ray Fluorescence in order to determine their size and composition, as well as to evaluate them in-vitro bioactivity on selected models. The results of this study show that silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, with a size of 29.49 nm. The silver nanoparticles showed bactericidal activity against all three types of bacteria (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923, and P. aerugunosa ATCC 27853) at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC=31.25 μg/mL), larvicidal activity against Anopheles larvae and reasonable antioxidant properties. All these results demonstrate the biopharmaceutical potential of these new products. These nanoparticles, synthesized from plant extracts, could be a promising solution for the treatment of a number of diseases, including malaria, bacterial infections and diseases caused by oxidative stress.

Introduction Sickle cell disease is an inherited genetic disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, leading to the deformation of red blood cells and serious complications. It is a major public health problem in many countries of inter-tropical Africa. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, over a million people (2%) are affected by this hemoglobinopathy. Purpose This study aimed to scientifically validate the anti-sickle cell activity of aqueous extracts of S. occindentalis seeds and to identify the chemical constituents responsible for this activity. Methods In this study, we used S. occidentalis seeds harvested at Ilebo in Central Kasai Province, while the blood samples used were taken from sickle-cell patients. The phytochemical composition was determined according to the standard method described previously by Iteku et al. and Nkasa et al. The Emmel test was carried out according to the standard protocol described previously by Bongo et al. Results The results obtained in this study showed that the seeds of this plant are rich in secondary metabolites such as total polyphenols (flavonoids, anthocyanins, leuco-athocyanins, tannins, and saponins), di-terpenes, alkaloids, and bound quinones. However, these seeds do not contain triterpenoids and steroids. Total seed extracts from this plant showed significant anti-sickle cell activity. Conclusion This study identified a medicinal plant used by the sickle cell disease community.

Le choc massif et brutal produit par la pandémie de coronavirus et par les mesures d'arrêt des activités prises pour l'enrayer, la plupart des grandes puissances touchées ont appliqué une politique de confinement de leur population provoquant ainsi l'arrêt de l'économie mondiale, des échanges commerciaux et, par ricochet, la paralysie des économies africaines dont celle de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC). Le monde faisant face à une crise sanitaire sans précédent causée par la pandémie du COVID-19, la RDC qui compte plus de 90 millions d’habitants et plus de 500 000 réfugiés des pays voisins, a enregistré le premier cas confirmé à Kinshasa le 10 mars 2020. A ce jour du 23 Février 2023, le pays en compte 95.646 cas de contamination et 1.464 cas de décès. La RDC après l’enregistrement de son premier cas, a pris des mesures de protection sanitaires ; Cependant, elle se trouve elle aussi dans une situation économique inquiétante qui s’est remarquée d’emblée par l’augmentation de taux de la devise étrangère (le dollar) par rapport à la monnaie locale. D’une économie extravertie, la pandémie de la Covid-19 vient la rendre en situation de stagnation ; ce qui risquerait d’emmener le pays dans une récession économique si ce fléau persistait. L'économie de la RDC a été durement touchée parce qu'elle se caractérise par une forte dépendance vis-à-vis du commerce mondial, des exportations de produits de base et des financements extérieurs. Cette économie souffre des vulnérabilités qui sont accentuées par ce choc exogène et doit prendre des mesures politiques courageuses en vue de faire face aux prochaines crises de même nature.

Each year more than 150, 000 tons of dyes are released in effluents by industries. These chemicals entities non-biodegradable and toxic can be removed from effluent by metallic nanomaterials. The aqueous extract of Manotes expansa leaves is used as reducing and stabilizing agent in the biogenic synthesis of Mn-CuO nanocomposites. The nanoparticles obtained were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence, Dynamic Light Scattering (DSL), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The hemotoxicity of biosynthesized nanomaterials was assessed by evaluating their hemolytic activity using erythrocytes as a model system. The photocatalytic activity of Mn-CuO was carried out by photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue dye as a model. The results obtained by UV-vis spectroscopy showed a Plasmonic Surface Resonance band at 408 nm. XRD and X-ray fluorescence made it possible to identify the presence of particles of formula Mn0.53Cu0.21O having crystallized in a Hexagonal system (a = 3.1080 Å and c = 5.2020 Å). Spherical morphology and average height 49.34 ± 6.71 nm were determined by SEM and DSL, respectively. The hemolytic activity of biosynthesized nanomaterials revealed that they are not hemotoxic in vitro (% hemolysis 3.2%) and 98.3% of Methylene Blue dye was removed after 120 min under irradiation with solar light in the presence of Mn-CuO nanocomposites.

The influence of combination of feed based on rice bran and inorganic fertilizer (NPK-17-17-17) was tested in a three months studt on growth performances of snakehead fish in non-drained pond. Daily growth obtained with this mixed feed of rice bran combined with inorganic fertilization profited well to snakehead fish with growth of 1.463 g/day against 0.765 g/day for the control. This type of feed could be proposed to increase the production of fish farming in the trial area.

According to the WHO, more than 80% of the population in Africa resort to traditional medicine to solve primary health problem. In the present study, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out according to a stratified probabilistic sampling plan in five markets of the district of Mont-Amba, in Kinshasa city. The ethnobotanical data collected were then supplemented by information concerning plant ecological types. 47 species belonging 44 genera and 29 families were inventoried in the medicinal flora of the District of Mont-Amba. These plant species are used in treating 41 diseases but only the treatment of poison (toxicological hepatitis), sexual weakness, malaria and tooth decay received an informant consensus factor ? 50%. According to the value of agreement use, only the following eight plant species are of interest: Aframomum melegueta, Garcinia kola, Gladiolus gregarius, Gongronema latifolium, Heinsia crinita, Morinda morindoides, Quassia africana and Sarcocephalus latifolius. It is thus desirable that studies should be carried out on these eight plant species in order to collect scientific data for guiding future research on the phytochemistry and the bioactivity which will lead to the domestication of raw materials for the development of improved plant-based medicines. Also, the creation of a botanical garden of medicinal plants will be able to contribute to the safeguard of the medically active plants, the diffusion of knowledge, medical and pharmaceutical experiences and sociocultural exchanges.

This study was about the systematic inventory in two types of forest stands (mixed Forest and Gilbertiodendron dewevrei mono- dominant forest) in the concession 033/11 under the management of the SICOBOIS company, based in the province of Equateur in Democratic Republic of the Congo, in order to orient choices of sustainable management of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The mixed forest provided a total 348 individuals, belonging to 90 species grouped in 29 families. The mean density of the woody plants is of 139 individuals/ha, representing a basal area of 25 m2/ha. Concerning the Gilbertiodendron dewevrei mono-dominant forest, 322 individuals have been counted. They belong to 50 species and 20 families, with mean values of 129 individuals/ha and 30.4 m2/ha respectively for the density and the basal area. The study zone has given 670 stems of diameter at breast height (DBH)?10 cm. They are distributed in 101 species belonging to 30 families. For the mixed forest, the mean values of the diversity indices were the following: Shannon-Weaver index (H) = 4.05; Simpson index (1-D) = 0.97; Fisher alpha index (?) = 39.3 and Equitability (J) = 0.89. On the other hand, the calculated values of biodiversity indices for Gilbertiodendron dewevrei mono-dominant forest were: Shannon-Weaver index (H) = 2.27; Simpson index (1-D) = 0.70; Fisher alpha (?) = 16.6 and Equitability (J) = 0.57. The collected data will permit to monitor the spatio-temporal dynamics of flora and vegetation of this forest concession and will help decision- makers and the concession managers to develop a suitable strategy for the sustainable forest management.

