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Abstract Flow towards a rotating disk is of highly practical significance in numerous engineering applications such as Turbine disks, rotary type machine systems and many more. In light of this, the current work is an attempt to explore MHD oblique flow towards a rotating disk. Hydromagnetic effects in addition to heat transfer is taken into consideration. The flow governing Partial Differential Equations are altered to a system to coupled non-linear Ordinary Differential Equations through scaling group of transformations which afterwards are tackled using Shooting Algorithm. The impact of obliqueness parameter γ, rotation ratio parameter $$\alpha$$ α and magnetic field parameter M on 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional stream contours are presented. Location of the shear center varies with magnetic field parameter. Heat flow at the disk surface boosts with magnet field parameter M and rotation ratio parameter $$\alpha$$ α .

The assumption of Hall current and ion slip is extremely crucial in several industrial and manufacturing processes, such as MHD (magneto hydrodynamics) accelerators, preservation coils, transmission lines, electric converters, and heating elements. Keeping this in view, the main aim of this article is to present a computational analysis of MHD ion Hall current with nonlinear thermal radiation on the sloping flow of shear thinning fluid through a porous medium on a stretching sheet that allows fluid suction and injection. The major mathematical modelling of governed problems is converted into a system of nonlinear ODEs (ordinary differential equations) by means of appropriate similarity relations. The influence of all relative physical parameters on velocity and temperature is studied through graphs and discussed in a detailed physical manner. Some beneficial mathematical quantities from the practical engineering and industrial point of view, such as skin friction factor and heat transfer rate at the porous surface, are calculated numerically and presented through graphs. It has been observed that flow may become unstable when M is small and the existence of a magnetic field and a porous ground contributes to a highly rough flow over the stretching surface. Suction is actually a resistive force which results in higher skin friction that is beneficial in controlling flow separation. Temperature of the fluid rises with stronger magnetic field and higher thermal radiation effects. The local heat flux decreases as the magnetic field strength and permeability parameter increase.

The lack of correlation between photosynthesis and plant growth under sink-limited conditions is a long-standing puzzle in plant ecophysiology that currently severely compromises our models of vegetation responses to global change. To address this puzzle, we applied data assimilation to an experiment in which the sink strength of Eucalyptus tereticornis seedlings was manipulated by restricting root volume. Our goals were to infer which processes were affected by sink limitation and to attribute the overall reduction in growth observed in the experiment to the effects on various carbon (C) component processes. Our analysis was able to infer that, in addition to a reduction in photosynthetic rates, sink limitation reduced the rate of utilization of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC), enhanced respiratory losses, modified C allocation and increased foliage turnover. Each of these effects was found to have a significant impact on final plant biomass accumulation. We also found that inclusion of an NSC storage pool was necessary to capture seedling growth over time, particularly for sink-limited seedlings. Our approach of applying data assimilation to infer C balance processes in a manipulative experiment enabled us to extract new information on the timing, magnitude and direction of the internal C fluxes from an existing dataset. We suggest that this approach could, if used more widely, be an invaluable tool to develop appropriate representations of sink-limited growth in terrestrial biosphere models.

Cave drip water response to surface meteorological conditions is complex due to the heterogeneity of water movement in the karst unsaturated zone. Previous studies have focused on the monitoring of fractured rock limestones that have little or no primary porosity. In this study, we aim to further understand infiltration water hydrology in the Tamala Limestone of SW Australia, which is Quaternary aeolianite with primary porosity. We build on our previous studies of the Golgotha Cave system and utilize the existing spatial survey of 29 automated cave drip loggers and a lidar-based flow classification scheme, conducted in the two main chambers of this cave. We find that a daily sampling frequency at our cave site optimizes the capture of drip variability with the least possible sampling artifacts. With the optimum sampling frequency, most of the drip sites show persistent autocorrelation for at least a month, typically much longer, indicating ample storage of water feeding all stalactites investigated. Drip discharge histograms are highly variable, showing sometimes multimodal distributions. Histogram skewness is shown to relate to the wetter-than-average 2013 hydrological year and modality is affected by seasonality. The hydrological classification scheme with respect to mean discharge and the flow variation can distinguish between groundwater flow types in limestones with primary porosity, and the technique could be used to characterize different karst flow paths when high-frequency automated drip logger data are available. We observe little difference in the coefficient of variation (COV) between flow classification types, probably reflecting the ample storage due to the dominance of primary porosity at this cave site. Moreover, we do not find any relationship between drip variability and discharge within similar flow type. Finally, a combination of multidimensional scaling (MDS) and clustering by k means is used to classify similar drip types based on time series analysis. This clustering reveals four unique drip regimes which agree with previous flow type classification for this site. It highlights a spatial homogeneity in drip types in one cave chamber, and spatial heterogeneity in the other, which is in agreement with our understanding of cave chamber morphology and lithology.

