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Background and Aim: The annual risk of major bleeding due to anticoagulant use ranges from 2% to 5%, with 0.5% to 1% of these bleedings being fatal. The global usage of oral anticoagulants is 0.65%, with warfarin being the most commonly used oral anticoagulant agent. In our study, we aimed to determine the long-term bleeding risks of patients using warfarin in our clinic and to make treatment and risk factor adjustments according to this risk situation. We investigated the effectiveness of the most commonly used bleeding risk scores and their superiority over one another in this study. Materials and Methods: This study included patients taking warfarin from January 2010 to January 1, 2022. Demographic data, laboratory parameters, known, and potential bleeding risk factors were recorded for all patients. Pre-treatment CHA2DS2-VASc, ATRIA, HAS-BLED, and ORBIT scores were calculated for all patients included in the study, along with their time in therapeutic range (TTR) values during follow-up. Patients were retrospectively monitored for bleeding events. Results: In our study, we observed that anemia, chronic kidney failure, cancer, and mechanical valves were associated with an increased risk of bleeding compared with other risk factors. We found that among the risk scores assessed in patients, the HAS-BLED risk score more strongly predicted the risk of bleeding than the other risk scores. Additionally, we found that low TTR values were directly associated with bleeding. Conclusion: Modifying identified risk factors in patients during the warfarin treatment process (such as anemia, chronic kidney failure, etc.) may reduce the risk of bleeding. Similarly, close monitoring of TTR, particularly in patients with high HAS-BLED and ORBIT risk scores assessed before treatment initiation, is considered a safe treatment approach to reduce the risk of bleeding.

Dalam upaya tata laksana fibriasi atrium (FA) untuk mencegah risiko stroke, antikoagulan seperti warfarin dapat digunakan. Indeks terapi yang sempit mendukung bahwa pengawasan selama penggunaan warfarin diperlukan untuk mencegah risiko perdarahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan status risiko perdarahan pada sekelompok pasien FA yang menggunakan warfarin berdasarkan nilai HAS-BLED di RS ABC Gianyar, Bali. Penelitian observasional deskriptif dilakukan dengan pendekatan retrospective case study terhadap data pasien rawat jalan di RS ABC Gianyar. Penelitian ini mengikutsertakan seluruh pasien FA penerima warfarin berdasarkan riwayat selama periode Januari 2022-Mei 2023. Pencatatan dan asesmen risiko perdarahan mencakup komponen penilaian HAS-BLED yang diilustrasikan dalam bentuk tabel dan gambar sesuai profil pasien keseluruhan. Dari sejumlah delapan pasien FA, lima pasien (62,5%) memiliki risiko perdarahan sedang (nilai 1-2), dan sisanya berada dalam kategori risiko rendah (nilai 0). Mayoritas proporsi pada stratifikasi risiko perdarahan sedang dipengaruhi oleh parameter usia lanjut >65 tahun (50,00%), penggunaan antiplatelet atau antiinflamasi nonsteroid (NSAID) (25,00%), dan nilai INR yang tinggi (12,50%). Meskipun tidak ditemukan risiko perdarahan tinggi, pemantauan selama penggunaan warfarin diperlukan dengan berfokus pada faktor risiko yang dapat dimodifikasi. Keterbatasan jumlah sampel dan beberapa parameter laboratorium pada penelitian ini dapat menjadi masukan untuk kemajuan praktik klinis maupun pengembangan penelitian selanjutnya

Ischemic stroke treatment has been changing in recent years and these procedures have positive effects on patients' prognosis, morbidity, and mortality. Intravenous Treatment with Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (iv r-tPA) is one of the most efficient approaches in ischemic stroke patients. When administered in the first 4.5 h from symptom onset, it has been proven to be effective in functional improvement. However, physicians may feel hesitant about administering these treatments regarding the possible complications,especially the patients with recurrent stroke. The aim of this article is to contribute to the literature on the efficacy and safety of recur-rent iv r-tPA therapy in patients with recurrent stroke. We present seven patients who underwent thrombolytic treatment more than one time between September 2017 and September 2020 and recorded the patients' gender, risk factors, age, initial/final National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and hemorrhagic transformation rates. Mean interval of iv r-TPA treatment was 244.7 days (minimum 58 days, maximum 1 year 9 months 10 days). Average of NIHSS calculated as 7.57 before the first and 8.26 before the second iv r-tPA treatment; at the time of discharge mean of NIHSS was 1.57 and 2.8 respectively for five patients. Five of the patients have been identified as cardioembolic in aetiology. In two of our cases, clinical worsening was observed in the follow-ups after iv r-tPA. Our symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rates were similar to the literature seen in one patient. Rates of bleeding were directly proportional with calculated HAS-BLED scores in patients who were started anticoagulation. Our complication rates were similar with literature and the prognosis of recurrent r-tPA was discovered to have a good prognosis in the first 3 months.