A study on the impact of granivorous birds on rice yield was carried out at the Bokonzi High School of Agricultural Studies, located in the Sud-Ubangi province in Democratic Republic of Congo.The aim of the study was to evaluate the yield deficit of rice in husk, due to the birds in study area. The results showed that the rate of deficit due to the birds is 4.67% for fields kept on surveillanceand 28.35% without surveillance (about 16.1% of yield/ha). According of the current price of dry paddy in this area, the yield deficit of rice in value is respectively 28.35 USD and 167 USD with an average of 97.83USD of deficit/ha. This loss of yield constitutesan important economic and social deficit for the rice culture practitioners.

According to the WHO, more than 80 % of the population in Africa resort to traditional medicine for their health care. In the present study, a survey was carried out among Bambenga Pygmies of the forest of Lobala-Poko, Sector of Dongo (Kungu Territory, Province of Sud-Ubangi) in Democratic Republic of Congo with the aim of inventorying medicinal plants used by these autochthonous peoples for various illnesses. The results established a floristic list of 35 species belonging to 17 families of which Leguminosae (17 %), Malvaceae and Meliaceae (with 14 % each) are the major used species. The results of this study also indicated that the 30 identified plants are trees (86 %), 03 plants are herbs (9 %) and finally 02 plants are lianas (6 %). The bark is the most used part (43 %), followed by the leaf (20 %), root (16 %), fruit (14 %) and sap (8 %). Among the 36 treated diseases, back pain is the most quoted, followed by dysentery and low stomach.

Investigations on mammal species implicated in crop damage and control techniques used to protect fields was carried out in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve (OWR). The aim of this study was to identify mammal species causing damages on crops, the growth stages affected, the frequency and severity of damage in the fields and control techniques used. Data were collected in six villages using a standard questionnaire form translated in the main local languages (Swahili and Lingala), between 02–29 June and 07–31 August 2010. A probabilistic survey and structured interview have been used to collect data. Farmers of 7 main tribes were interviewed (a total of 210 farmers) who are living in OWR. The study shows that Primates (Cercocebus galeritus agilis, Papio anubis) and elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) cause considerable damage during maturation and fructification of maize, cassava and bananas in the fields. Farmers keep their fields under guard to drive away animals and prevent crop damage.

As part of biodiversity monitoring in the Kisangani Forest Region, a survey of bats was conducted in three protected areas, specifically Lomami, Yangambi and Epulu. In this pilot study, a total of 201 specimens were collected using Japanese nets of different lengths (6, 9 and 12 m long) and a height of 2 m with a mesh size of 2 × 2 cm to capture bats. Captured specimens were identified using determination keys appropriate for the study area. The results of inventories in the three sites revealed that 201 specimens of captured bats belong to 2 sub-orders, 4 families, 9 genera and 12 species. The most abundant species were Epomops franqueti, Megaloglossus woermannii and Myotis bocagii. The following species, Epomops franqueti, Megaloglossus woermanii, Casinycteris argynnis, and Hipposideros caffer were found at all three sites. Based on the Shannon Index, it was observed that the Lomami site has a higher specific diversity than the two other areas (Yangambi and Epulu) 1.74 against 1.51 and 1.42 respectively.

Cette étude a porté sur l’inventaire systématique dans deux types de peuplements (Forêt mixte et Forêt à Gilbertiodendron dewevrei) dans la concession 033/11 sous la gestion de la SICOBOIS dans la province de l’Équateur en République Démocratique du Congo en vue d’orienter les choix d’aménagement durable de la biodiversité et des services écosystémiques. La forêt mixte a fourni au total 348 individus, appartenant à 90 espèces groupées en 29 familles. La densité moyenne des ligneux est de 139 individus/ha, représentant une surface de 25 m2/ha. Quant à la forêt à Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, 322 individus ont été dénombrés, repartis en 50 espèces et 20 familles, avec des valeurs moyennes de 129 individus/ha et de 30,4 m2/ha respectivement pour la densité et la surface occupée. L’ensemble de la zone d’étude a donné 670 tiges de diamètre à la hauteur de poitrine (DHP)? 10 cm. Elles sont réparties en 101 espèces appartenant à 30 familles. Pour la forêt mixte, les valeurs moyennes des indices de diversité sont les suivantes: Indice de Shannon-Weaver (H) = 4,05; Indice de Simpson (1-D) = 0,97; Indice de Fisher alpha (?) = 39,3 et Equitabilité (J)= 0,89. Pour la forêt à Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, les valeurs calculées des indices de biodiversité sont: Indice de Shannon-Weaver (H) = 2,27; Indice de Simpson (1-D) = 0,70; Indice de Fisher alpha (?) = 16,6 et Equitabilité (J) = 0,57. Ces données collectées permettront de suivre la dynamique spatio-temporelle de la flore et de la végétation de cette concession forestière et aideront les décideurs et les concessionnaires à mettre en place une meilleure stratégie d’aménagement forestier durable. Mots Clés: Forêt, Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, structure spatiale, indice de diversité, gestion durable

L’impact de l’alimentation à base de son de riz et de la fertilisation minérale à base de NPK-17-17-17 sur la croissance du poisson serpent «Parachanna insignis» (sauvage, 1884) a été testé durant trois mois en monoculture, en étang non vidangeable de bas-fonds. Les performances zootechniques obtenues sont intéressantes: un gain de poids quotidien de 1,463 g/jour contre 0,765 g/jour pour le témoin soit un accroissement de 91,2 % de gain de poids absolu pour ce fertilisant minéral. Ainsi, l’application du son de riz combiné au NPK-17-17-17 profite mieux à la croissance de cette espèce. Ce type d’élevage peut être encouragé pour augmenter de façon substantielle la production piscicole dans le milieu d’étude. Mots clés : Étang, Fertilisation, Nourrissage, Parachanna insignis, République Démocratique du Congo

