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One of the major impacts of climate change in the agricultural sector relates to changes in the suitability of areas that are used for planting crops. Since peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important sources of protein, an assessment of the potential shifts in peanut crop planting areas is critical. In this study, we evaluated the effects of climate change on the potential distribution of peanut crops in Australia. The current and potential future distributions of peanut crops were modeled using Species Distribution Models (SDMs) of CLIMatic indEX (CLIMEX). The future potential peanut crop distributions in Australia for 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2100 were modeled by employing CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC-H Global Climate Models (GCMs) under SRES A2 climate change scenarios from CliMond 10’ database. The results indicated an increase in unsuitable areas for peanut cultivation in Australia throughout the projected years for the two GCMs. The CSIRO-Mk3.0 projection of unsuitable areas in 2100 was higher (i.e. 76% of the Australian continent) than the MIROC-H projection (i.e. 48% of the Australian continent). It was found that the projected increase in dry stress in the future could cause limitations in areas that are currently suitable for peanut crop cultivation. Looking into the future suitability of existing peanut cultivation areas, both GCMs agreed that some areas will become unsuitable, while they disagreed with the suitability of other areas. However, they agreed on the important point that only a small number of existing peanut cultivation areas would still be suitable in the future. Using CLIMEX, the present study has confirmed the effects of climate change on the shifts in areas suitable for peanut cultivation in the future, and thus may provide valuable information relevant to the long-term planning of peanut cultivation in Australia.

Long-acting local anaesthetics have demonstrated effectiveness in managing intraoperative and postoperative pain. However, substances like lidocaine and paraben preservatives can trigger allergic reactions and methemoglobinemia in susceptible individuals. While bupivacaine shares common side effects with other local anesthetics, its adverse effects are amplified due to the physicochemical properties of long-acting local anesthetics. Recently, there has been growing interest in utilizing saliva as a potential bio matrix for drug testing because the drug concentration in saliva directly reflects the free, non-protein-bound drug in plasma. This study involved extracting lidocaine and bupivacaine from saliva collected from healthy male patients using a liquid-liquid extraction method. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with ropivacaine as an internal standard was employed for simultaneous determination of both drugs. The results demonstrated high precision and accuracy, with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 3 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml for lidocaine, and 20 ng/ml and 62 ng/ml for bupivacaine, respectively. This non-invasive and user-friendly method provides highly accurate drug analysis results.

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is crital pest of chili plants. Besides using chemical insecticides to control B. tabaci, the actions that can be taken for B. tabaci management include applying repellent compounds. This research aims to study the potential of various commercial corn varieties in producing repellent compounds for B. tabaci. The method used in this research involved testing the response of B. tabaci using a Y tube olfactometer and GCMS analysis on varieties P-21, Bisi-18, NK-212, and Pertiwi 3 on a laboratory scale. Volatile compounds were collected from corn plants aged 3–10 weeks after planting (WAP). The results showed that Bisi-18, P-21, NK-212, and Pertiwi 3 maize exhibited repellency against B. tabaci. The highest repellency for all corn varieties was observed at 10 WAP. The P-21 variety exhibited 80% repellency, followed by Pertiwi 3 and Bisi-18 with 78% repellency, while NK-212 showed the weakest repellencyat 60%. Results from volatile compounds identification of each maize varieties demonstrated revealed several compounds with repellent properties against B. tabaci, including 9-otadecenoic acid (Z)-, 9-octadecenamide, (Z)-, delta-guaiene, alpha-guaiene, beta caryophyllene, and patchouli alcohol. Using maize plants to manage B. tabaci has the potential to be an environmentally friendly management technique. Further research is needed on B. tabaci management technique to achieve a more effective and efficient combination.

