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Patricia Maria Wiziack Zago,1 Ilza Maria Oliveira Sousa,2 Leila Servat-Medina,2 Michelle Pedroza Jorge,2 Lidio Gonçalves Lima Neto,3 Viviane Hass,4 Xin Li,5 Ana Lucia Tasca Gois Ruiz,2 Deepak Saxena,5 Mary Ann Foglio2 1Sao Leopoldo Mandic Medical School, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; 3Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology, CEUMA University, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil; 4School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; 5College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USACorrespondence: Mary Ann FoglioFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at University of Campinas, Rua Candido Portinari 200, CEP: 13083-871, Campinas, São Paulo, BrazilTel +55 19 3521-8132Email maryann.foglio@fcf.unicamp.brIntroduction: Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a condition associated with intraoral ulceration and bone necrosis induced by antiresorptive medications, such as zoledronic acid, a bisphosphonate. Previous data on Arrabidaea chica (H&B.) Verlot wound healing activity prompted the study reported herein on A. chica standardized hydro alcoholic extract in vitro cytoprotective activity data on epithelial and osteoblastic cells exposed to zoledronic acid (ZA).Methods: Primary human gingival fibroblasts and murine pre-osteoblasts were treated with ZA 10 μM together with 5 or 10 μg.mL− 1 A. chica extract for 24h and 48 h. At both times, cells were submitted to viability assay and caspase 3/7 activation evaluation. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA and p=0.05.Results: In cell viability assay, a drastic damage effect of ZA appeared after 48 h in both epithelial (55.8%) and pre-osteoblastic cells (39.7%). When treated with ZA in combination with A. chica extract, cells showed higher viability values: 74.1%– 82.3% for fibroblasts and 66% for pre-osteoblasts. Furthermore, the combined treatment presented lower caspase 3/7 activation in fibroblasts and pre-osteoblasts.Conclusion: At low concentrations, A. chica extract showed promising cytoprotective effects against ZA-induced damage actions; however, further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to establish the mechanism of action.Keywords: Arrabidaea chica, zoledronic acid, epithelial cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts

Viviane Hass,1 Stephanye Tavares Carvalhal,2 Suellen Nogueira Linares Lima,2 Andrés Alejandro Viteri-Garcia,3 Etevaldo Matos Maia Filho,2 Matheus Coelho Bandeca,2 Alessandra Reis,4 Alessandro Dourado Loguercio,4 Rudys Rodolfo De Jesus Tavarez2 1Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, UNOPAR-University Northern Parana, Londrina, PR, Brazil; 2Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University Ceuma, São Luis, Brazil; 3Escuela de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador; 4Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, BrazilCorrespondence: Alessandro Dourado LoguercioUniversidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti 4748 – Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, BrazilEmail aloguercio@hotmail.comObjective: The purpose of this single-blind (evaluators) and parallel design study was to evaluate whether exposure to a cola-based soft drink during bleaching treatment with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) affects color change and bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity.Material and methods: Forty-four patients with central incisors darker than A2 were selected. Participants who did not drink cola-based soft drinks were assigned to the control group (CG), while participants who drank a cola-based soft drink at least twice a day were assigned to the experimental group (EG). For the CG, foods with staining dyes were restricted. For the EG, there was no restriction on food and patients were asked to rinse their mouths with a cola-based soft drink for 30 s, 4 times daily. For both groups, 2 sessions with three 15 min applications of 35% HP were performed. Shade evaluation was assessed via subjective (VITA classical and VITA bleacheguide shade guides) and objective methods (Easyshade spectrophotometer) at baseline, during bleaching (first, second, and third weeks), and post bleaching (1 week and 1 month). Patients recorded their sensitivity perceptions using a numerical rating scale and 0–10 visual analog scales. Variation in shade guide units and the 2 colors (DE) were evaluated with a Student’s t-test (α = 0.05) and Mann–Whitney test (α = 0.05). Absolute risk of tooth sensitivity and intensity of tooth sensitivity were evaluated by a Chi-square test (α=0.05).Results: Effective bleaching was observed for both groups after 30 days, without statistical difference (p > 0.08). There was no significant difference in absolute risk of bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity between the 2 groups (p = 0.74). Higher and significant scores in pain scales were detected for the EG in comparison to the CG (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Even that the cola-based soft drink exposure during in-office bleaching treatments did not affect the bleaching’s effectiveness; patients reported a higher intensity in bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity.Keywords: dentin sensitivity, dental bleaching, hydrogen peroxide, cola-based soft drink, carbonated beverages, cola, soda

Operator training simulators (OTS) are widely used in several industries including chemical processing, oil and gas, medicine, aircraft and nuclear facilities. However, developing a biorefinery OTS is a complex engineering design activity that requires a structured technique. This paper presents a structured methodology that applies design frameworks from other disciplines and a user-centred approach for biorefinery OTS design. These include the definition of end user requirements (operator training needs), and the analysis of these requirements using Quality Function Deployment (QFD). Furthermore, an algorithm for bioprocess optimisation and automatic adjustment of operating parameters is developed for integration into the OTS. This algorithm is based on the Nelder-Mead simplex method for multi-dimensional function minimisation. Identified user requirements were categorized into primary, secondary and tertiary training needs, with increasing levels of detail from primary to tertiary needs. The relationships between identified operator training needs and OTS technical and functional specifications were investigated, and a priority rating assigned to the most important OTS specifications. Identified OTS specifications were evaluated for robustness to ensure that important features were not omitted from the final design.