Selon l’OMS, plus de 80% de la population africaine recourt à la médecine traditionnelle pour résoudre le problème de santé primaire. Dans la présente étude, une enquête ethnobotanique a été menée selon un plan d’échantillonnage stratifié probabiliste dans cinq marchés du district de Mont-Amba. Les données ethnobotaniques recueillies ont ensuite été complétées par des informations concernant les types écologiques. 47 espèces appartenant 44 genres et 29 familles ont été inventoriées dans la flore médicinale du District de Mont-Amba à Kinshasa. Ces plantes traitent 41 maladies, cependant seuls les traitements du poison (hépatite toxicologique), de la faiblesse sexuelle, du paludisme et de la carie dentaire ont un facteur de consensus informateur ? 50 %. En recourant à la valeur d’accord d’utilisation, seules huit plantes se dégagent du lot, notamment Aframomum melegueta, Garcinia kola, Gladiolus gregarius, Gongronema latifolium, Heinsia crinita, Morinda morindoides, Quassia africana et Sarcocephalus latifolius. Il est donc souhaitable que des études soient réalisées sur ces huit plantes en vue de recueillir les données scientifiques pouvant orienter les recherches pharmaco-biologiques et phytochimiques futures et susceptibles de conduire à la domestication des matières premières pour la fabrication de médicaments traditionnels améliorés. Aussi, la création d’un jardin botanique de plantes médicinales pourra contribuer à la sauvegarde des espèces bioactives, à la diffusion et à l’échange des connaissances et des expériences médico-pharmaceutiques et socio-culturelles. Mots-cléfs: Enquête ethnobotanique, Plantes médicinales, Gestion durable, Conservation, République démocratique du Congo

Une étude de l’impact des oiseaux granivores sur le rendement du riz pluvial (Oryza sativa) en culture pure a été conduite à l’Institut Supérieur d’Études Agronomiques (ISEA) de Bokonzi, dans la province du Sud-Ubangi, en République Démocratique du Congo. L’objectif principal de cette étude était d’évaluer les déficits des rendements de la culture pluviale du riz, causés par les oiseaux granivores dans la zone d’étude. Les résultats des analyses statistiques démontrent que le taux de déperdition dû à l’action des oiseaux est de 4,67 % dans les champs surveillés et de 28,3 % dans les champs non surveillés, soit une perte moyenne à l’hectare de 16,1 % de rendement. Ceci traduit une perte respective équivalant à 28,3 USD et 167 USD, soit en moyenne 97,8 USD/ha. Ces pertes constituent un déficit socio-économique important pour les riziculteurs. MOTS-CLEFS: Oryza sativa, Oiseaux granivores, Surveillance, Rendement, République démocratique du Congo.

Selon l’OMS, plus de 80 % de la population en Afrique recourt à la médecine traditionnelle pour se soigner. Dans la présente étude, une enquête a été réalisée chez les pygmées Bambenga de la forêt du Groupement Lobala-Poko, Secteur de Dongo (Territoire de Kungu, Province du Sud-Ubangi), en République Démocratique du Congo dans le but d’inventorier les plantes médicinales utilisées par ces peuples autochtones pour la prise en charge des maladies courantes. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’établir une liste floristique de 35 espèces appartenant à 17 familles dont les Leguminosae (17 %), Malvaceae et Meliaceae (avec 14 % chacune) sont les plus prépondérantes. Les résultats de cette étude ont également montré que 30 des plantes identifiées sont des arbres (86 %), trois sont des herbes (9 %) et enfin deux sont des lianes (6 %). L’écorce est la partie la plus utilisée (43 %) suivie respectivement de la feuille (20 %), de la racine (16 %), du fruit (14 %) et de la sève (8 %). Sur l’ensemble des 36 maladies soignées, la lombalgie est la plus citée suivie de la dysenterie et du bas ventre. Mots-Clefs: Enquête ethnobotanique, Plantes médicinales, Pygmées Bambenga, République démocratique du Congo

Objective: To perform phytochemical analyses on the leaves of Ocimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum), to elucidate the structure of isolate and then perform the antisickling activity on the crude extract and on the isolate. Methods: The Emmel test performed on the acidified methanolic extract of this plant was used to evaluate the antisickling activity. The structure characterization of the active compound was performed using chromatographic techniques for the separation and the spectroscopic ones for structure elucidation (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HMBC). Results: The chemical screening on the crude extract revealed the presence of polyphenols (flavonoids, anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, tannins, quinones) alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids and steroids. The obtained extract after evaporation yielded 34.50 g (11.5%) out of 300 g of powdered leaves of O. basilicum. The acidified methanolic extract and butyl stearate showed an interesting antisickling activity. Conclusions: The acidified methanolic extract and butyl stearate from O. basilicum displayed a good antisickling activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to report the antisickling activity of this compound in this plant. The synthesized compound presented the same spectroscopic characteristics than the natural one and the antisickling activities of its derivatives are understudying.

Introduction The increasing resistance of Anopheles gambiae to conventional insecticides poses a significant challenge to malaria control efforts. This study investigates the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPAgs) from Jatropha curcas leaf extracts and their potential larvicidal effects on wild Anopheles gambiae larvae, offering a novel approach to vector management. Purpose The purpose of this study was to synthesize NPAgs from J. curcas and assess their larvicidal efficacy against Anopheles gambiae larvae. This research aims to contribute to the development of alternative strategies for mosquito control, addressing the growing issue of insecticide resistance. Methods Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using leaf extracts from J. curcas and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Phytochemical screening identified secondary metabolites present in the extracts. The larvicidal effects of NPAgs were evaluated through larvicidal bioassays, and their hemolytic potential was assessed on erythrocyte membranes. Insecticide susceptibility testing was performed using the WHO tube sensitivity test to measure resistance levels. Results Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of various secondary metabolites, including polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, quinones, and steroids. Thin-layer chromatography confirmed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and iridoids. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed an absorbance peak at 500 nm, confirming NPAg synthesis. The characteristic diffractograms showed five peaks corresponding to distinct crystal planes. The hemolysis rate of NPAgs (1 mg/mL) was less than 50%, indicating low cytotoxicity. Larvicidal activity was significant, with 100% mortality observed at a concentration of 1 mg/mL after 24 hours. Resistance testing revealed confirmed resistance at both study sites, with Maluku showing higher resistance than Mbudi. Pre-exposure to 4% PBO increased mortality compared to permethrin alone. Molecular analysis of An. gambiae revealed a composition of 80% An. gambiae, 5% An. coluzzii, and 15% non-amplified samples. Genotypic analysis indicated that 75% of the mosquitoes were homozygous for Vgsc-L1014F, with the remainder showing varying resistance profiles. Conclusion The findings highlight the potential of NPAgs synthesized from J. curcas as effective larvicides against An. gambiae, with implications for future mosquito control strategies. The low cytotoxicity of NPAgs and their efficacy against resistant mosquito populations suggest they could serve as a promising alternative in integrated pest management approaches for malaria vector control.

Introduction The lack of access to quality healthcare affects nearly half of the world's population, leading to high mortality rates, particularly among children under five years old. This issue is especially prevalent in developing countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which ranks fourth in child mortality rates. To address this challenge, the DRC has implemented a strategy of establishing Community Care Sites (CCS) in various health zones. Purpose This study aimed to assess the impact of Community Health Centers (CHCs) on healthcare access in the Cilundu Health Zone (HZ) in the DRC. Methodology A comparative, quasi-experimental study was conducted in two health zones: Cilundu (benefiting from CCS) and Mukumbi (non-beneficiary). The study involved 444 randomly selected participants, with 148 from the Cilundu HZ and 296 from the Mukumbi HZ. Results The study found that 75% of the population utilized the CCS for treating illnesses in children aged 0 to 5 years, primarily due to the lower costs and proximity of the facilities. Among the beneficiaries, 49.3% were able to pay for services easily, while 48.6% paid with difficulty. In contrast, in Mukumbi, 56.8% of the population paid with difficulty, and 39.2% struggled significantly. The number of cases treated increased after the introduction of the CCS. Conclusion The introduction of CCS has positively impacted access to healthcare in the Cilundu Health Zone, making healthcare more accessible and affordable for the local population.