Background: Piper chaba has been traditionally using for its potential health benefits. The principal goal of this investigation was to assess the pharmacological characteristics of the EEPCS, focusing on investigating its potential antihyperuricemic effects, ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme, and antioxidant properties. Methods: The antioxidant capability of the extract was assessed using the DPPH radical assay. The extract was evaluated in vitro aimed at its xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) action and further experimented for its antihyperuricemic effect on the Potassium oxonate (PO) induced hyperuricemia murine model. Besides, molecular docking techniques were employed to interpret the inhibitory mechanism of the compounds identified through GCMS analysis of the EEPCS. Results: There was no safety concern at doses up to 3000 mg/kg of the extract as confirmed by mice model studies. The extract displayed potent the antioxidant properties during quantitative antioxidant test (IC50=104.9 ± 0.99 µg/mL). In XOI test, the extract was found to be effective with an IC50 value of 26.14 μg/mL. In addition, the extract was found to decrease the Serum uric acid (SUA) levels by 36.72 and 61.84 % at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively, compared to the hyperurecaemic animals. The GCMS analysis of the extract revealed eighteen distinct compounds, which were docked against human peroxiredoxin 5 and xanthin oxidase proteins. Selina-3,7(11)-diene (CID: 6429221) was the most effective phytochemical for the human peroxiredoxin 5 protein having binding score −6.2 Kcal/mol compared to standard ascorbic acid (5.6 Kcal/mol). Besides, gamma-muurolene (-7.9 Kcal/mol) was the most effective phytochemical for the XO protein compared to standard allopurinol (−6.4 Kcal/mol). Conclusion: Our experimental data showed that the EEPCS has potentiality as an antioxidant and hypouricemic agent that could be contributed to treat and manage oxidative stress (OS), gout and hyperuricemia.

The rapid increase in the number of motorized vehicles has resulted in the depletion of the availability of fossil-based fuel oil. Bioethanol from sugarcane molasses waste is an alternative that can be applied to vehicles with the condition that it has 99.95% ethanol fuel grade. The study used a bioethanol sample fuel blend BE10 (Bioethanol 10%+90% Pertalite), and then conducted property testing and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) to observe the compound structure of the fuel. Modification of the ignition timing forward 2o (+2) was done by reprogramming the Engine Control Module (ECM). The addition of up to 20% bioethanol to pertalite increased the octane number from 90 to 93.1. However, the heating value decreased from 42.5 to 39.18 MJ/kg. In the GC-MS test, the number of compounds in the fuel increased to 52 and 51 compounds, respectively. The highest improvement in engine performance of all parameters using bioethanol and advance ignition was sample (BE10+2). The thermal efficiency was 6.16%. Thus, the use of bioethanol fuel blends and ignition timing modifications can be applied to vehicles to get good performance and be more environmentally friendly.

Study region: Mokgam River watershed, South Korea Study focus: In this study, the uncertainty contribution of three sources and their interaction effects on future climate and runoff projections were quantified. General circulation models (GCMs), shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), and bias correction (BC) methods were considered as the three sources. 20 GCMs under four SSPs (SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, SSP3–7.0, and SSP5–8.5) were used to project the future climate of the study area. Seven BC methods were used to adjust the GCMs’ daily climate data. The storm water management model (SWMM) was used as a hydrological model to simulate runoff, incorporating both natural and conduit flows according to GCMs’ climate projection. The normalized Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NNSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE), and modified index of agreement (MD) were used to evaluate the performance of the GCMs’ climate simulations and the SWMM runoff simulations, which were based on the GCMs’ climate data. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) method was used to quantify the uncertainty. New hydrological insights for the study region: The results showed that the assumptions of the BC method had a significant impact on the variation in climate and runoff projections. In the uncertainty of future climate and runoff projection results, BC methods exhibited the predominant contribution, while SSPs showed the least contribution. However, the uncertainty contribution from SSPs and GCMs was predominant in temperature projections, and these results could vary depending on the assumptions and the number of BC methods used. Overall, this study emphasizes not only the influence of GCMs but also the impact of BC methods on future climate and runoff projections.

This study investigates the medicinal properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa by extracting its bioactive compounds with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Ethyl acetate extract had the highest total phenolic content, while hexane extract had the lowest. The ethanol extract had the highest total flavonoid content, with hexane extract having the lowest. Ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 28.61 ± 0.56 μg/mL. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry profiling identified major compounds like menthol and salicylic acid. Fraction 6, with rhodomyrtone content of 728 μg/mL, had the most dominant rhodomyrtone compound. Higher solvent polarity correlated with higher total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity, but lower saponin content. Based on its contents, further studies are needed to investigate its ability to reduce enteric methane, enhance immunity, and adapt to climate change, both in vitro and in vivo in ruminant livestock.

