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Background: Physical activity prevents cardiovascular disease, but it may also trigger acute cardiac events like sudden cardiac death in patients with underlying heart disease. The chance of surviving an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remains low, despite improving medical treatment and rescue chain. Prior studies signaled increased survival in exercise related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences between exercise related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during daily activity in an urban setting. Methods: Retrospective analysis of all out-of-hospital cardiac arrests from 2014 to 2021 treated at a cardiac arrest center of a tertiary hospital. The primary outcome was survival to discharge. Secondary outcomes included differences in pre-hospital care, in-hospital treatment, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and laboratory parameters. Results: 478 OHCA patients were reviewed of which 432 patients (exercise related 36 (8.4%) vs. daily activity 396 (91.6%)) were included in the analysis. Patients suffering an exercise related arrest were younger (57 vs 65 years, p = 0.002) and mostly male (88.9 vs 74.5%, p = 0.054).The exercise related cohort received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (77.8 vs 53.4%, p = 0.005) to a higher extent and had a shorter no-flow time (1.5 vs 2 min, p = 0.049). Exercise related arrest patients more often presented with a shockable rhythm (80.6 vs 64.1%, p = 0.032).At hospital admission exercise related arrest patients had a higher initial pH (7.24 vs 7.19, p = 0.015). In the exercise related group, a cardiac cause was numerically more frequent compared to the daily activity group (80.6 vs 68.7%, p = 0.09). In both groups myocardial infarction (47.2 vs 43.2%) was the most common cause, but a primary arrhythmic event (33.3 vs 25.5%) was more often documented in exercise related arrest patients. Exercise related arrest was mostly related to endurance training (52.8%) followed by ball sports (19.4%) and occurred directly during exercise in 77.8% of cases. Patients suffering exercise related arrest had higher survival till discharge (66.7 vs 47.7%, p = 0.036). Conclusion: Based on this observational data from a highly selected group of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated at a cardiac arrest center, patients suffering an exercise related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, differed in substantial characteristics and in the first line response compared to daily activity out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. The better survival to discharge of the exercise related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest group might be driven by these beneficial differences. This study underlines the need for public awareness for the importance of a fast first response and a broad distribution of automated external defibrillators in public sport areas since most of the exercise related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients presented with a cardiac cause and an initial shockable rhythm.

Agrometeorological services are a subset of climate services targeted to support farmers' tactical and strategic decisions, with the potential to support farmers' capacity to cope with climate variability and change, as well as strengthen their resilience toward climatic risks. However, the effectiveness of such services is often limited by inadequate and unsuitable means of communication with farmers. Therefore, in recent years, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and partners have focussed their efforts on improving communication through these services. At the European Meteorological Society (EMS) Annual Meeting in September 2022, a workshop on effective communication of agrometeorological services was held as a hybrid side event, with the aim of answering the question: “How can we deliver efficient and effective agrometeorological services”? The workshop was a joint endeavour of Met Éireann, the International Society of Biometeorology, the EMS Media and Communication Committee, the Slovenian Environment Agency, the Slovenian Meteorological Society, and the S. W. Tromp Foundation. The aim of this workshop was to advance better communication of services to the agriculture sector as a basis for promoting adaptive strategies for weather and climate change, which would enable sufficient food production at present and in the future. The workshop also provided an opportunity for transdisciplinary discussions between national meteorological and hydrological services, universities, research institutes, private companies, and the WMO. The topics discussed at the workshop included learning about exemplar agrometeorological services at various national hydrometeorological services, strengthening communication of agrometeorological services to end-users, improving data and information sharing, and educating end-users. The workshop resulted in a list of recommendations for the future.