Introduction Traditional uses of Ganophyllum giganteum (A. Chev.) Hauman and previous studies suggest that this plant may contain secondary metabolites with medicinal properties. The plant has been historically utilized for various therapeutic purposes, yet scientific exploration of its chemical and biological characteristics remains limited. Purpose This study aims to identify the secondary metabolites present in the stem bark of Ganophyllum giganteum (A. Chev.) Hauman, examine its histological elements, determine its mineral composition, and assess its antioxidant activity. Methods The study employed microscopic examination to identify histological features, phytochemical analysis to characterize secondary metabolites, and mineral analysis using a PHYWE 4.0 X-ray diffractometer. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS•+ and DPPH assays, with both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plant tested. Results Microscopic analysis revealed histological elements such as fibre fragments and palisading parenchyma in the stem bark. The phytochemical profile identified a variety of secondary metabolites, including polyphenols, anthocyanins, leuco-anthocyanins, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, tannins, saponins, triterpenes, and steroids. The antioxidant activity results showed that both aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited significant antioxidant power, with the ethanolic extract demonstrating the highest activity (IC50 = 0.71±0.00 μg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 = 15.93±2.57 μg/mL) and the control (quercetin, IC50 = 3.21±0.99 μg/mL). The mineral composition analysis indicated the presence of essential elements such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, selenium, iron, vanadium, manganese, copper, zinc, silica, sulphur, cobalt, and cadmium. Conclusion The study provides scientific evidence validating the traditional use of Ganophyllum giganteum (A. Chev.) Hauman for medicinal purposes. The plant's rich chemical composition and notable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities highlight its potential as a source for developing drugs and nutraceuticals. These findings underscore the plant’s potential role in managing diseases and contribute to future research in the development of therapeutic agents based on this plant.

Introduction HIV infection is a formidable pandemic with an incalculable impact. Pregnancy and HIV infection together create an immunobiological risk duo and a myriad of ethical conflicts throughout gestation and the birth of an exposed baby who may be HIV-positive. Purpose This study aims to understand the ethical decision-making process used by those involved in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Methods An exploratory study based on grounded theory involved semi-structured interviews with twenty-one participants at Saint-Joseph General Hospital and Kintambo Maternity Hospital. Results The study identified two value conflicts experienced by the participants: interpersonal conflicts and intra-personal conflicts. Ethical decision-making involved not sharing information, stopping the maternity project, and analysing facts and possible decisions. Major factors influencing ethical decision-making included internal factors (lack of experience, personal values, non-exposure to ethical conflicts, attitude of silence) and external factors (economic aspects, non-existence of an ethics committee, and ignorance of ethical decision stages). Participants described levers such as sharing experiences, raising personal values, and peer education. Their expectations included male partner involvement, zero HIV-positive babies, access to inputs and medicines, open exchanges with others, state support, literacy campaigns, and better health for people living with HIV and their babies. Conclusion Ethical decision-making among PMTCT actors is predominantly individual rather than collective. The analysis reveals common points and underscores the need for ethical reflection among the actors.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that affects a large fraction of the world’s population. In addition to the many complications associated with it, the lack of effectiveness and insufficiency of current treatments have driven the WHO to return to traditional medicine, which generally involves the use of plant materials as remedies. Purpose This study investigates the protective effects of Dioscorea alata and D. rotundata extracts on the liver, pancreas, and kidney in alloxan-induced diabetic guinea pigs. Methods Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg). Post-induction, guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.) were treated orally with Dioscorea alata and D. rotundata extracts (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively) for 21 days. The liver, pancreas, and kidneys were assessed for histopathological changes. Two standard synthetic antidiabetics (insulin 5 IU/100g and glibenclamide 5 mg/kg) were used as positive controls. Results Histopathological examination revealed marked improvement in the tissue morphology of the liver, pancreas, and kidneys in the treated groups compared to the untreated group. The renal parenchyma showed a fairly normal structure, with the Malpighian glomerulus clearly visible, exhibiting hyperplastic cell nuclei in full regeneration. Conclusion Tuber extracts from these two yam species have shown potential to repair and regenerate tissue damaged by the deleterious effects of alloxan-induced free radicals and permanent hyperglycemia during diabetes. The evident antidiabetic and cytoprotective potential of these plant species could be utilized for the development of biologically active natural molecules for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. The study is limited by its short duration, and further long-term studies with varied dosage regimens are recommended to better understand the effects of these extracts. Additional research should explore the specific bioactive compounds responsible for the observed protective effects and their mechanisms of action.

Introduction The use of medicinal plants is common in healthcare systems globally, often involving the therapeutic use of food plants, especially in areas where traditional medicine is integral to healthcare. Purpose This study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and biological effects of Dioscorea alata and D. rotundata on liver enzyme activity and kidney function, with potential applications for diabetes management in resource-limited settings. Methods Forty guinea pigs were induced with diabetes using alloxan monohydrate and divided into eight groups. Four groups were treated with hydro-methanolic extracts of Dioscorea alata and D. rotundata tubers at different doses for 21 days. A negative control group received distilled water, while diabetic control groups were given a water placebo. Two diabetic groups were treated with standard anti-diabetic drugs: slow insulin and glibenclamide. Data analysis included various statistical tests, such as Student's t-test, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Dioscorea rotundata at 400 mg/kg was most effective, significantly reducing blood glucose levels by 59.46% to 122.8 mg/dL, compared to a 24.12% increase in the diabetic control group (413.5 mg/dL). This extract also improved lipid profiles, lowering triglycerides by 42.41% to 139.76 mg/dL, total cholesterol by 39.94% to 101.52 mg/dL, and LDL-cholesterol by 40.93% to 65.02 mg/dL, while increasing HDL-cholesterol by 34.84% to 31.54 mg/dL. Additionally, D. rotundata improved liver and kidney function, reducing ALAT levels by 36.16% to 53.64 IU/L, ASAT levels by 7.45% to 209.44 IU/L, and creatinine by 75.41% to 0.88 mg/dL. Conclusion Dioscorearotundata at 400 mg/kg shows the most pronounced beneficial effects in managing diabetes and improving metabolic and organ functions in the studied guinea pigs.