Abstract High‐resolution climate projections are critical to assessing climate risk and developing climate resilience strategies. However, they remain limited in quality, availability, and/or geographic coverage. The Seasonal Trends and Analysis of Residuals empirical statistical downscaling model (STAR‐ESDM) is a computationally‐efficient, flexible approach to generating such projections that can be applied globally using predictands and predictors sourced from weather stations, gridded data sets, satellites, reanalysis, and global or regional climate models. It uses signal processing combined with Fourier filtering and kernel density estimation techniques to decompose and smooth any quasi‐Gaussian time series, gridded or point‐based, into multi‐decadal long‐term means and/or trends; static and dynamic annual cycles; and probability distributions of daily variability. Long‐term predictor trends are bias‐corrected and predictor components used to map predictand components to future conditions. Components are then recombined for each station or grid cell to produce a continuous, high‐resolution bias‐corrected and downscaled time series at the spatial and temporal scale of the predictand time series. Comparing STAR‐ESDM output driven by coarse global climate model simulations with daily temperature and precipitation projections generated by a high‐resolution version of the same global model demonstrates it is capable of accurately reproducing projected changes for all but the most extreme temperature and precipitation values. For most continental areas, biases in 1‐in‐1000 hottest and coldest temperatures are

The importance of kaffir lime leaf as essential oils (EOs) raw material is starting to get attention because of its commercial value; however, there is no quality reference for kaffir lime leaf EOs, especially in response to various post-harvest handlings. This study aimed to describe the physicochemical characteristics and yield of kaffir lime EOs subjected to different post-harvest. Bogor originated-kaffir lime leaf was prepared to be subjected to several post-harvest treatments, i.e., control/fresh green leaves (P1); milling to produce green leaf flour (P2); drying to produce dry brown leaf (P3), and milling and drying to produce brown leaf flour (P4). The result showed that post-harvest treatment generally decreases an oil yield and increases darkness color, specific gravity and refractive index of tested EOs. Additionally, post-harvest treatment also changes metabolite profile revealed by GCMS analysis. The relative percentage of caryophyllene and citronellol tends to increase, while the linalool and citronellal levels decrease due to tested post-harvest treatment. It was implied that for the benefit of the fragrance industry with a high citronellal requirement, EOs should be made from fresh green leaves and the leaves should be avoided from drying and powdering treatment.

Epilepsy is an abiding condition associated with recurrent seizure attacks along with associated neurological and psychological emanation owing to disparity of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. The current study encompasses the assessment of the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. methanolic extract (Na.Cr) in the management of convulsive state and concomitant conditions owing to epilepsy. The latency of seizure incidence was assessed using pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling models along with EEG in Na.Cr pretreated mice, trailed by behavior assessment (anxiety and memory), biochemical assay, histopathological alterations, chemical profiling through GCMS, and molecular docking. The chronic assessment of PTZ-induced kindled mice depicted salvation in a dose-related pattern and outcomes were noticeable with extract at 400 mg/kg. The extract at 400 mg/kg defends the progress of kindling seizures and associated EEG. Co-morbid conditions in mice emanating owing to epileptic outbreaks were validated by behavioral testing and the outcome depicted a noticeable defense related to anxiety (P

Abstract Mosquitoes are notorious insects that transmit a wide range of infectious diseases, including zika, malaria, chikungunya, filariasis, and dengue. The overuse and incorrect application of synthetic pesticides to control mosquitoes has resulted in resistance development and environmental contamination, both of which have had a negative impact on human health. To address this issue, the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of acetone extract from Casearia tomentosa fruits was investigated. The extract was evaluated in a lab setting against all larval instars and pupa of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus, as well as against third instar larvae in a semi-field condition. Purified compounds through TLC were also tested against 3rd instar larvae of both mosquito and non-target organisms. The FT-IR and GC-MS analyses were used to characterise the extract. Morphological aberration caused by the acetone extract was observed using FESEM. The anal gills and respiratory siphon of both mosquitoes showed significant deformation from their normal state. 100 ppm was found to cause 100% larval mortality at 24 h of exposure in case of Cx. quinquefasciatus and at 72 h of exposure in Ae. albopictus larvae. After 72 h of exposure under in vitro conditions, the extract demonstrated considerable larvicidal activity with LC50 values of 38.33 and 47.56 against 3rd instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus, respectively. The acetone extract can be considered as a highly effective mosquito larvicidal agent that is safe for the environment. Graphical abstract

