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The model of panoramic video surveillance system with the operator is offered. The pilot research of parameters of panoramic video surveillance system, providing comfortable working conditions of the operator is conducted. Recommendations on uses of options of system for various layout solutions of a workplace of the operator and capacity of the channel of transfer of video data are developed.

The study is dedicated to the peculiarities of implementing the flux limiter of the flow quantity gradient when solving 3D aerodynamic problems using the system of Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured meshes. The paper describes discretisation of the system of Navier–Stokes equations on a finite-volume method and a mathematical model including Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model and the Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM+) computational scheme for convective fluxes that use a second-order approximation scheme for reconstruction of the solution on a facet. A solution of problems with shock wave structures is considered, where, to prevent oscillations at discontinuous solutions, the order of accuracy is reduced due to the implementation of the limiter function of the gradient. In particular, the Venkatakrishnan limiter was chosen. The study analyses this limiter as it impacts the accuracy of the results and monotonicity of the solution. It is shown that, when the limiter is used in a classical formulation, when the operation threshold is based on the characteristic size of the cell of the mesh, it facilitates suppression of non-physical oscillations in the solution and the upgrade of its monotonicity. However, when computing on unstructured meshes, the Venkatakrishnan limiter in this setup can result in the occurrence of the areas of its accidental activation, and that influences the accuracy of the produced result. The Venkatakrishnan limiter is proposed for unstructured meshes, where the formulation of the operation threshold is proposed based on the gas dynamics parameters of the flow. The proposed option of the function is characterized by the absence of parasite regions of accidental activation and ensures its operation only in the region of high gradients. Monotonicity properties, as compared to the classical formulation, are preserved. Constants of operation thresholds are compared for both options using the example of numerical solution of the problem with shock wave processes on different meshes. Recommendations regarding optimum values of these quantities are provided. Problems with a supersonic flow in a channel with a wedge and transonic flow over NACA0012 airfoil were selected for the examination of the limiter functions applicability. The computation was carried out using unstructured meshes consisting of tetrahedrons, truncated hexahedrons, and polyhedrons. The region of accidental activation of the Venkatakrishnan limiter in a classical formulation, and the absence of such regions in case a modified option of the limiter function, is implemented. The analysis of the flow field around a NACA0012 indicates that the proposed improved implementation of the Venkatakrishnan limiter enables an increase in the accuracy of the solution.

Global climate change is one of the most important scientific, societal and economic contemporary challenges. Fundamental understanding of the major processes driving climate change is the key problem which is to be solved not only on a global but also on a regional scale. The accuracy of regional climate modelling depends on a number of factors. One of these factors is the adequate and comprehensive information on the anthropogenic impact which is highest in industrial regions and areas with dense population – modern megacities. Megacities are not only “heat islands”, but also significant sources of emissions of various substances into the atmosphere, including greenhouse and reactive gases. In 2019, the mobile experiment EMME (Emission Monitoring Mobile Experiment) was conducted within the St. Petersburg agglomeration (Russia) aiming to estimate the emission intensity of greenhouse (CO2, CH4) and reactive (CO, NOx) gases for St. Petersburg, which is the largest northern megacity. St. Petersburg State University (Russia), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany) and the University of Bremen (Germany) jointly ran this experiment. The core instruments of the campaign were two portable Bruker EM27/SUN Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers which were used for ground-based remote sensing measurements of the total column amount of CO2, CH4 and CO at upwind and downwind locations on opposite sides of the city. The NO2 tropospheric column amount was observed along a circular highway around the city by continuous mobile measurements of scattered solar visible radiation with an OceanOptics HR4000 spectrometer using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. Simultaneously, air samples were collected in air bags for subsequent laboratory analysis. The air samples were taken at the locations of FTIR observations at the ground level and also at altitudes of about 100 m when air bags were lifted by a kite (in case of suitable landscape and favourable wind conditions). The entire campaign consisted of 11 mostly cloudless days of measurements in March–April 2019. Planning of measurements for each day included the determination of optimal location for FTIR spectrometers based on weather forecasts, combined with the numerical modelling of the pollution transport in the megacity area. The real-time corrections of the FTIR operation sites were performed depending on the actual evolution of the megacity NOx plume as detected by the mobile DOAS observations. The estimates of the St. Petersburg emission intensities for the considered greenhouse and reactive gases were obtained by coupling a box model and the results of the EMME observational campaign using the mass balance approach. The CO2 emission flux for St. Petersburg as an area source was estimated to be 89 ± 28 ktkm-2yr-1, which is 2 times higher than the corresponding value in the EDGAR database. The experiment revealed the CH4 emission flux of 135 ± 68 tkm-2yr-1, which is about 1 order of magnitude greater than the value reported by the official inventories of St. Petersburg emissions (∼ 25 tkm-2yr-1 for 2017). At the same time, for the urban territory of St. Petersburg, both the EMME experiment and the official inventories for 2017 give similar results for the CO anthropogenic flux (251 ± 104 tkm-2yr-1 vs. 410 tkm-2yr-1) and for the NOx anthropogenic flux (66 ± 28 tkm-2yr-1 vs. 69 tkm-2yr-1).