Limestone aeolianites constitute karstic aquifers covering much of the western and southern Australian coastal fringe. They are a key groundwater resource for a range of industries such as winery and tourism, and provide important ecosystem services such as habitat for stygofauna. Moreover, recharge estimation is important for understanding the water cycle, for contaminant transport, for water management, and for stalagmite-based paleoclimate reconstructions. Caves offer a natural inception point to observe both the long-term groundwater recharge and the preferential movement of water through the unsaturated zone of such limestone. With the availability of automated drip rate logging systems and remote sensing techniques, it is now possible to deploy the combination of these methods for larger-scale studies of infiltration processes within a cave. In this study, we utilize a spatial survey of automated cave drip monitoring in two large chambers of Golgotha Cave, south-western Western Australia (SWWA), with the aim of better understanding infiltration water movement and the relationship between infiltration, stalactite morphology, and unsaturated zone recharge. By applying morphological analysis of ceiling features from Terrestrial LiDAR (T-LiDAR) data, coupled with drip time series and climate data from 2012 to 2014, we demonstrate the nature of the relationships between infiltration through fractures in the limestone and unsaturated zone recharge. Similarities between drip rate time series are interpreted in terms of flow patterns, cave chamber morphology, and lithology. Moreover, we develop a new technique to estimate recharge in large-scale caves, engaging flow classification to determine the cave ceiling area covered by each flow category and drip data for the entire observation period, to calculate the total volume of cave discharge. This new technique can be applied to other cave sites to identify highly focussed areas of recharge and can help to better estimate the total recharge volume.

This study emphasizes the synthesis of nickel oxide (NiOx + C) nanoparticles with varied graphite (C) proportions (1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) using Aloe-Vera natural extract as a green reducing agent. Prepared NiOx + C nanostructures exhibited consistent X-ray diffraction patterns with no additional C peak, signifying enhanced interlayer spacing. The crystalline size (Dp) decreased from 27 nm to 20 nm with an increase in the amount of carbon (C). The determined bandgap (Eg) was 2 eV higher than bulk material due to formation extra energy level at defect sites. The shoulder peak at 1620 cm−1 agrees with the disorder-induced band from C and second-order bands of C at about 2700 cm−1 for NiOx + C. FESEM images confirm the hexagonal morphology. Not much particle aggregation was observed except for 10% C content. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirms the existence of NiOx crystalline orientations including planes (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222).

This study explores green-synthesized delafossite CuAlO2 as a hole transport layer (HTL) in a CH3NH3SnI3-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with an FTO/CuAlO2/CH3NH3SnI3/WO3/Au structure. The performances of the cell have been theoretically investigated using SCAPS-1D. Interface defects significantly impact cell efficiency, as defect density increases from 1014 cm−3 to 1020 cm−3 efficiency reducing from 25.3% to 24.45% in the HTL/perovskite junction and from 25.2% to 17.8% in the perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) interface. PCBM as buffer layer at perovskite/ETL interface compensates for power conversion efficiency (PCE) losses. Optimizing parameters reveals the delafossite CuAlO2-based, lead-free perovskite solar cell achieving peak efficiency at 26.74%, with VOC, JSC, and FF values of 0.99 V, 33.43 mA cm−2, and 81.05%, respectively. This research underscores delafossite CuAlO2 as a promising HTL for eco-friendly, stable CH3NH3SnI3-based perovskite solar cells, emphasizing its potential in enhancing device performance.

Solar energy is an abundant source of renewable/sustainable energy, which has an enormous potential in reducing the foot print of the greenhouse gases. In this paper, we presented a modelling framework of estimating solar energy over a portion of a residential community of Sandstone in the northwest of Calgary, Canada. We calculated the actual daily incident solar radiation as a function of latitude, day of year, and possible day light hours; and also employed high-resolution remote sensing images to calculate the effective roof area for installing photovoltaic cells. Strong relationships (r2:0.91–0.98) were observed between the ground-based measurements and the modelled actual incident solar radiation at three test locations in Alberta. Over the portion of Sandstone, ~1706.49 m2 roof surface area was suitable for potential installation of the photovoltaic cells. With 15% efficient photovoltaic cells, our analysis revealed that we might be able to produce significant amount (i.e., in the range of ~67–100%) of electrical energy needs of the residents of Sandstone community during the period between April and September.