Background: Major bleeding in the treatment of atrial fibrillation is closely associated with an increased risk of death and major adverse outcomes in both the short and long term, but all bleeding events are associated with a reduced quality of life. Bleeding events are also known to reduce medication adherence. In this sense, bleeding risk scores are important tools to help predict major bleeding. However, it is not clear which scoring system is superior. Aim: In this study, our aim was to compare bleeding risk scores and to examine the factors associated with bleeding in patients with major bleeding while using vitamin K antagonists. Methods: In this retrospective and single-center study, scoring, laboratory and demographic data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 statistical program. Results: The mean age of a total of 1434 patients included in our study was 68.2 ± 11.3 years, range was 39–93 years and 769 (53.6%) of these patients were male. Of 588 patients with major bleeding, 93 (15.8%) had intracranial hemorrhage. Logistic regression analysis comparing the scoring systems among themselves revealed that the GARFIELD-AF scoring system had a predictive effect on major bleeding independent of the effect of other scoring systems (OR: 1.532, 95% CI 1.348–1.741, p

BackgroundThe 2021 UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines tend to recommend the ORBIT score for predicting bleeding risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) with anticoagulants. Herein, we comprehensively re-assessed the predicted abilities of the HAS-BLED vs. ORBIT score since several newly published data showed different findings.MethodsWe comprehensively searched the PubMed electronic database until December 2021 to identify relevant studies reporting the ORBIT vs. HAS-BLED scores in anticoagulated patients with AF. Their predicted abilities were assessed using the C-index, reclassification, and calibration analysis.ResultsFinally, 17 studies were included in this review. In the pooled analysis, the ORBIT score had a C-index of 0.63 (0.60–0.66), 0.59 (0.53–0.66), and 0.57 (0.48–0.67) for major bleeding, any clinically relevant bleeding, and intracranial bleeding, respectively, while the HAS-BLED score had a C-index of 0.61 (0.59–0.63), 0.59 (0.56–0.63), and 0.57 (0.51–0.64) for major bleeding, any clinically relevant bleeding, and intracranial bleeding, respectively. There were no statistical differences in the accuracy of predicting these bleeding events between the two scoring systems. For the outcome of major bleeding, the subgroup analyses based on vitamin K antagonists vs. direct oral anticoagulants suggested no differences in the discrimination ability between the HAS-BLED and ORBIT scores. Reclassification and calibration analyses of HAS-BLED vs. ORBIT should be further assessed due to the limited and conflicting data.ConclusionOur current findings suggested that the HAS-BLED and ORBIT scores at least had similar predictive abilities for major bleeding risk in anticoagulated (vitamin K antagonists or direct oral anticoagulants) patients with AF, supporting the use of the HAS-BLED score in clinical practice.