In this paper, we describe the method, which is the composition of finite volume method (FVM) and adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). We use it to solve car final drive inner volume oil lubrication problem. The computational algorithm is implemented using OpenFOAM parallel library that provides data structures and routines to work with the finite volume method and adaptive mesh. This library supports parallelism through OpenMPI. The paper presents the results of numerical simulation.

The subject of this research is many conditions that contribute to the emergence of crisis phenomena in the financial and economic spheres. The purpose of the article is to study the causes, consequences, and prevention possibilities of financial crises. Among the methodology used, it is necessary to distinguish the analysis of internet-resources corresponding to the subject of the study, their synthesis and generalisation. The detailed analysis of the concept and causes of financial crises, systematisation of information about the possibilities of their avoidance are the main results of the conducted research. The obtained results can be applied in the development of methodologies and recommendations for the prevention of financial crises with consideration to the current situation as well as in the educational process. The prospects for further research on a given topic include: determination of the dynamics and specifics of the development of financial crises, the main development stages, formulation of forecasts about their occurrence in various economic sectors. In conclusion, we will note that, firstly, financial crises represent one of the integral stages of the development of economic relations both in a single country and in the whole world. Secondly, the causes of financial crises may be explained by using a certain theoretical framework with consideration to modern phenomena and, as a rule, are the result of the introduction of new tools, methods ,and ways of management. Thirdly, in order to increase the effectiveness of leveling the negative impact of financial crises, it’s important to apply the integrated approach which includes the implementation of preventive measures not only within the country, but also at the company level.

Действенная аналитика на сегодняшний день входит в десятку наиболее востребованных на рынке информационных технологий. Ключевыми элементами действенной аналитики являются целенаправленность и сценарий анализа информации. Необходимость реализации сценариев анализа информации предполагает разработку обобщенного инструмента для описания различных форм взаимодействия элементов информационно-аналитической системы — инструмента обеспечения проведения действенной аналитики. Использование сценарно-целевого подхода к анализу объектов действенной аналитики дает возможность разработать такой инструмент. Процесс построения информационно-аналитической системы рассматривается как последовательность построения ее моделей для реализации сценарно-целевого подхода к анализу объектов аналитики. В качестве первой модели строится концептуальная модель информационно-аналитической системы с использованием сценарно-целевого подхода, которая раскрывает основные понятия функциональной и информационной составляющих действенной аналитики: цель, сценарий, метаописание, знания. Построение концептуальной модели рассмотрено на примере анализа ключевых факторов повышения качества жизни в регионе.

Background. The prevalence of various allergic diseases has increased worldwide in recent decades. Allergy diagnosis in children should be economically optimal and as sparing as possible, while ensuring the high quality of medical care. Objective. The aim of the study is to develop optimal algorithms for analysis of sensitization profile in children with allergy family history, or suspected allergy, or atopy phenotype. Methods. Complete examination of 153 children aged from 1 to 17 years 11 months was performed. Children were divided in 4 groups according to the presence and characteristics of complaints, the presence of allergic disease. Sensitization was determined via the “gold standard” of allergy diagnosis — the ImmunoCap method (Phadia, Sweden), and the results of skin testing. Results. 97 (63.4%) children have shown sensitization to various allergens. We have revealed seasonal manifestation of allergy in children to various allergens: Fagales in 89-92% of cases, grasses in 68-72% of cases, weeds in 39-57% of cases. Complaints of all-year manifestations of allergic rhinitis were revealed in 24% of cases to cat dandruff, complaints of coughing and/or bronchospasm — in 100% of cases to birch pollen and in 35% of cases to house dust. The sensitization analysis has revealed strong correlations with confirmed statistical significance between pollen allergen sensitization classes in groups of different plants. Conclusion. Optimal algorithms for sensitization diagnosis in children living in Moscow agglomeration were developed according to the obtained results and revealed correlations.