In this study, we examined how future climate change will affect streamflow responses in the Kessem watershed. Climate variables from SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios were extracted from GCMs for the 2040s (2031–2060) and 2070s (2061–2090). The bias-corrected precipitation and temperature were converted into streamflow using a calibrated SWAT model. The simulated output of the future streamflow for the periods 2040s and 2070s was compared with the base period (1992–2020) and presented as percentage changes. During calibration and validation, the SWAT model showed Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values of 0.79 and 0.77, as well as coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.8 and 0.79, demonstrating its capability of simulating streamflow. The annual mean maximum and minimum temperatures are predicted to increase, with a pronounced increase in the minimum temperature for the mid-term and long-term futures under both emission scenarios. As we approach the end of the century, we see an increase in annual mean rainfall and streamflow under the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario. The increment in annual mean rainfall (streamflow) is expected to be 3% (12.5%) and 23% (48.8%) for the 2040s and 2070s, respectively, under the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario. HIGHLIGHTS The output of five Global Climate Models (GCMs) was used to extract climate variables for SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios.; Temperature and precipitation systematic errors were corrected using the distribution mapping bias correction approach.; We integrated the bias-corrected climate variables with a calibrated SWAT model to evaluate streamflow response due to the impact of climate change.;

The fragrant compound in agarwood has been a valuable ingredient in perfumery. The agarwood oil that is extracted using hydro-distillation technique undergoes a certain heat treatment to blend well with other compounds. As it is highly prized and proprietary, information on the effects of heat treatment on the agarwood oil is limited, hindering its potential as a bioresource in other pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications. In this study, we reveal the effects of heat treatment on agarwood oil, with a special focus on terpene compounds – an important chemical component found in agarwood. We found that agarwood oil was thermally stable at the temperatures of 80 °C, 120 °C, and 180 °C and time points 5 min, 10 min, and 20 min, respectively, without causing major loss in its terpene compounds, including monoterpenes, diterpenes sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpenoids. Further analysis using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant assay showed an overall increase in free radical scavenging activity for these heated agarwood oil. Additionally, the heat-treated agarwood oil did not return with any toxic effects on mononuclear blood cells. The findings of this study would be beneficial to the downstream applications of agarwood oil in perfumery and pharmaceutical product development.

Abstract Climate change has placed considerable pressure on the residential environment, agricultural, and water supplies in different areas of the world, especially arid places such as Iraq. Iraq is one of the five most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change, where it has been encountering extremes heat waves during the most recent decades resulted in drought, desertification, and rivers dried up, which led to thousands of hectares to turn dry and yellow. This study aims to investigate the trends of climate change in the middle and western regions of Iraq and future expectations. The daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation are downscaled using the Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model. Five General Circulation Models (GCMs) from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) are employed for three future periods: the near future (2021–2040), medium future (2051–2070), and far future (2081–2100), based on two scenarios of the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for four selected meteorological stations representing the study area. The outcomes of the calibration and validation of the model supported its skill and reliability to downscale precipitation and temperature time series for statistical indices (R2, RMSE and MBE) ranging between (0.894–0.998), (0.1270–1.9274) and (− 0.6158 to 0.0008), respectively. The results showed that the average minimum and maximum annual temperatures will increase at all selected stations across the three future periods by between 0.94 and 4.98 °C by the end of the twenty-first century. Annual changes in precipitation tend generally towards increase for the study area by average (6.09–14.31%) for RCP4.5 and (11.25–20.97%) for RCP8.5 Compared to the historical data (1990–2020). These findings can contribute to become more acquainted with the effects of climate change on the environment and encourage managers and planners to come up with plans for mitigating and adapting to these effects. They can also serve as a guide for future management of water and agricultural resources in the study region.