L'étude menée dans le massif forestier de Kikungu a porté sur dix essences végétales: Anisophyllea polyneura Floret, Alstonia boonei De Wild., Brachystegia laurentii (De Wild.) Louis, Celtis tessmannii Rendle, Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill., Homalium longistylum Mast., Petersianthus macrocarpus (Beauv.) Liben, Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb., Tridemostemon omphalocarpoides Engl. et Trilepisium madagascariense Lam. ex Poir. Le choix de ces espèces a été guidé par leurs dimensions et leur fréquence au sein de la phytocénose étudiée. Cette recherche a permis de déterminer la biomasse aérienne (litière, brindilles, fleurs et fruits) produite, ainsi que d'estimer la quantité de carbone stockée dans cette litière, les écorces de racines et les tiges de quatre individus parmi ces essences. Les résultats ont été regroupés en trois classes de biomasse aérienne. Ainsi, les valeurs de biomasse aérienne obtenues sont de 32,7 t/ha pour les essences avec un diamètre à hauteur de poitrine (dbh) situé entre 26,7 et 39,8 cm, de 39,0 t/ha pour la classe de dbh oscillant entre 55,7 et 89,2 cm, et de 36,5 t/ha pour les émergents (dbh ? 92,6 cm). La valeur totale du carbone séquestré par les quatre individus sélectionnés pour la litière, les écorces de racine et les tiges est de 4,76 t/ha. Le dbh moyen de ces essences est de 19,5 cm. La hauteur des arbres étudiés varie de 15 à 45 mètres. Sur le plan pratique, ces résultats peuvent guider les efforts de conservation et de gestion durable de la forêt dans le but de maintenir un stockage efficace de carbone. Ils peuvent également être utilisés pour évaluer les impacts des activités humaines telles que l'exploitation forestière ou le changement climatique sur la quantité de carbone stockée dans la forêt. Sur le plan scientifique, ces résultats enrichissent la connaissance sur la dynamique des écosystèmes forestiers, notamment en ce qui concerne la production de biomasse aérienne et le stockage de carbone, ce qui peut contribuer à l'amélioration des modèles de prédiction des changements climatiques et à la formulation de politiques de conservation plus efficaces. Mots clés: Séquestration carbone, Biomasse aérienne, massif forestier de Kikungu, essences végétales, dimensions des arbres

Le but du présent travail a été d’identifier les plantes médicinales utilisées par les parents des sujets drépanocytaires pour la prise en charge de la maladie et d’évaluer l'activité anti-drépanocytaire et anti-inflammatoire des plantes les plus citées (Ipomoea batatas et Persea americana). Une enquête par la technique d’échantillonnage en boule de neige a été réalisée auprès 30 parents (25 à 89 ans d’âge). L’enquête ethno-botanique a permis de répertorier 30 espèces distribuées dans 30 genres et 25 familles botaniques. Les familles les plus représentées étaient les Fabaceae, les Acanthaceae et les Buseraceae. La florule recensée est constitué de cinq formes de vie principales notamment les arbres, les arbustes, les sous-arbustes les lianes et les herbes vivaces. Les arbres (10 espèces) et les arbustes (9 espèces) étaient dominants suivis respectivement des herbes vivaces (7 espèces); des lianes (3 espèces) et les sous-arbustes (1 espèce). Les analyses phyto-chimiques ont révélé que les feuilles de Ipomoea batatas contiennent de saponines, de polyphénols, de anthocyanes, de flavonoïdes, de quinones liées, de leucoanthocyanes, de tanins, de alcaloïdes et de stéroïdes. Par contre, les feuilles de Persea americana contiennent de saponines, des anthocyanes, de flavonoïdes, de quinones liées, de leucoanthocyanes, de tanins et de stéroïdes. Les extraits bruts hydro-alcooliques de deux plantes ont montré une activité anti-falcémiante in vitro. A la dose de 89,3 µg/mL, ces extraits sont plus actifs que le Diclofénac sodique (39,7 %). En outre, l’extrait aqueux est plus actif que l’extrait organique. Persea americana (84,3% vs 78,0 %) est plus actif en milieu aqueux tandis que Ipomoea batatas (58,3 % vs 52,0 %) est plus actif en milieu organique. Les feuilles de I. batatas sont douées des propriétés anti-drépanocytaires in vitro. La concentration minimale de normalisation (CMN), c’est-à-dire la plus faible concentration pour laquelle le taux de normalisation est maximal, a été évaluée à 30 µg/mL. Mots clés: Drépanocytose, Inflammation, Médecine Traditionnelle, Ipomoea batatas, Persea americana

Introduction The maternal and neonatal prognosis of unattended or poorly attended pregnancies refers to the expected outcomes for mothers and newborns in pregnancies where there has been inadequate or no antenatal care. This includes assessing the likelihood of complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period for the mother, as well as the health outcomes for the newborn, such as birth weight, APGAR score, and the presence of any neonatal complications. Purpose To assess the impact of inadequate antenatal care on maternal and neonatal outcomes, with a focus on identifying associated risk factors. Methods This case-control study involved 660 women and newborns delivered at the Bonzola maternity unit over one year. Two groups were categorized: the first group included 220 deliveries with no or poorly attended antenatal care (cases) and the second group included 440 deliveries with well-attended antenatal care (controls). Poorly attended antenatal care was defined as fewer than four visits, while well-attended care was defined as four or more visits, following WHO guidelines. Data on maternal age, parity, history of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), APGAR score, and neonatal complications were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between inadequate antenatal care and maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results Poorly attended or unattended pregnancies accounted for 33.33% of cases. The absence of complications was more common in these pregnancies. Factors associated with poorly attended or unattended pregnancies included young maternal age (18 to 23 years) with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.64-3.89], primiparity with an OR of 2.64, 95% CI [1.69-4.14], previous PPH with an OR of 2.74, 95% CI [1.44-5.19], poor APGAR score with an OR of 4.03, 95% CI [2.79-5.82], and neonatal complications with an OR of 4.00, 95% CI [2.69-5.95]. Conclusion Inadequate antenatal care hurts maternal and neonatal outcomes. Identifying barriers to quality maternal and child health services and implementing appropriate interventions at all levels of the health system are crucial for improving outcomes and saving lives.

Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production, leading to red blood cell deformity and various complications, including anemia and organ damage. Transfusion therapy is a common treatment for SCD complications, but it poses risks, including the transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. The prevalence of these infections among transfused SCD patients in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is not well-documented. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B & C and HIV among sickle cell patients who received transfusions in Kinshasa. Purpose The general objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B & C and HIV among sickle cell patients transfused in Kinshasa. This was a prospective and analytical cross-sectional study carried out during the year 2023 among sickle cell patients treated at the SS Anemia Mixed Medicine Center (CMMASS). Methods A total of 100 sickle cell patients were included in the study, with 50 patients who had received transfusions and 50 who had not. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using two methods: the immunochromatographic method with rapid tests and the electrochemiluminescence immunological test (ECLIA). Fisher's exact test was applied with an alpha risk of 0.05 to compare the seroprevalence rates between transfused and non-transfused patients. Results Among the transfused sickle cell patients, the seroprevalences of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV were 6%, 4%, and 3%, respectively. The co-infection rates for HBV-HIV and HCV-HIV were 1% and 2%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in seroprevalence rates between transfused and non-transfused patients (p> 0.05). Conclusions These results partially confirm our hypothesis that the seroprevalence of hepatitis B & C and HIV among transfused sickle cell patients would be higher than that of the general population. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings and to assess the impact of transfusion therapy on the risk of acquiring these infections in SCD patients.