Abstract. Background. To date, numerous clinical observations and experimental data have proven that there is practically no such organ that would not be subjected to toxic effects of alcohol. Purpose of the work was to determine the dynamics of changes in the metric indices of the submandibular glands’ resistive link of the haemomicrovascular bed of the rats in chronic ethanol intoxication. Methods. The work was performed on 45 white, non-breeding rats. 5 animals were an intact group, which was washed out 4 times a day with isotonic sodium chloride solution, and 40 - experimental, which was injected intrastomach 1 times a day with 12 mg / kg 400 ethanol (in terms of pure alcohol). Animals were withdrawn from the experiment at 5, 9, 12 and 30 days by overdose of thiopental anesthesia (25 mg / kg). Sections of the submandibular glands were enclosed in epon-812 according to the generally accepted method. The mean values of the outer diameter and diameter of the arterioles lumen were determined using a microscope with a digital microphocamera Biorex 3 with an adapted for data research program. Results. In the morphometric study it was found that on the fifth day after ethanol introduction, the mean values of the outer diameter of the arterioles decreased significantly by 15.8%, compared with the control group, and amounted to 15.28 ± 0.06 μm. Also, the diameter of the arteriol lumen was reduced by 53.5%, compared with the control group (p

reorganization of animals in dynamics after experimental thermal injury and use of lyophilized xenograft. Materials and Methods. In the experiment on 35 mature white male rats microscopic, electronmicroscopic and morphometric study of animals’ hippocampus were made after severe thermal injury in terms of early necrectomy of affected area and closure by lyophilized xenograft. Experimental animals of the third experimental group were decapitated on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of experiment. Sections of the brain tissue have been taken from the hippocampus area for histological studies, fixed in 96o alcohol and 10 % neutral formalin and embedded in the paraffin blocks. Obtained on microtome sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue with Nissl method. Ultrathin sections were contrasted by uranyl acetate and lead citrate according to Reynolds method and were studied in the electron microscope PEM-125K. Morphometric study was performed using system of visual analysis of histological specimens. Results. It has been established that on the 7th day of the experiment with the usage of corrective factor the number of destroyed neurons in CA1 field of hippocampus was less, but still not significant compared to burned untreated animals. Neurocytes were in state of peripheral or segmental tigrolysis, and there was an increase in the square of hypochromic cells nuclei, some of them contained large nucleoli. Microscopically and electronmicroscopically on the 14th and especially on the 21st days of the experiment, there was found a significant improvement of histological condition of neurocytes, numerical density of the nerve cells in the CA1 field of hippocampus was significantly 1.25 times higher, and the number of normochromic cells 5.52 times more than in the animals with burns. Conclusions. Thus, the application of lyophilized xenograft after early necrectomy of burned skin earlier (the 7th day of experiment) after burn injury prevents deep changes of hippocampus CA1 field neurocytes, reduces the number of damaged cells. The positive impact of lyophilized xenograft application is the most expressive at the later stages after burn (the 14th and the 21st days of the experiment). Histologically there is a relative normalization of microscopic and ultrastructural composition of neurocytes, improvement in indices of density and proportion of nerve cells different types in the CA1 field of the hippocampus.

Subject of Research. A mathematical model of optical breakdown in the dielectric liquid droplets when exposed to pulsed laser radiation was developed. The process is considered in several stages: heating, evaporation of the particle, forming a steam halo, ionization of the steam halo. Numerical study was carried out on the basis of the mathematical model to determine the threshold characteristics of the laser pulse. Main Results.Distributions of pressure, density and temperature of the particle steam halo were obtained by means of a calculation. The temperature field around the liquid droplet was determined. It has been found that at high energies in the gas bubble, the conditions are provided for thermal gas ionization and start of the electron avalanche, leading to plasma formation. Due to the volumetric heat generation, the droplet is overheated and is in a metastable state. The plasma cloud is almost opaque to radiation that causes an abrupt increase of temperature. As a result, an explosion occurs inside the droplet with the formation of a shock wave that is propagating outward. Practical Relevance.The results can be used to assess the performance of high-power laser scanning (LIDAR) under the presence of liquid droplets in the atmosphere and other suspensions. Lasers can be used in fire and explosion aerospace systems. Obtained findings can be applied also in the systems of laser ignition and detonation initiation.