To increase drought resistance of efficient plant growth promoting Psuedomonas fluorescens isolated from Erbil governorate soils, exopolysaccharide (EPS) gene cluster was transferred from Rhizobium leguminosarum to P. fluorescens. EPS gene cluster is responsible for generating of capsular polysaccharides which are tightly attached to the cell surface and extracellular polysaccharides that are directly secreted to the environment. For P. fluorescens and R. leguminosarum isolations, different soil samples were collected in Erbil governorate. According to morphological, biochemical and molecular examinations 75 P. fluorescens isolates and 58 R. leguminosarum isolates were identified from 110 soil samples. Most P. fluorescens isolates showed efficiency in phosphate solubilization, hydrogen cyanide, siderophores and indol acidic acid production, the most efficient P. fluorescens (Mpf16) was selected for conjugation process. Potential transferring of EPS genes, included EPS1, EPS2, and EPS3, was investigated in this study. Gene cluster was transferred successfully from R. leguminosarum into P. fluorescens by horizontal conjugation gene transfer technique after confirmation via molecular techniques using different primers and enzymes. The expression of transferred EPS gene cluster from transconjugant P. fluorescens was confirmed by testing capsule formations from viable cells. The new generated capsule former P. fluorescens can be used later on as an efficient bio-fertilizer agent for enhancing plant growth and crop production in drought cultivated soils. REFERENCES ANZAI; KIM, H; PARK, JY; WAKABAYASHI H, AND OYAIZU H. 2000. "Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence". Int J Syst Eyol Mcrobiol. 50(4): 1563-89. ATLAS RM AND ATLAS R.M.., 2004. Handbook of Microbiological Media (3rd ed.). Bioscience. CRC Press. pp. Boca Raton. 237–247. BUSTIN SA, MULLER R, AND NOLAN T. 2020. 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Abstract Vehicle‐to‐Everything (V2X) communication has been proposed as a potential solution to improve the robustness and safety of autonomous vehicles by improving coordination and removing the barrier of non‐line‐of‐sight sensing. Cooperative Vehicle Safety (CVS) applications are tightly dependent on the reliability of the underneath data system, which can suffer from loss of information due to the inherent issues of their different components, such as sensors' failures or the poor performance of V2X technologies under dense communication channel load. Particularly, information loss affects the target classification module and, subsequently, the safety application performance. To enable reliable and robust CVS systems that mitigate the effect of information loss, a Context‐Aware Target Classification (CA‐TC) module coupled with a hybrid learning‐based predictive modeling technique for CVS systems is proposed. The CA‐TC consists of two modules: a Context‐Aware Map (CAM), and a Hybrid Gaussian Process (HGP) prediction system. Consequently, the vehicle safety applications use the information from the CA‐TC, making them more robust and reliable. The CAM leverages vehicles' path history, road geometry, tracking, and prediction; and the HGP is utilized to provide accurate vehicles' trajectory predictions to compensate for data loss (due to communication congestion) or sensor measurements' inaccuracies. Based on offline real‐world data, a finite bank of driver models that represent the joint dynamics of the vehicle and the drivers' behavior is learned. Offline training and online model updates are combined with on‐the‐fly forecasting to account for new possible driver behaviors. Finally, the framework is validated using simulation and realistic driving scenarios to confirm its potential in enhancing the robustness and reliability of CVS systems.

To increase drought resistance of efficient plant growth promoting Psuedomonas fluorescens isolated from Erbil governorate soils, exopolysaccharide (EPS) gene cluster was transferred from Rhizobium leguminosarum to P. fluorescens. EPS gene cluster is responsible for generating of capsular polysaccharides which are tightly attached to the cell surface and extracellular polysaccharides that are directly secreted to the environment. For P. fluorescens and R. leguminosarum isolations, different soil samples were collected in Erbil governorate. According to morphological, biochemical and molecular examinations 75 P. fluorescens isolates and 58 R. leguminosarum isolates were identified from 110 soil samples. Most P. fluorescens isolates showed efficiency in phosphate solubilization, hydrogen cyanide, siderophores and indol acidic acid production, the most efficient P. fluorescens (Mpf16) was selected for conjugation process. Potential transferring of EPS genes, included EPS1, EPS2, and EPS3, was investigated in this study. Gene cluster was transferred successfully from R. leguminosarum into P. fluorescens by horizontal conjugation gene transfer technique after confirmation via molecular techniques using different primers and enzymes. The expression of transferred EPS gene cluster from transconjugant P. fluorescens was confirmed by testing capsule formations from viable cells. The new generated capsule former P. fluorescens can be used later on as an efficient bio-fertilizer agent for enhancing plant growth and crop production in drought cultivated soils.

Indoline dye D-1 was successfully applied as a cosensitizer for improving the spectral response of black dye in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). It was observed that D-1 effectively increases the short-circuit photocurrent by offsetting the competitive light absorption by I/I3- electrolyte in the wavelength region 350–500 nm when adsorbed on the TiO2 nanocrystaline films in a mix dye system. The DSCs containing the D-1 and black dye achieved a power conversion efficiency of 9.80% with higher short-circuit photocurrent of 19.54 mA/cm2 compared to the system of black dye without cosensitization under standard AM 1.5 sunlight.