Introduction Sickle cell disease is a hereditary condition primarily identified in tropical areas. It is marked by significant anemia, vaso-occlusive seizures, and a heightened vulnerability to both viral and bacterial infections. Additionally, sickle cell disease is distinguished by the depletion of mineral elements during crises. Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to identify the mineral composition of ten plants, namely Alchornea cordifolia, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Annona senegalensis, Cyttaranthus congolensis, Dissotis brazzae, Justicia secunda, Harungana madagascariensis, Hura crepitans, Hypoxis angustifolia, and Vigna unguiculata, traditionally utilized by practitioners in the management of sickle cell disease. Methods In this study, the biological material consists of the leaves, bark, and seeds of ten plant species. These plants were collected in Kwilu, and the mineral composition was assessed through fluorescence spectrometric analysis. The detection and quantification of the mineral elements were done by X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method with an XEPOS fluorescence spectrometer. The analysis of the results was carried out through Excel. R Studio and SPSS software packages were used for the statistical analyses. Results The study identified a total of twenty-three mineral elements in each of these plants, including Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl), as well as trace elements like Aluminum (Al), Silicon (Si), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Bromine (Br), Molybdenum (Mo), Tin (Sn), Iodine (I), Barium (Ba), and Lead (Pb). Notably, Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Copper, Calcium, Magnesium, and Manganese were found to be mineral elements associated with sickle cell disease. Potassium and Calcium exhibited higher concentrations, while Lead, Tin, Bromine, Copper, and Nickel were present in trace amounts. Conclusion The results obtained confirm that these plants contain some mineral elements such as Fe, Zn, Mg, and Se that are useful for sickle-cell patients.

Introduction Sickle cell disease is a genetic disease that affects the hemoglobin in red blood cells. The symptoms of this public health problem include anemia, painful crises, and an increased risk of infections. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the medicinal plant species Uappaca heudelotii, which has been reported to have antisickling activity in vitro constitutes a source of natural antisickling agents for potential clinical applications in sickle cell disease management. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the potential of two secondary metabolites (Naringenin-7-O-glucoside and Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside) from Uappaca heudelotii in treating sickle cell disease by targeting specific receptors (3NFY, 3WCU, 5VTB, and 7EJ1) associated with the condition. Methods Naringenin-7-O-glucoside and Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside from U. heudelotii were evaluated for their interaction with receptors associated with sickle cell disease namely 3NFY, 3WCU, 5VTB, and 7EJ1 using molecular docking simulation. Discovery Studio 2021 (Biovia) software package was used to prepare the receptor, to edit the binding site, and to visualize the results of docking. SWISS ADME and PKCSM bioinformatics tools were utilized for assessing physicochemical parameters and pharmacokinetic properties, respectively. Results Naringenin-7-O-glucoside and Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside exhibited significant interactions with the receptors; Both compounds formed hydrogen bonds with the receptors, indicating strong binding affinity; Naringenin-7-O-glucoside formed 4, 1, 6, and 3 hydrogen bonds with receptors 3NFY, 3WCU, 5VTB, and 7EJ1 respectively; Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside formed 5, 5, 8, and 2 hydrogen bonds with the same receptors respectively, indicating a higher number of interactions. Conclusions The study confirmed the potential of Naringenin-7-O-glucoside and Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside from U. heudelotii as effective agents against sickle cell disease. These compounds demonstrate promising antisickling properties by inhibiting hemoglobin polymerization and the Rapoport-Lübering shunt, rehydrating erythrocytes, and increasing fetal hemoglobin levels.

Le cancer buccal fait partie des cancers de la tête et du cou. Il entraine des altérations destructives du visage avec des répercussions sociales pour le malade et son entourage. L’objectif de cette étude a consisté à identifier les différents problèmes socio-médicaux, socioéconomiques ; socio-psychologiques et socioreligieux du cancer buccal. Sous l’angle méthodologique, une recherche électronique pertinente a été entreprise au niveau des trois bases des données (Pub Med, Google Scholar, Cross réf). Les articles publiés en anglais et en français entre janvier 1985 et 2022 traitant des aspects sociaux du cancer buccal ont été inclus et discutés dans cette revue de la littérature. A propos des résultats, sur 740 articles retrouvés dans la littérature, 42 ont été sélectionnés. Les différents facteurs sociaux liés au cancer buccal ont été discutés dans cette revue de la littérature. En conclusion, les résultats ont montré que le cancer buccal engendre plusieurs répercussions sociales tant sur le malade que son entourage.

Introduction Artery hypertension (AH) is still the main risk factor for several complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and renal dysfunction. Purpose This study aimed to determine the epidemiological and therapeutic characteristics of patients treated for high blood pressure at the Cardiology Department of the General Hospital of Kinshasa. Methodology: A retrospective descriptive study of records of patients admitted for hypertension to the Department of Cardiology of the General Hospital of Kinshasa was conducted. This study covers two years from January 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023. Results The incidence was 9.2% in the cardiology department and 2.9% in the general hospital. The average age was 55.4 to 12.3, the extremes were 25 to 90, and patients were 51 to 75 years old (54.1%). Women are more affected (59.5%), and the male-female ratio is 0.6. Alcohol consumption is the main complaint in 35.1 percent of cases, while the most reported clinical signs are dizziness, headaches, and muscle dyspnea in 89.3 percent, 77.1 percent, and 53.4 percent, respectively. As for treatment, 100% of patients received medical care and 55.7 % of patients had low-salt diets. According to the distribution of prescribed drugs, diuretics (100%), conversion enzyme inhibitors (78.6%), anticalcitamines (66.4%), and beta-blockers (41.2%) are the most prescribed drugs. In 94.6% of cases, the result was good, with a death rate of 5.4%. Conclusion We can say that arterial hypertension is now a major concern for all medical and paramedical staff. Despite the efforts currently being made, we still see many patients with hypertension every day.

Introduction Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects people around the world and is a major public health problem, with TB transmitted by humans and air. Some of the haematological disorders that are associated with tuberculosis are anemia, leukemia, and/or lymphopenia Purpose This study aimed to investigate hematological disorders in patients with tuberculosis. Methods This study was conducted at Monkole Hospital (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo). A total of 50 tuberculosis patients were included in this case study. Blood samples were collected and analyzed to assess hematological parameters. Patients were randomly selected, and demographic data were gathered for in-depth analysis. Results The analysis revealed that anaemia was the sole hematological disorder observed in tuberculosis patients, with an average hemoglobin level of 8.6 g/dl. Examining erythrocyte indices, the predominant types of anaemia were normochromic normocytic anaemia and hypochromic normocytic anaemia. Conclusion This study confirmed that anaemia and leukopenia are common hematological disorders in patients with tuberculosis. The results of this study can have significant implications for the clinical management of tuberculosis patients. By gaining a better understanding of hematological disorders associated with tuberculosis, healthcare professionals can tailor their diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to enhance the quality of care provided to tuberculosis patients. This information can also guide future research into the hematological complications of tuberculosis, contributing