Background. Severe thermal injuries accompanied by the development of endogenous intoxication, causing severe structural and metabolic disorders not only of the skin, but of all organs and body systems of burned organism. But lesser known submicroscopic changes of testis – the central organ of male reproductive system in dynamics after burn injury. Objective. The aim of this work was to established ultrastructural reorganization of the testes at early stages after experimental thermal injury. Methods. Experiment has been carried out on 20 mature white rats-males. Burn applied under ketamin anesthesia for 18-20% of hairless body surface of animals. Histological studies indicate the development of third-degree burn of skin. Experimental animals were decapitated on the 1st, 3th and 7th days of the experiment (early stage of shock and toxemia). Collecting the material for electronmicroscopic research conducted under the conventional method. Results. Electronmicroscopic research of the testes on the 1st day after thermal injury (stage of shock) detected adaptive-compensatory reorganization of the structural components of organ. Arterioles, venules and hemocapillaries have expanded lumens filled with blood cells, mainly erythrocytes. Vessel walls are irregularly thickened due to swelling of the endothelial cytoplasm and basement membrane. There are degranulation and mitochondrial hypertrophy in the cytoplasm of a part of Leydig cells that have perivascular location. There are also signs of reorganization of spermatogenic epithelium. Small amount of spermatogonia with signs of mitosis are available. Sertoli cells are moderately changed. Primary and secondary spermatocytes include round nucleus that have euchromatin and small clumps of heterochromatin in carioplasm, and small amount of organelles in the cytoplasm. Some spermatids and spermatozoa have damage structure of acrosome, observed high electron density of nucleus. At the early stage of toxemia (3th, 7th day of experiment) detected signs of destructive changes in the blood capillaries of the stroma and structural components of convoluted seminiferous tubules of the testes of experimental animals. Conclusion. Under burn shock ultrastructural reorganization of microcirculatory bed, walls of convoluted tubules and spermatogenic epithelium has adaptive-compensatory character. At the early stage of toxemia thermal lesions of animals skin lead to destructive changes in the blood capillaries, endocrinocytes, submicroscopic organization of structural components of the convoluted seminiferous tubules.

We consider numerical simulation of shock wave refraction on plane contact discontinuity, separating two gases with different density. Discretization of Euler equations is based on finite volume method and WENO finite difference schemes, implemented on unstructured meshes. Integration over time is performed with the use of the third-order Runge–Kutta stepping procedure. The procedure of identification and classification of gas dynamic discontinuities based on conditions of dynamic consistency and image processing methods is applied to visualize and interpret the results of numerical calculations. The flow structure and its quantitative characteristics are defined. The results of numerical and experimental visualization (shadowgraphs, schlieren images, and interferograms) are compared.

Subject of Research. Numerical simulation results and investigation of shock wave diffraction of differentintensity on the flat right angleare presented. Method. The numerical model is based on the solution of unsteadyEuler equations for inviscid compressible gas. The finite volume method and explicit WENO-type difference scheme of the third-order of accuracyare used. Convective fluxesare calculated independently for each direction with the approximate Riemann solver(HLLC method). Time integration is performed with the Runge-Kutta method of the third order. Main Results. Flow structure and flowquantitative characteristicshave beendetermined. To visualize and interpret the results of numerical calculations theprocedure of identification and classification of gas-dynamic discontinuities has beenappliedbased on the use of dynamic compatibility conditions and methods of digital image processing. The results of calculations have beenpresented in the form of numerical shadow pictures, schlieren images and interferograms, and compared with the optical observations. Significantly better agreement with the experimental data has beendemonstrated as compared toconventionalnumerical methods. Application of numerical methods of high order accuracy has yielded a numerical solution which is free from non-physicaloscillations on the shock waves with minimal smearingoverdifference cells. Practical Relevance. The study of shock-wave phenomena is of interest for the solution of problems related to the impact of shock waves on the design elements, the operation of pulsed gas-dynamic devices, the use of shock waves in technological processes. Supersonic flows around angle configurations lead to interference and diffraction phenomena complicated by flow separation. These effects make complexthe calculation of such phenomena using conventional numericalmethods. The problem ofthe results interpretation is not less complicated one,as well, in particular, identification of gas-dynamic discontinuities.

We consider current problems of improving propulsion systems of highly supersonic air-space vehicles. In the first part, we review historic developments and list the landmark scientific papers. Classification of detonation engines is presented with detailed consideration of rotation detonation engines and continuous detonation engines. Experimental results on detonation, which are of particular importance for the design of detonation engines, are discussed. The second part of the paper provides an overview of the development in detonation theory, mathematical modelling, and numerical simulation. We focus on the interference of shock waves with formation of triple points, regular and irregular reflection of shock waves, existence of multiple solutions and the resulting appearance of hysteresis. The relevance and importance of triple shock wave configurations for the development of new types of air intakes and detonation jet engines is demonstrated.