In rainfed areas, precipitation variations directly impact wheat growth stages such as emergence, tillering, jointing and booting, and maturity. Evaluating the impact of climate change on precipitation patterns during these critical growth stages is crucial for adapting climate change and ensuring global food security. In this study, projections of five General Circulation models (GCMs) under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) were used to predict the changing characteristics of precipitation during four main growth stages of wheat in the rainfed region of the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan. Historical datasets of daily precipitation at six weather stations were analyzed to check the past changes in the precipitation patterns. During the baseline period (1985–2014), the annual average precipitation decreased at a rate of −9.75 mm/decade, while the amount of precipitation during the rabi season (wheat-growing season) decreased at a rate of −20.47 mm/decade. An increase in the precipitation was found during the fourth (flowering) stage of crop growth, while the first three stages experienced a decrease in the precipitation amount. The multimodal ensembled data, under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, revealed a significant decline (at the rate of −16.63 mm/decade) in the future annual precipitation. However, it is projected that, under SSP2-4.5, there may be a slight increase (4.03 mm/decade) in the total precipitation amount during the future rabi season. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, average annual precipitation exhibited a slightly increasing trend, increasing by 1.0 mm/decade. However, during the rabi season, there was a possibility of a decrease in precipitation amount, with a rate of 11.64 mm/decade. It is also expected that the precipitation amount may vary significantly during the crown root initiation, jointing and booting, and flowering stages in the near future. These results provide a framework for the planning of wheat production in the Pothwar region of Pakistan, taking into account the potential impact of shifting weather patterns, particularly in terms of uneven precipitation.

This study investigates the future changes in precipitation extreme indices in the Lake Urmia Basin during the period 2021–2100 compared to the base period (1987–2016), using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. Trend analysis was performed using Mann–Kendall test and Sen's estimator. The output of these models was downscaled by the Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator method for the representative concentration pathway (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5. A model averaging technique was employed to create an ensemble model. The results showed that the average precipitation of the basin will decrease by the end of the 21st century. The projection also showed that the consecutive dry day's index increases based on both scenarios. However, other indices (maximum 1-day precipitation, maximum 5-day precipitation, very wet days, consecutive wet days, simple daily intensity index, and wet-day precipitation) are reduced compared to the base period. Moreover, the slope of significant trends in the RCP8.5 is greater and more severe than that in RCP4.5. HIGHLIGHTS This study focuses on the future change of extreme rainfall in the Lake Urmia basin in Iran.; The projected results are decreasing trends in extreme precipitation and in wet days and increasing trends in dry days by the end of the 21st century.; This study predicts that the basin may face more drought in the future.; The results of this study have important implications for the management of water resources.;

The selection of an appropriate subset of Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) for long-term hydrological simulation at the basin scale is a necessity. This study selected high-performing GCMs among 32 available CMIP6 GCMs on the basis of reproducing the observed precipitation over the main watershed in South Korea during the historical period. An integrated selection approach based on four spatial performance assessment metrics was proposed to better estimate changes in precipitation using the simulated GCMs precipitation. Results revealed that the spatial performance over different GCMs could provide an effective means of selecting GCMs for hydrological study over the major river watersheds in South Korea. The four top-ranked GCMs are FIO-ESM-2-0, CESM2-WACCM, CESM2, and CMCC-ESM2, and they overestimated precipitation in South Korea during the historical period, with a bias of 10–25%. However, this study confirmed that a formal bias correction for these GCMs is not recommended prior to model selection, and the ranking of GCMs under the bias correction could be problematic. The proposed approach in this study can be applied to numerous GCMs, climate variables, and other regions to select representative GCMs to reduce the uncertainties in terms of the spatial patterns observed. HIGHLIGHTS The goodness-of-fit measures are proposed for the selection of climate models.; A comprehensive rating metric approach is proposed to evaluate the overall ranking of the GCMs.; Exploration of the spatial performance of different GCMs can effectively select GCMs.; A formal bias correction for these GCMs is not recommended prior to model selection, and the ranking of GCMs under the bias correction could be problematic.;