Introduction Infectious diseases (IDs) constitute a real public health problem in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Purpose This survey aimed to gather more information about the plants used in the DRC for anti-infective, larvicidal, or repellent treatments. Methods The study spanned 4 months (from April 1 to July 31, 2022) within 11 provinces in the DRC and was conducted among 20 traditional healers (TH), 105 vegetable growers (VG), and 953 other plant users (OU) of traditional plants scattered across the country. The survey consisted of a simple interview with an inventory of the plants used. Results The results showed that the average age of the respondents was between 39 and 43 years old. The VG were mainly illiterate. As for TH and OU, literacy rates up to the primary level were 60% and 78%, respectively. The knowledge of the use of plants by the various actors of traditional medicine in this survey emanates from the cultural heritage. For this study, 132 plant species (104 identified and 28 unidentified based on their botanical name or family) were reported. 33 antimicrobial species and 7 larvicidal species belonging to 22 botanical families have been reported among TH, while 1 and 75 antimicrobial species, 6 and 16 larvicidal species, and 13 and 30 repellent species were respectively identified among VG and OU. This study identified Morinda morindoides, Cymbopogon citratus, and Boswellia sacra as the plant species most used by the individuals surveyed for anti-infective, larvicidal, and repellent treatments, respectively, by their citation frequencies, which were the highest. Additionally, the leaves represented the plant parts most used by the respondents. Conclusion This ethnobotanical analysis revealed that most herbal antimicrobial recipes are used to treat malaria. This study confirms the richness of the Congolese flora concerning anti-infective, larvicidal, and repellent treatments.

Introduction The study attempted to elucidate the problem of the management of snakebites and envenomations in rural areas. Purpose It aimed to assess the management of snakebite cases in the liquid space around the town of Mbandaka in the Equateur Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods The area investigated started from the Moyotu-Iyale villages along the Ruki River, moving on to the Isiya-Limbila villages along the Congo River, and ending in the Bondo-Ngolo-Motongambale villages on the Likelemba River. The survey was conducted during the period January 2019 to December 2020. In addition to doctors in the Mbandaka Health Zone, herbalists, traditional practitioners, households with bite cases, and land chiefs were contacted. The survey required the administration of a questionnaire to those involved in the survey. Results According to gender, the percentage of healed persons is 89.23% for men and 89.98% for women. More people with after-effects (6.15%) were recorded among men than among women (4.66%). There were slightly more deaths among women (5.53%) than among men (4.62%). In modern medicine in private health facilities, 57 cases of bites were recorded during the study period. Six of these cases were declared cured (10.53%). 10 cases concerned subjects who had escaped with sequelae, i.e., 17.54%. The low score recorded in the latter cases is justified by the lack of an appropriate protocol for specific cases diagnosed based on modern equipment. Conclusion The pathology of snakebite and envenomation is a case of neglected pathology in the province of Equateur, but also, traditional medicine can treat the pathology given the percentage of cures achieved by traditional healers

Introduction Diabetes is a chronic disease that constitutes a public health problem worldwide and more particularly in Africa, because of its morbidity and mortality and the cost of its management. The use of nutritional therapy represents the best strategy for managing this chronic disease. Purpose The present work aimed to determine the chemical composition of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes and to evaluate their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Methods Chemical screening, energy value, and anti-radical and anti-diabetic activities were respectively carried out according to standard protocols. Results The results of the chemical composition revealed that the rhizomes of C. longa contain (per 100g of fresh mater) proteins (2.81%), lipids (18.76%), ashes (5.08%), and fibers (1.79%). Phytochemical screening showed that Curcuma longa rhizomes harvested from the Bateke plateau contain secondary metabolites such as total polyphenols, anthocyanins, tannins, alkaloids, and steroids. The antioxidant activity of C. longa aqueous extracts showed interesting antiradical activity (IC50: 2.88 µg/mL). The hypoglycemic activity was assessed in vivo in NMRI mice, and our extract showed hypoglycemic activity with a medium glycemic load index. Conclusion Curcuma longa displayed in vivo antidiabetic activity and constituted a source of nutrients and can be valued as a food with good antioxidant properties likely to protect against pathologies associated with radicals. Scientific-based alternative medicine and nutritional therapy represent the best approach for managing chronic diseases.

Cette étude a été réalisée dans le cadre de la valorisation des produits forestiers non ligneux de la République Démocratique du Congo. Elle porte sur la connaissance de l’importance, des propriétés biochimiques et de l’activité glycophage in vitro des fruits de deux espèces de Synsepalum, à savoir S. dulcificum et S. stipulatum, provenant du Territoire de Bikoro, dans la Province de l’Equateur. Le matériel végétal est constitué des pulpes des fruits des deux espèces. Une enquête ethnobotanique, l’analyse des minéraux, les dosages des métabolites primaires et secondaires, et l’activité glycophage ont été réalisés sur les extraits aqueux des deux espèces. Les résultats montrent que ces deux plantes ont une grande importance alimentaire et médicinale. Les fruits sont essentiellement utilisés dans l’alimentation comme édulcorant, alors que la racine, l’écorce et dans une moindre mesure les feuilles, sont utilisés dans la prise en charge des hémorroïdes, la carie dentaire et les faiblesses sexuelles. Ces deux plantes contiennent essentiellement les éléments minéraux majeurs tels que sodium, magnésium, calcium, fer et phosphore. Les pulpes des fruits de deux espèces ont presque une composition presque similaire en métabolites primaires, elles sont riches en polyphénols, alcaloïdes, flavonoïdes, quinones, anthocyanes, tanins condensés et saponines et possèdent un effet glycophage. Ces résultats sont encourageants et mettent en évidence la valeur nutritionnelle de ces deux espèces végétales. Mots clés: Plante médicinale, Synsepalum, diabète, nutrithérapie, RD Congo

Le but de cette étude est de mener une analyse phyto-chimique et une évaluation des activités anti-drépanocytaires, anti-inflammatoires, anti-radicalaires et cytotoxiques des feuilles de Ficus exasperata. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent que la poudre des feuilles de cette plante médicinale contient des éléments histologiques caractéristiques tels que des fragments de parenchyme, des cristaux d'oxalates de calcium, des fibres, des vaisseaux annelés, des grains d'amidon et des fragments de vaisseaux ponctués. Elle contient également des tanins, des saponosides, des flavonoïdes, des acides phénols, des iridoïdes, des anthocyanes, des anthrones, des anthraquinones et des terpènes. La teneur en polyphénols totaux est de 442 mg EAG/g d'extrait, tandis que celle des flavonoïdes totaux est de 7,0 mg EQ/g d'extrait. Il est également démontré que l'activité anti-radicalaire du percolât est supérieure à celle du décocté, et que les feuilles de F. exasperata ne sont pas cytotoxiques (%Hémolyse

Introduction The prevalence of dental cellulitis remains high in developing countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and its epidemiology varies by region and country. Therefore, they represent a significant public health problem. Purpose The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the status of dental cellulitis in the communities of Kinshasa to improve its management. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted within the healthcare system of the Archdiocese of Kinshasa through the networks of the Bureau des Œuvres Médicales, specifically at the grassroots ecclesial communities, from March 1 to March 31, 2020, and then from September 1 to December 31, 2020. The study population consisted of individuals with oral and dental pathologies who responded to the Community Health Workers' call for screening. Results A total of 512 individuals suffering from oral and dental pathologies were included in the study, of which 176 had dental cellulitis. The prevalence of dental cellulitis was 34.4%. Low socioeconomic status, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, alcohol exposure, self-medication with antibiotics and NSAIDs, and traditional medicine were factors associated with its occurrence. Dental causes accounted for 86.4% of dental cellulitis cases, with dental caries and its complications being the most incriminated (79.6%). Conclusion Dental cellulitis is common among oral and dental pathologies in the communities of Kinshasa. Dental caries and its complications are the primary determinants, and low socioeconomic status, poor oral hygiene, NSAIDs, antibiotics, diabetes, alcohol exposure, and traditional medicine are associated factors in their occurrence. This study will serve as a database to help policymakers better tailor strategies to combat oral health conditions in general, and dental cellulitis.