Creation of test solutions is an essential element in the general design contents for numerical methods aimed at integration of Euler equations. We consider numerical solution of Euler equations describing flows of inviscid compressible gas and allowing continuous and discontinuous solutions. Discretization of Euler equations is based on finite volume method and WENO finite difference schemes. The numerical solutions computed are compared with the exact solutions of Riemann problem. Monotonic correction of derivatives makes it possible to avoid new extremes and ensures monotonicity of the numerical solution near the discontinuity, but it leads to the smoothness of the existing minimums and maximums and to the loss of accuracy. Calculations with the use of WENO schemes allow obtaining accurate and monotonic solution with the presence of both weak and strong gas dynamical discontinuities.

Subject of study.We consider the Riemann problem for parameters at collision of two plane flows at a certain angle. The problem is solved in the exact statement. Most cases of interference, both stationary and non-stationary gas-dynamic discontinuities, followed by supersonic flows can be reduced to the problem of random interaction of two supersonic flows. Depending on the ratio of the parameters in the flows, outgoing discontinuities turn out to be shock waves, or rarefactionwaves. In some cases, there is no solution at all. It is important to know how to find the domain of existence for the relevant decisions, as the type of shock-wave structures in these domains is known in advance. The Riemann problem is used in numerical methods such as the method of Godunov. As a rule, approximate solution is used, known as the Osher solution, but for a number of problems with a high precision required, solution of this problem needs to be in the exact statement. Main results.Domains of existence for solutions with different types of shock-wave structure have been considered. Boundaries of existence for solutions with two outgoing shock waves are analytically defined, as well as with the outgoing shock wave and rarefaction wave. We identify the area of Mach numbers and angles at which the flows interact and there is no solution. Specific flows with two outgoing rarefaction waves are not considered. Practical significance. The results supplement interference theory of stationary gas-dynamic discontinuities and can be used to develop new methods of numerical calculation with extraction of discontinuities.

The article is dedicated to the problem of food allergy in children. The number of patients with this pathology continues to rise, which can be explained by multiple factors, which speaks for the relevance and the social importance of the matter. For food allergy, the causesignificant allergens are both simple and complex food proteins. Wheat is one of the most prevalent source of food allergens not only for children, but for adults too. The article contains the main information concerning the ley characteristics of this product; the protein content and the different roles of individual components in forming allergic reactions and cross activity are thoroughly investigated. The authors provide recommendations for the diagnostics and treatment of wheat protein allergy, and various difficulties in different clinical cases are examined. The article also contains main treatment approaches, which are relevant to the modern data. An individual approach in each case means regular monitoring of the main figures, preventing the negative consequences of an eliminative diet at wheat protein allergy through using specialized gluten-free products.

Subject of Research. Numerical solution methods of gas dynamics problems based on exact and approximate solution of Riemann problem are considered. We have developed an approach to the solution of Euler equations describing flows of inviscid compressible gas based on finite volume method and finite difference schemes of various order of accuracy. Godunov scheme, Kolgan scheme, Roe scheme, Harten scheme and Chakravarthy-Osher scheme are used in calculations (order of accuracy of finite difference schemes varies from 1st to 3rd). Comparison of accuracy and efficiency of various finite difference schemes is demonstrated on the calculation example of inviscid compressible gas flow in Laval nozzle in the case of continuous acceleration of flow in the nozzle and in the case of nozzle shock wave presence. Conclusions about accuracy of various finite difference schemes and time required for calculations are made. Main Results. Comparative analysis of difference schemes for Euler equations integration has been carried out. These schemes are based on accurate and approximate solution for the problem of an arbitrary discontinuity breakdown. Calculation results show that monotonic derivative correction provides numerical solution uniformity in the breakdown neighbourhood. From the one hand, it prevents formation of new points of extremum, providing the monotonicity property, but from the other hand, causes smoothing of existing minimums and maximums and accuracy loss. Practical Relevance. Developed numerical calculation method gives the possibility to perform high accuracy calculations of flows with strong non-stationary shock and detonation waves. At the same time, there are no non-physical solution oscillations on the shock wave front.