This study evaluated the performance of five Global Climate Model (GCM) outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) in reproducing the historical precipitation and temperature. Observational data from the National Meteorological Agency are used for model evaluation and bias correction. Then, the projections from representative GCMs are used to understand the future climate (2031–2060) of the Baro River Basin under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) with respect to the historical datasets (1985–2014). Statistical metrics (percent of bias, root mean square error, and coefficient of determination) are used to assess the model's performance in reproducing precipitation and temperature and Compromise Programming (CP) was used in ranking GCMs. GFDL-CM4, INM-CM5-0, and INM-CM4-8 models for precipitation; CMCC-ESM2, MRI-ESM2-0, and INM-CM4-8 for maximum temperature; and GFDL-CM4, INM-CM4-8, and INM-CM5-0 for minimum temperature were selected based on their better simulation. The projected annual precipitation shows increases of 6% under SSP2-4.5 and 16.46% under SSP5-8.5. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperature show increases of 1.43 and 1.96 °C under SSP2-4.5, and 1.81 and 3.11 °C under SSP5-8.5, respectively. Overall, the ensemble of three models outperforms the ensemble of all models for the Baro River Basin when utilising the representative GCMs. HIGHLIGHTS Multi-model GCM outputs help in reducing model discrepancies.; Multi-criteria evaluation enables the development of proactive approach to facilitate evaluation.; Relying solely on the ensemble of all models is not suitable for climate impact studies.; Careful model selection in climate impact studies should be emphasized.; Comprehensive understanding of climate dynamics helps to explore the future outlook of regions.;

Abstract The quality of olive fruit (OF) is widely affected due to geographical variation, affecting OF's chemical composition and biological properties. It is a novel and first-time study to evaluate the quality variation of 42 olive samples from different geographical origins based on phytochemical profile and their biological activities. The study reports the presence of unique chemical markers responsible for the difference in quality and biological activity of the olive samples. Biological activity (cytotoxic and antimicrobial) with GCMS phytochemical profile was evaluated. GCMS analysis confirmed the presence of 111 volatile compounds from various chemical classes with range (%) and average (%): esters (21.61–60.49) and 44.62, alcohols (20.73–49.2) and 38.06, hydrocarbons (3–38.88) and 15.39, ketones (0.16–3.87) and 0.75, acids (0.07–2.62) and 0.27, and aldehydes (0.12–1.47) and 0.45. The predominant ester was 13-methyl-pentadecanoic acid methyl ester, a differentiation marker between these samples. Cytotoxicity assay showed a significant inhibitory effect against MCF7 (8–64%) and HCT116 (0.11–44%) cell lines, whereas the extracts with the highest cytotoxicity observed were O17 (52.00 ± 2.00) and O25 (64.00 ± 4.88). The antimicrobial activity exhibited a range of zones of inhibition (mm) against P. aeruginosa (0.00–17.00), E. coli (0.00–15.00), S. aureus (0.00–13), and resistant S. aureus, i.e., MRSA (0.00–12.00). The extracts with the highest antimicrobial activity, i.e., O8 and O39 had identical MIC and MBC of 12.5 and 25 µg/ml against P. aeruginosa. In contrast, an MIC (50 and 25) and MBC (100 and 50) against E. coli were determined for O39 and O8. The statistical PCA and K-mean cluster analysis (P

Climate change has emerged as a global challenge with varied impacts across regions. The Vea catchment, for instance, is identified as particularly susceptible to climate change due to its location and ecological fragility. This study projects climate change's impact on the area's temperature, precipitation, and stream flow. Data on temperature and precipitation obtained from the Ghana Meteorological Agency were augmented by incorporating precipitation data from twelve satellite sources using CHIRPS data with a 0.05′ (5km) resolution to complement the existing in-situ datasets. The temperature data for the satellite station was sourced from the NASA power project. Modelled climate data from six GCMs, considering SSP 4.5 and SSP 8.5 emission scenarios, were retrieved from the CMIP6 data portal. R software facilitated the extraction of NetCDF-format GCM data to Excel format, and CMhyd was applied for downscaling GCM data. Temperature and precipitation bias correction utilized the variance and local intensity scaling methods, respectively. The statistical significance of changes and trends in temperature, precipitation and stream flow was determined using the Mann-Kendall (MK) method. The results indicate that temperature is expected to increase on average between 2.10 and 3.5°C under SSP4.5 and between 2.7 and 4.15°C under SSP8.5. For SSP4.5, the anticipated decrease in annual average precipitation ranges between 12.34 and 13.1%, while SSP8.5 projects a decrease of 12.6 to 13.6%. Under SSP4.5 and SSP8.5, the projected annual average stream flow will decrease by 28 to 37% and 36 to 42%, respectively. These findings suggest the need for the formulation of long-term water resource management strategies, and existing strategies should be strengthened to address the impact of climate change on the catchment.

