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The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological traits and fragrance-related volatile compounds in three garden rose cultivars from the 'Fragrant Frayla' collection: 'Draga Frayla', 'Jelena Frayla', and 'Lenka Frayla', bred by the private breeding company Pheno Geno Roses. The roses were cultivated under open-field conditions in Temerin, Serbia, without irrigation and chemical treatments. Vegetative and generative properties were assessed in June and September 2023, while headspace volatile extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to identify scent-related volatiles. All three cultivars exhibited high ornamental value, with shrub heights ranging from 47 to 67 cm, semi-upright to upright growth habits, double flowers with diameters from 6.6 to 8.2 cm, and petal counts from 35.8 to 83.8. Upon sensory evaluations, 'Draga Frayla', 'Jelena Frayla', and 'Lenka Frayla' were characterized by moderately strong, strong and moderate fragrances, respectively. Volatile analysis detected the presence of phenylethyl alcohol (up to 57.31% in 'Draga Frayla'), terpenoids (a total of 28.2% for citronellol, geraniol, and nerol, found exclusively in 'Jelena Frayla'), and hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons containing fewer than 30 C-atoms were predominantly found in 'Draga Frayla' (accounting for approximately 25% of the total peak area), while those with more than 30 C-atoms were present at less than 20% in the strongly scented roses. The highest number of volatiles was detected in 'Jelena Frayla', the rose cultivar identified as the most fragrant. The results revealed a correlation between strong fragrance intensity and elevated levels of phenylethyl alcohol and alcoholic monoterpenes, whereas a diverse array of hydrocarbons, rather than their concentration, appeared to enhance scent emission.

The several decades long rescue excavations of the ancient city of Viminacium have brought to light a large number of finds with very varied functions. In this paper, we will focus our attention on the remains of agricultural tools. They can be grouped according to their application: tools for clearing plants and preparing the soil for cultivation, tools used for tillage, implements for shredding and preparation for planting, as well as those used for mowing, harvesting, soil cleaning, and haymaking. The finds of agricultural tools that we present in this paper, although small in number, represent the most reliable indicators of agricultural activities in the period from the 2nd to the beginning of the 4th century, when Viminacium went through its period of greatest prosperity.

The paper presents the results of floristic composition and weed biomass in organic alfalfa crop in different years of alfalfa growing. The experiment was conducted in experimental plots in Futog, during the vegetation period of 2015. The presence of 60 weed species was noted, 49 of all weeds were noticed in the third, 48 in the fourth and 34 in the fifth year of organic alfalfa growing. Quantitative and qualitative structure of weed community depended on the age of alfalfa crop. By the analysis of cover values and the degree of the presence of weed species, it can be seen that species: Rumex obtusifolius L., Taraxacum officinale Web., Cynodon dactylon Pers. and Artemisia vulgaris L. had the greatest significance on weed infestation of alfalfa. The largest number of weed species belonged to the families Poaceae and Asteraceae. The biological spectrum of weeds species was defined by the terophyta dominance, whose number was reduced due to the age of the crop, while the share of hemicryptophytes and geophytes was more or less constant. Although we found a considerable level of infestation of alfalfa, alfalfa biomass reached acceptable values that were significantly higher than the weed biomass, which was statistically highly significant.

This paper presents the results on the presence of weeds in organic alfalfa crops in different years of growing, in Futog during the vegetation period in 2015. In the studied plots, 19 weed species were identified in the organic alfalfa crops, ranging from 13 in three-year-old crops to 17 in those in the fourth year of exploitation, with only 8 recorded in the five-year-old samples. Quantitative and qualitative weed community composition in the studied plots was dependent on the alfalfa crop maturity. It was found that there were statistically significant differences between the total infestation of alfalfa in different years crop utilization. Species Taraxacum officinale Web., Cynodon dactylon Pers. and Artemisia vulgaris L. had the greatest number and their number of individuals/m2 was statistically significantly higher than in all other identified species.

How to determine economic production runs (EPR) for multiple products in flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) is considered in this paper. Eight different although similar, models are developed and presented. The first four models are devoted to the cases when no shortage is allowed. The other four models are some kind of generalization of the previous ones when shortages may exist. The numerical examples are given as the illustration of the proposed models.

This paper discusses early Christian baptistries in the territory of northern Illyricum, which are dated to the period from the 4th to the beginning of the 7th century. The analysis of architectural shapes, positions and decorative elements makes it possible to define the basic types of baptistries, and their chronological attribution. The results of the analysis provides insight into the local specifics of the rite of baptism itself. Likewise, an attempt has been made to reconstruct the liturgical procedures that accompanied it.