One-dimensional unsteady gas dynamics problems are revealing tests for the accuracy estimation of numerical solution with respect to simulation of supersonic flows of inviscid compressible gas. Numerical solution of Euler equations describing flows of inviscid compressible gas and conceding continuous and discontinuous solutions is considered. Discretization of Euler equations is based on finite volume method and WENO finite difference schemes. The numerical solutions computed are compared with the exact solution of Riemann problem. Monotonic correction of derivatives makes possible avoiding new extremes and ensures monotonicity of the numerical solution near the discontinuity, but it leads to the smoothness of the existing minimums and maximums and to the accuracy loss. Calculations with the use of WENO schemes give the possibility for obtaining accurate and monotonic solution with the presence of weak and strong gas dynamical discontinuities.

У статті висвітлена роль епітеліально-мезенхімального переходу, як фундаментального процесу гістогенезу і регенерації тканин, у механізмах патогенезу раневого процесу. Дана порівняльна характеристика часткового епітеліально-мезенхимального переходу при загоєнні поверхні рани і завершеного епітеліально-мезенхимального переходу. Описані такі різновиди епітеліально-мезенхимального переходу як ендотеліально-мезенхімальний перехід і зворотній мезенхімально-епітеліальний перехід та їх роль в раневому процесі.

Relevance. Allergic pathology in particular, a hay fever, can lead to decrease in cognitive functions at children. Earlier it was established that antihistamine preparations of I generation influence cognitive functions of patients. Тhe patients with this nosology receive for a longtime courses of antihistamine preparations of II generation, so the analysis of influence of different AH preparations of II generation on cognitive activity of children with a hay fever is necessary. Purpose. Studying of influence of II generation antihistamine preparations in a complex with the specific allergen immunotherapy on cognitive functions at children with a hay fever. Patients and methods. Using the psychophysiological computer complex «Psihomat» the condition of cognitive functions was established. In total the 81 child with a hey fever were investigated. The persons under consideration were divided on subgroups depending on antihistamine which they received. For the patients in the main group of investigation the cognitive functions have been studied in 3 points. Results. The patients had changes in the attention and psychomotor activity more often, than in other conitive activity. It is not obtained distinct data on characteristic contribution of antihistamine preparations of a second generation in improvement of cognitive activity as a whole at complex treatment of hay fever with specific allergen immunotherapy. Antihistamine preparations (desloratidine and cetirizine) are improved by indexes of visual and space perception at children with a hay fever. From the 3 antihistamine preparations the cetirizine has the most carried out positive effect concerning the psiho-motoric activity in the combined ASIT. Conclusion. Padding express researches in the field are necessary for receiving the definite answers to problem questions.

The article is concerned with the issue of a standardized approach to determining the effectiveness of allergen-specific therapy (AST) in children. AST has a special role in treating allergy: only this method can induce clinical and immunological tolerance to the cause-significant allergen; is safe enough and highly effective; reduces the duration of acute conditions; reduces the necessity for both basic therapy medicines and additional symptomatic therapy; is capable of preventing the progression of allergic diseases by reducing the sensibility spectre and the formation of bronchial asthma in those suffering from allegic rhinitis; improves the control over the disease and has a positive effect on the patient’s and his family quality of life. At the moment evaluating the effectiveness of medical technologies is one of the most important tasks in medicine while the effectiveness and safety of any medical intervention should be obtained in accordance with the requirements of evidence-based medicine. In order to determine the effectiveness of AST in children, a combined clinical and pharmaceutical evaluation should be performed and as a secons point — determine the patient’s life quality and also evaluate the gravity of symptoms according to the visual analogue scale, and to count the number of days with the symptoms and without them.

The article analyses one of the most important international relations trends in Latin America in the early 21st century, the PRC’s growing presence in Latin America. The first part of the article deals with the historical background of the phenomenon, pragmatic interests of the parties and China’s skillful diplomacy with the second one concentrating on the comparative analysis of models of bilateral relations between China and the leading nations of the region.

Prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infections and influenza in children remain one of the major tasks of practical healthcare. Their importance increases with the beginning of the autumn-winter season. Currently, the problem of choosing effective and safe drugs to treat acute respiratory infections in children is very important. The article discusses the use of various etiotropic and symptomatic drugs to treat acute respiratory infections and influenza in children.

The Riemann problem of one-dimensional arbitrary discontinuity breakdown for parameters of unsteady gas flow is considered as applied to the design of Godunov-type numerical methods. The problem is solved in exact and approximate statements (Osher-Solomon difference scheme used in shock capturing numerical methods): the intensities (the ratio of static pressures) and flow velocities on the sides of the resulting breakdowns and waves are determined, and then the other parameters are calculated in all regions of the flow. Comparison of calculation results for model flows by exact and approximate solutions is performed. The concept of velocity function is introduced. The dependence of the velocity function on the breakdown intensity is investigated. A special intensity at which isentropic wave creates the same flow rate as the shock wave is discovered. In the vicinity of this singular intensity approximate methods provide the highest accuracy. The domain of applicability for the approximate Osher-Solomon solution is defined by performing test calculations. The results are presented in a form suitable for usage in the numerical methods. The results obtained can be used in the high-resolution numerical methods.