Lippia multiflora est une plante aromatique utilisée en médecine traditionnelle pour traiter un certain nombre de maladies dont la drépanocytose. Le but de la présente étude est d’évaluer son efficacité et son innocuité in vitro. L’analyse micrographique de la poudre de L. multiflora par le réactif de Steimetz a permis d’identifier les cellules épidermiques, les stomates, les fragments de vaisseaux spiralées et les trichomes unicellulaires non glanduleux. Du point de vue phytochimique, cette plante contient les acides phénoliques, les flavonoïdes, les anthocyanes, les leuco-anthocyanes, les quinones liées, les coumarines, les anthraquinones, les iridoïdes, les saponines, les stéroïdes et les tri-terpènes. La teneur en polyphénols totaux est de 336 mg EAG/g d’extrait et tandis que celle des flavonoïdes totaux, des anthocyanes, des tanins condensés et hydrolysables sont respectivement de 6,61 mg EQ/g; 0,111 %; 0,425 %; 0,093 %. L’activité anti-oxydante du percolât (radical DPPH: CI50=73,6 µg/mL; radical ABTS: %I > 50 à 20 µg/mL) est supérieure à celle du décocté (radical DPPH: %I < 50 à 100 µg/mL; radical ABTS: CI50=78,9 µg/mL) et qu’en outre les feuilles de L. multiflora ne sont pas cytotoxiques (%Hémolyse

Although few studies are reported, Hua gabonii remains scientifically unknown due to the lack of studies. However, This aromatic plant is used in developing countries as a condiment or in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. The literature reported that this species is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, and vitamins C and E. Its fruits would present an appreciable antioxidant power. Therefore, H. gabonii is a good candidate for further studies, given its numerous uses in tropical countries.

Although few studies are reported, Hua gabonii remains scientifically unknown due to the lack of studies. However, This aromatic plant is used in developing countries as a condiment or in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. The literature reported that this species is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, and vitamins C and E. Its fruits would present an appreciable antioxidant power. Therefore, H. gabonii is a good candidate for further studies, given its numerous uses in tropical countries.

Une étude sur le régime alimentaire des poissons de la rivière Lomami a été menée sur une période de 8 mois, Février à Octobre 2012, dans le territoire de Katako-kombe pour évaluer les préférences alimentaires de son ichtyofaune. Ainsi, l’observation qualitative des contenus des estomacs de différents poissons capturés a été faite au laboratoire pour trouver les préférences alimentaires des poissons en calculant le taux d’occurrence ou de préférence. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les poissons de la rivière Lomami ont un régime alimentaire diversifié: les espèces Tilapia nyongana et Oreochromis niloticus sont phytophages à tendance omnivore; le Clarias angolensis et le Chanallabes apus sont polyphage à tendance vorace le Chrysichthys wagenaarii est benthophage à tendance vorace et enfin le Mormyrops zanclirostris est polyphage à tendance herbivore. Ces résultats en rapport avec le régime alimentaire de poissons capturés vont permettre aux pisciculteurs intéressés de faire le choix du type des poissons à élever, en rapport avec la disponibilité de l’aliment localement. Mots clés: Régime alimentaire, poisson, rivière Lomami

Cette étude est une première tentative de documenter les fruits et légumes-feuilles vendus dans la municipalité de Uíge, Angola. L’enquête sur terrain a été menée entre le mois d'avril 2019 et septembre de 2021. La récolte des données a été réalisée à l’aide d’un entretien basé sur un questionnaire semi-structuré suivi d’observations directes sur le terrain. Au total, 247 vendeurs de fruits et légumes ont été interrogés, dont 95% de femmes (235 informateurs) et seulement 4,9% d'hommes (12 informateurs). La principale activité des informateurs est le Commerce (95,5%). L’inventaire ethnobotanique a permis d'identifier un total de 75 espèces de fruits et légumes-feuilles réparties dans 49 genres et 37 familles botaniques. Les familles les mieux représentées sont Brassicaceae (8 espèces), Myrtaceae (5 espèces), Rutaceae (5 espèces), et Apocynaceae (5 espèces). Les fruits sont plus abondants (64,5%) que les feuilles (34,2%) et les pousses feuillées (1,3%). La majorité des fruits et légumes-feuilles (62,2%) documentée dans cette étude est d’origine exotique, à peine 37,8% sont autochtones. La majeure partie (89%) de l’argent perçu de la vente des fruits et légumes-feuilles sert à l’acquisition des biens et de services, notamment la nourriture et le vêtement. Que des investigations scientifiques liées à cette thématique soient réalisées sur toute l’étendue du territoire angolais afin de mieux documenter tous les différents fruits et légumes-feuilles produits au niveau national et établir des politiques économiques permettant leur exportation afin de contribuer à la diversification économique du pays. Enfin, que soit aussi réalisées des études économiques afin d’évaluer les quantités produites et cueillies par an et réaliser des analyses phyto-chimiques et nutritionnelles des tous les fruits cueillis et cultivés en Angola afin d’établir la table alimentaire de ces aliments produits localement. Mots clés: Inventaire, fruits, légumes-feuilles, Valeur socio-économique, Uíge

La présente étude a pour but l’étude phytochimique et évaluation des activités antidrépanocytaire, anti-inflammatoire, antiradicalaire et cytotoxique des feuilles de Uvariodendron molundense, un produit forestier non ligneux (PFNL). Il ressort de cette étude que la poudre des feuilles de ce PFNL contient les éléments histologiques caractéristiques tels que les fragments de parenchyme, les cristaux d’oxalates de calcium, les fibres, les vaisseaux annelés, les grains d’amidon et les fragments de vaisseaux ponctués. Il contient également les tanins, les saponosides, les flavonoïdes, les acides phénols, les iridoïdes, les anthocyanes, les anthrones, les anthraquinones et les terpènes. La teneur en polyphénols totaux est de 442 ± 1,1 mg EAG/g d’extrait et tandis que celle des flavonoïdes totaux est de 7,0 ± 0,18 mg EQ/g d’extrait. L’activité antiradicalaire du percolât est supérieure à celle du décocté et les feuilles de U. molundense ne sont pas cytotoxique (%Hemolyse