Background The association between cancer types and specific bleeding events in patients with atrial fibrillation has been scarcely investigated. Also, the performance of bleeding risk scores in this high‐risk subgroup of patients is unclear. We investigated the rate of any bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, major bleeding, and gastrointestinal bleeding according to cancer types in patients with atrial fibrillation. We also tested the predictive value of HAS‐BLED, ATRIA, and ORBIT bleeding risk scores. Methods and Results Observational retrospective cohort study including hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation and cancer from the French National Hospital Discharge Database (Programme de Medicalisation des Systemes d'Information) from January 2010 to December 2019. Major bleeding was defined according to Bleeding Academic Research Consortium definitions. Patients with HAS‐BLED ≥3, ATRIA ≥5, or ORBIT ≥4 were classified as at high bleeding risk. Receiver operating characteristic analysis for each score against any bleeding, major bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage was performed. Areas under the curve (AUCs) were then compared. We included 399 344 patients. Mean age was 77.9±10.2 years, and 63.2% were men. The highest intracranial hemorrhage rates were found in leukemia (1.89%/year), myeloma (1.52%/year), lymphoma and liver (1.45%/year), and pancreas cancer (1.41%/year). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that ORBIT score predicted best for any bleeding. In addition, ORBIT score ≥4 had the highest predictivity for major bleeding (AUC, 0.805), followed by HAS‐BLED ≥3 and ATRIA ≥5 (AUCs, 0.716 and 0.700, respectively). HAS‐BLED and ORBIT performed best for intracranial hemorrhage (AUCs, 0.744 and 0.742 for continuous scores, respectively), better than ATRIA (AUC, 0.635). For gastrointestinal bleeding, ORBIT ≥4 had the highest predictivity (AUC, 0.756), followed by the HAS‐BLED ≥3 (AUC, 0.702) and ATRIA ≥5 (AUC, 0.662). Conclusions Some cancer types carry a greater bleeding risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. The identification and management of modifiable bleeding risk factors is crucial in these patients, as well as to flag up high bleeding risk patients for early review and follow‐up.

Abstract Background We tested whether CHA2DS2-VASc and/or HAS-BLED scores better predict ischemic stroke and major bleeding, respectively, than their individual components in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods A retrospective cohort study of a clinical database containing the medical records of 268 MHD patients with non-valvular AF (167 women, mean age 73.4 ± 10.2 years). During the median follow-up of 21.0 (interquartile range, 5.0–44.0) months, 46 (17.2%) ischemic strokes and 24 (9.0%) major bleeding events were reported. Results Although CHA2DS2-VASc predicted ischemic stroke risk in the study population (adjusted HR 1.74 with 95% CI 1.23–2.46 for each unit of increase in CHA2DS2-VASc score, and HR of 5.57 with 95% CI 1.88–16.49 for CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 6), prior ischemic strokes/transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) were non-inferior in both univariate and multivariate analyses (adjusted HR 8.65 with 95% CI 2.82–26.49). The ROC AUC was larger for the prior ischemic stroke/TIA than for CHA2DS2-VASc. Furthermore, the CHA2DS2-VASc score did not predict future ischemic stroke risks in study participants who did not previously experience ischemic strokes/TIAs (adjusted HR 1.41, 95% CI: 0.84–2.36). The HAS-BLED score and its components did not have predictive abilities in discriminating bleeding risk in the study population. Conclusions Previous ischemic strokes are non-inferior for predicting of future ischemic strokes than the complete CHA2DS2-VASc score in MHD patients. CHA2DS2VASc scores are less predictive in MHD patients without histories of CVA/TIA. HAS-BLED scores do not predict major bleeding in MHD patients. These findings should redesign approaches to ischemic stroke risk stratification in MHD patients if future large-scale epidemiological studies confirm them.

Background: Several bleeding risk assessment models have been developed in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with oral anticoagulants, but the most appropriate tool for predicting bleeding remains uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the Hypertension, Abnormal liver/renal function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile international normalized ratio, Elderly, Drugs/alcohol concomitantly (HAS-BLED) score compared with other risk scores in anticoagulated patients with AF.Methods: We comprehensively searched the PubMed and Embase databases until July 2021 to identify relevant pieces of literature. The predictive abilities of risk scores were fully assessed by the C-statistic, net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) values, calibration data, and decision curve analyses.Results: A total of 39 studies met the inclusion criteria. The C-statistic of the HAS-BLED score for predicting major bleeding was 0.63 (0.61–0.65) in anticoagulated patients regardless of vitamin k antagonists [0.63 (0.61–0.65)] and direct oral anticoagulants [0.63 (0.59–0.67)]. The HAS-BLED had the similar C-statistic to the Hepatic or renal disease, Ethanol abuse, Malignancy, Older, Reduced platelet count or function, Re-bleeding risk, Hypertension (uncontrolled), Anemia, Genetic factors, Excessive fall risk, Stroke (HEMORR2HAGES), the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA), the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT), the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF), or the Age, Biomarkers, Clinical History (ABC) scores, but significantly higher C-statistic than the Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75 years, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke/transient ischemic attack history (CHADS2) or the Congestive heart failure/left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%, Hypertension, Age ≥75 years, Diabetes mellitus, Stroke/transient ischemic attack/thromboembolism history, Vascular disease, Age 65–74 years, Sex (female) (CHA2DS2-VASc) scores. NRI and IDI values suggested that the HAS-BLED score performed better than the CHADS2 or the CHA2DS2-VASc scores and had similar or superior predictive ability compared with the HEMORR2HAGES, the ATRIA, the ORBIT, or the GARFIELD-AF scores. Calibration and decision curve analyses of the HAS-BLED score compared with other scores required further assessment due to the limited evidence.Conclusion: The HAS-BLED score has moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in patients with AF regardless of type of oral anticoagulants. Current evidence support that the HAS-BLED score is at least non-inferior to the HEMORR2HAGES, the ATRIA, the ORBIT, the GARFIELD-AF, the CHADS2, the CHA2DS2-VASc, or the ABC scores.