The current study examined the total phenol content, antioxidant activity, sensory quality and fatty acid composition of fresh walnut kernels as a function of irradiation dose to determine dose levels that resulted in the least amount of undesirable changes to fresh walnut kernels at regular intervals of time. Fresh walnut kernels were exposed to 60Co radiation at doses of 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, 8, and 10 kGy and stored at ± 4 °C for 28 days. Irradiation doses of 0.5 and 0.1 KGry have no significant effect on total phenol content (1.56±0.04–1.30±0.02mgGAE/g), antioxidant activity (95±0.02–85±0.01%), peroxide value (0.49±0.04–0.72±0.03%) and free fatty acid values (0.14±0.01–0.29±0.03%) respectively. However, irradiation doses of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 resulted in increased peroxide values (0.89±0.02%, 0.98±0.01%, 1.05±0.01%, 1.17±0.03%), increased free fatty acid values(0.05±0.01%, 0.58±0.03%, 0.63±0.02±0.01%, 0.67±0.04%) and also the organoleptic quality were decreased (2.0 ± 0.01, 1.7 ± 0.03, 1.4 ± 0.02%, 1.2 ± 0.03%) during 28 days of storage. The use of gamma irradiation appears to be a promising technology for improving the chemical quality of fresh walnut kernels, but food safety concerns must be addressed before it can be recommended as a useful conservation alternative.

Cancer, a global health problem due to its increasing prevalence coupled with high mortality rate. Chemotherapy is an aggressive form of drug therapy. Herbal therapy is safer and healthier to treat specific medical issues. Nigella sativa has been used as traditional medicine for centuries. The crude oil extracted from seed is effective against diseases but vegetative part of N. sativa has always been ignored for its therapeutic potential. Hence, it was hypothesized that vegetative part could be potential antineoplastic source against cancer. Therefore, reactive oxygen species determination and antineoplastic activity were performed against Hep2 and MCF7 cancer cell lines. n-butanol extract of Vegetative Part (VP) caused maximum cell death of Hep2 (58% cell viability). The chloroform VP extract showed 38% cell viability at 10 mg mL-1. The extracts with significant activity were later on validated through GCMS and LC-MS, following literature in PubChem, NIST and Spectrabase libraries.

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide and has a poor prognosis in black Africans. Traditional herbal practitioners in southwestern Nigeria use Crinum jagus (J. Thompson) Dandy for cancer treatment. This study screens methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. jagus leaves for activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The antiproliferative properties of the extracts were assessed by comparing their IC50 values with that of the standard drug, cisplatin. The GC–MS technique was used to identify the phytoconstituents in the extracts. The drug-likeness of each identified phytoconstituents in the extracts was determined by following Lipinski’s rule of five. In addition, phytoconstituents having drug-like properties were screened as potential inhibitors of the p53–mortalin interaction by docking them against the mortalin residues 3N8E and 4KBO using Swissdock. Results For the antiproliferative study, the IC50 values obtained for cisplatin, methanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves were 5 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, and 70 µg/mL, respectively, indicating that the methanol extract and cisplatin possess comparable antiproliferative properties. Hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, tangeretin, galanthamine, and crinamine, which were part of the constituents identified in the leaves, possess drug-like properties and are known to show cytotoxic properties against several cancer cell lines. On docking with mortalin residue 3N8E, hexadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester had comparable binding energy (− 8.21 kcal mol−1) with withaferin A and withanone (8.29 kcal mol−1 and 8.14 kcal mol−1). Hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, and galanthamine had binding energy of − 7.66, − 7.45, and − 7.47 kcal mol−1, respectively, with mortalin residue, 4KBO, comparable to values of − 7.68 and − 7.59 kcal mol−1 obtained for withaferin A and withanone, respectively. Conclusion The methanol extract of C. jagus leaves demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activities against HepG2, justifying its use in traditional medicine for cancer treatment. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts contain drug-like compounds with known cytotoxic properties against several cancer cell lines. Some of these compounds (hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, tangeretin, and galanthamine) are inhibitors of the p53–mortalin interaction. Graphical Abstract