An approach for effective implementation of numerical methods and computational algorithms is developed to simulate flows of non-viscous and viscous compressible gas in the complex domains. The convergence speeding-up method of iterative process is discussed based on the usage of multi-grid technologies to the solution of large systems of finite difference equations. Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are quantized on structured and unstructured meshes with highresolution schemes in time and space. Multi-grid method is implemented on the basis of standard C/F splitting of variables and standard interpolation method. A specific approach is proposed to overcome the problems related to storing the matrix coefficients of different signs. A problem of flow around an airfoil is used to demonstrate the possibilities of computational tools developed. The results computed for non-viscous and viscous gas on structured and unstructured meshes are presented with the usage of various components of multi-grid technology. Comparison of computation speed and convergence factors on structured and unstructured meshes showed the economy of the developed approach and weak dependence of quality characteristics on the number of mesh points. The choice of optimal inner iterations number made it possible to decrease computation time for 10%. Obtained results can be applied while software creating for fluid dynamics problems in the complex configuration domains.

Background: The basis of the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is kinesitherapy — a special respiratory gymnastics and drainage of a bronchial tree. The increase of efficiency of a complex of medical rehabilitation measures can be reached by the application of a method of the high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO). Aim: To develop additional criteria of the individual program of classes by HFCWO system for children with CF. Patients and methods: The research involved 43 children with CF at the age of 2 years 10 months — 17.5 years whose treatment included 14 HFCWO procedures. During the first 4 classes 10 children from them received the oscillations calculated according to the age, and from the 5th class — according to the severity of CF course and indicators of a volume of the forced expiration for the first second (VFE1) — subgroup I. The patients, included in the subgroup II (n = 33), from the first occupation received the oscillations calculated on the severity of CF course and according to VFE1 indicators. Results: In the subgroup I during the first 4 classes there were no improvements of the peakflowmetry indicators (р >0.05), all children had complaints to discomfort from the procedure. From the 5th class clinical functional dynamics started being noted, to the 8th class indicators amounted to the subgroup II in which positive changes were registered from the first class. To the 14th occupation the VFE1 indicators improved in I and II subgroups: with a high CF severity (from 42.5 ± 5.5 to 58.1 ± 1.6%; р = 0.015) and with a course of medium severity (from 71.1 ± 1.2 to 80.0 ± 2.8%; р = 0.025). In addition all patients showed the improvement of the peakflowmetry indicators and excursion of a chest wall (cm; р

The paper deals with conceptions and methods for visual representation of research numerical results in the problems of fluid mechanics and gas. The three-dimensional nature of unsteady flow being simulated creates significant difficulties for the visual representation of results. It complicates control and understanding of numerical data, and exchange and processing of obtained information about the flow field. Approaches to vortical flows visualization with the usage of gradients of primary and secondary scalar and vector fields are discussed. An overview of visualization techniques for vortical flows using different definitions of the vortex and its identification criteria is given. Visualization examples for some solutions of gas dynamics problems related to calculations of jets and cavity flows are presented. Ideas of the vortical structure of the free non-isothermal jet and the formation of coherent vortex structures in the mixing layer are developed. Analysis of formation patterns for spatial flows inside large-scale vortical structures within the enclosed space of the cubic lid-driven cavity is performed. The singular points of the vortex flow in a cubic lid-driven cavity are found based on the results of numerical simulation; their type and location are identified depending on the Reynolds number. Calculations are performed with fine meshes and modern approaches to the simulation of vortical flows (direct numerical simulation and large-eddy simulation). Paradigm of graphical programming and COVISE virtual environment are used for the visual representation of computational results. Application that implements the visualization of the problem is represented as a network which links are modules and each of them is designed to solve a case-specific problem. Interaction between modules is carried out by the input and output ports (data receipt and data transfer) giving the possibility to use various input and output devices.