Patients with atrial fibrillation are associated with a 4-5-fold risk of having a stroke. The most effective treatment for atrial fibrillation is to prevent the formation of blood clots by administering anticoagulant drugs. Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug that has a narrow therapeutic index with side effects of the risk of bleeding; hence it needs supervision in its use. In this study, the HAS-BLED score was used to measure major bleeding risk and as a value representing each risk factor for bleeding. The bleeding risk can be prevented by maintaining a warfarin response in the therapeutic range with an INR (International Normalized Ratio) measurement 2-3. This study was an observational study conducted with retrospective data collection through medical records of patients with a primary diagnosis of atrial fibrillation who received oral warfarin anticoagulant therapy at Harapan Kita National Heart Center in the period of January-December 2017. Using a sample of 40 patients who met the inclusion criteria. According to the data, found that atrial fibrillation patients who received oral warfarin therapy 55% were male patients, while 45% were female patients. Patients with atrial fibrillation who got the most oral warfarin therapy were patients who were over 40 years old with 90% of the total sample, with the highest group in patients aged 50-54 years with 22.5%. The HAS-BLED values arranged from 0-9, the percentage of patients who had HAS-BLED values of 0, 1, 2 respectively at 7.5%, 42.5%, 30%. The HAS-BLED score ≥ 3 showed patients classified as at high risk of bleeding by 20%. The most risk factors based on HAS-BLED score from all study samples were 18 patients with abnormal kidney or 45%. The average INR score in patients at high risk of bleeding showed that 37.5% had an average INR score in the target ratio score of INR 2-3.

Background Multiple scores have been proposed to stratify bleeding risk, but their value to guide dual antiplatelet therapy duration has never been appraised. We compared the performance of the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines), ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy), and HAS‐BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly) scores in 1946 patients recruited in the Prolonging Dual Antiplatelet Treatment After Grading Stent‐Induced Intimal Hyperplasia Study (PRODIGY) and assessed hemorrhagic and ischemic events in the 24‐ and 6‐month dual antiplatelet therapy groups. Methods and Results Bleeding score performance was assessed with a Cox regression model and C statistics. Discriminative and reclassification power was assessed with net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement. The C statistic was similar between the CRUSADE score (area under the curve 0.71) and ACUITY (area under the curve 0.68), and higher than HAS−BLED (area under the curve 0.63). CRUSADE, but not ACUITY, improved reclassification (net reclassification index 0.39, P=0.005) and discrimination (integrated discrimination improvement index 0.0083, P=0.021) of major bleeding compared with HAS‐BLED. Major bleeding and transfusions were higher in the 24‐ versus 6‐month dual antiplatelet therapy groups in patients with a CRUSADE score >40 (hazard ratio for bleeding 2.69, P=0.035; hazard ratio for transfusions 4.65, P=0.009) but not in those with CRUSADE score ≤40 (hazard ratio for bleeding 1.50, P=0.25; hazard ratio for transfusions 1.37, P=0.44), with positive interaction (Pint=0.05 and Pint=0.01, respectively). The number of patients with high CRUSADE scores needed to treat for harm for major bleeding and transfusion were 17 and 15, respectively, with 24‐month rather than 6‐month dual antiplatelet therapy; corresponding figures in the overall population were 67 and 71, respectively. Conclusions Our analysis suggests that the CRUSADE score predicts major bleeding similarly to ACUITY and better than HAS BLED in an all‐comer population with percutaneous coronary intervention and potentially identifies patients at higher risk of hemorrhagic complications when treated with a long‐term dual antiplatelet therapy regimen. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00611286.