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Bladder cancer has become the most common malignant urinary carcinoma. Studies have shown that significant antioxidant and bladder cancer-fighting properties of several plant-based diets like Psidium guajava, ginger and amomum, are associated with their high kaempferol content. In this paper, we evaluated the antioxidant and anticancer activities of kaempferol and its mechanism of induction to apoptosis on bladder cancer cells. Our findings demonstrated that kaempferol showed an obvious radical scavenging activity in erythrocytes damaged by oxygen. Kaempferol promoted antioxidant enzymes, inhibited ROS generation and lipid peroxidation and finally prevented the occurrence of hemolysis. Additionally, kaempferol exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on bladder cancer cells and high safety on normal bladder cells. At the molecular level, kaempferol suppressed EJ bladder cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the function of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), CyclinD1, CDK4, Bid, Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, and promoting p-BRCA1, p-ATM, p53, p21, p38, Bax and Bid expression, and finally triggering apoptosis and S phase arrest. We found that Kaempferol exhibited strong anti-oxidant activity on erythrocyte and inhibitory effects on the growth of cancerous bladder cells through inducing apoptosis and S phase arrest. These findings suggested that kaempferol might be regarded as a bioactive food ingredient to prevent oxidative damage and treat bladder cancer.

To optimize the joint decisions of equipment maintenance and spare parts ordering with dual sourcing, a joint policy is proposed for a multi-unit parallel manufacturing system. The degradation trajectories of components are described by the Poisson process. The joint decisions are modeled according to the Markov decision process. Based on components and inventory status, the transition probability of a system is formulated. The value iteration algorithm is applied to obtain the optimal maintenance and spare parts ordering policy to minimize the average total cost of the system. Furthermore, to shorten the computation time, a heuristic strategy is developed according to the principle of sequential optimization. Numerical experiments with a two-component system are conducted to analyze the decision difference between the heuristic strategy and the optimal strategy. The sensitivity analysis shows that compared with the optimal strategy, the heuristic strategy can reduce the computation time when the total cost increases by no more than 5%.