The layer-by-layer analysis of the rails classes such as the low-temperature reliability, increased wear resistance, and contact-fatigue strength rails of the superior category of quality after the bulk hardening and tempering and differentially hardening in different regimes is carried out by methods of transmission electron diffraction microscopy of thin foils in the layers located on the roller surface and at the distance of 2 and 10 mm from it on the central axis and on the round corner. The quantitative parameters of dislocation substructure, internal stress fields, structural and phase states formed by diffusion and shear mechanisms of γ−α-transformation are established. The polycrystalline structure is formed in the surface layer of 10 mm thick, independently of the regime of hardening and rail category. The polycrystalline structure is presented by the pearlite grains of lamellar morphology, the ferrite grains, in the bulk of which one can observe the cementite particles of different shapes, and the grains of structurally free ferrite. The relative content of a given type of structure, depending on the hardening regime, rail category, and the depth of location of the layers, are studied. The main structural type of rail steel is pearlite of lamellar morphology with relative content changing in the range from 34% to 87%. Relative fraction of grains of ferrite–carbide mixture is slightly smaller (from 12% to 65% of steel structure). Relative volume fraction of grains of structurally free ferrite is small and is changed in the range from 1% to 5% of steel structure. Dispersion of pearlite structure is estimated, according to the value of interplate distance. As shown, the value of interplate distance is changed in the range from 105 nm to 200 nm. It depends on the regime of hardening, rail category, and distance to roller surface. The evaluation of rail strengthening mechanisms qualitatively being agreed with the hardness measurements is made. As established, the stress concentrator density reaches the maximum value at the tread contact surface. It is higher for the bulk-hardened rails than for differentially-hardened ones. As established, the ferrite component of steel structure is faulty. The dislocation substructures are revealed in the form of chaotically distributed dislocations, nets, cells, and fragments. In the ferrite of pearlite grains, only the first two types of dislocation substructure (namely, substructure of dislocation chaos and netlike dislocation substructure) are observed. The cellular and fragmentary dislocation substructures are revealed only in grains of structurally free ferrite and grains of ferrite–carbide mixture. Scalar dislocation density in ferrite component of rail structure under study is changed in the wide range from 2⋅10^10 cm^2 to 8⋅10^10 cm^2. By analysing the bend extinction contours, the sources of the internal-stress field concentrators are revealed. The most dangerous stress concentrators, which are predominantly formed in the rails subjected to the bulk hardening, are the ‘globular cementite particles–matrix’ interfaces.

Cough is the main symptom of respiratory tract lesion. It is commonly caused by viral, mixed (viral-bacterial) and bacterial respiratory infections. Upon that it may be both a sign of respiratory system pathology and a reflex response to other organs and systems disorders. In spite of expert’s close attention to the cough problem it is still urgent as ever. The studies of its causes are currently in progress, diagnostic patterns and treatment methods are improved. In the article potential causes of cough in children due to their age are analyzed, principal lines for diagnostic search and approaches to therapy of cough syndrome in children are presented. Special attention is paid to medication of cough symptomatic treatment. It is shown that selection of drugs depends on cough characteristics,its strength and other features.

Cough is the main symptom of the respiratory tract disorders. Mostly it occurs in viral, bacterial and mixed (viral and bacterial) respiratory tract infections. The highest rates of respiratory tract infections are among children: it is known that children have respiratory tract infections 3–4 times as much as adults. Available drugs used in acute respiratory tract infections are numerous and various and cover almost all methods of influence on the infectious process. Nowadays the problem of usage of effective and at the same time safe agents in acute respiratory tract infections in children is very topical. The modern approaches to treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in children are discussed in the article. A special attention is given to symptomatic therapy. The authors describe the approaches to treatment of cough according to its character, intensity and other characteristics.

Despite the constant interest of the specialists to the problem of cough, it is still very topical, as the causes of cough are continued to study, the diagnostics algorithms to its detection and approaches to its treatment are defined. Different causes of cough development in children according to their age are discussed in this article, as well as the directions of the diagnostic search and approaches to the therapy of coughing syndrome in children are explained. A special emphasis is put on symptomatic drugs. The choice of drug depends on the type of cough, of its intensity and other characteristics.

The data obtained during screening among several plant species from three different families are present here. It was shown that in seedling stage all of three species (common ice plant, rape and vica) were characterized as relatively high tolerant plants when incubated under excess copper. All of investigated species could be recommended as highly effective phytoremediators for territories with medium to high level of toxic metals.

In article aspects law-enforcement policy of Germany from the moment of the edition of the law in 1994 and till today are considered. The law edition was preceded by stage nig reconcile working and correction of mistakes, considerable experience of lawmaking and practical application which will be useful at creation of similar legislative norms in Russia as a result is stored. In article aspects both standard and financial regulation of access to the ecological information are reflected.