Modern development vector of environmental monitoring leads to elaboration of analytical methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of different ecotoxicants. Many studies face the lack of information on isomers and homologues of already studied compounds. This problem cannot always be solved experimentally due to the difficulty of separating or synthesizing certain compounds; the use of group theories of solutions will help partly; using them, solubility in water or partition coefficient between two immiscible solvents is calculated for ecotoxicants. These parameters are important for solving the analytical and ecological problems. The partition coefficient in the octanol – water system is associated with a possibility of accumulation of different compounds in living organisms; the partition coefficient in the hexane – acetonitrile system can be used in gas chromatographic analysis. Solubility in water is closely associated with accumulation of ecotoxicants in water bodies, as well as with their ability to be transferred. This paper presents the capabilities of the UNIFAC model for solving physicochemical problems using the example of calculating the properties of real ecotoxicants on the basis of the available thermodynamic data. All the obtained calculated values were compared with those determined experimentally. In the case of pyrene derivatives, solubility data were obtained for the first time using a correlation group model to calculate the heat of fusion and melting temperature.

Abstract Background Microbes’ resistance to orthodox drugs and continued emergence of new infections call for search of new drugs that can mitigate such resistance and cure newly emerging infections. Despite the therapeutic importance of Costus afer and Palisota hirsuta, the detailed pharmacognostic characters of the two plants are still missing in the literature. Thus, this study evaluated the pharmacognostic characters of these plants and the antimicrobial activity of the plants’ methanol extract. Macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence analysis, phytochemical screening, heavy metal analysis, proximate, antimicrobial assay and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analyses were carried out on both plants. Results The microscopic evaluation showed that the epidermal layer of Costus afer is hypostomatic with polygonal shaped epidermal cells and cyclotic stomata on abaxial layer while the epidermal layer of Palisota hirsuta leaf is amphistomatic, having polygonal shape epidermal cell, trichomes and paracytic stomata. The proximate analysis showed that both plants have a high carbohydrate content (C. afer: 59.13% and P. hirsuta: 68.28%) but a low crude fat content (C. afer: 1.867% and P. hirsuta: 0.233%). The heavy metal analysis revealed a high content of Manganese (266.80 mg/100 g) in Palisota hirsua, and a high content of iron (43.94 mg/100 g) in Costus afer. Both plants are free of lead. The phytochemical screening showed that both plants have saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids are the highest constituents in Costus afer (9.1%) and Palisota hirsuta (7.1%). The antimicrobial assay showed both plant extracts had the highest inhibitory effect on both bacteria and fungi at 100 mg/kg. Six compounds and 23 compounds were identified by GC–MS in C. afer and P. hirsuta, respectively. Methyl stearate (40.43%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (25.62%) were the prevailing constituents identified in C. afer and P. hirsuta, respectively. Conclusion The pharmacognostic features of Costus afer and Palisota hirsuta shown in this study can be used to design a suitable monograph which would be useful in compilation of another edition of Nigeria Herbal Pharmacopoeial. The dominant compounds in both plants can serve as chemotaxonomic markers for correct identification of the two plants.

This study focusses on the bio-fabrication of leaf extracts of Annona muricata dyed bamboo woven fabric and its application in wound healing. Annona muricata was exposed to ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) with acetone for fabric finishing. Bioactivity is characterized and employed in textile fabric coating to evaluate the efficacy of its antibacterial and wound healing characteristics. The treated fabric was then tested for antibacterial activity using gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, aroma, color intensity, olfaction, and invivo wound healing. The invivo test was carried out in wistar rats for 21 days for 50%, 75%, and 100%. According to the results of the analysis, the extract is a good antibacterial agent against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilus) and gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.), which aids in the prevention of bacteria and other germs from sticking to the injured area since the leaf extracts have high antibacterial properties. The wound healing impact of the plant extract coated with bamboo fabric on in vivo wound models in rats (Wistar albino rats) demonstrated a significant increase in wound closure, showing the efficacy of the coated fabric.

Climate change's effects on water, such as floods, droughts, ocean acidification, and increasing sea levels, are expected to worsen in the future years. In the context of the development the subject of mitigating the anticipated effects of drought has become highly important. Droughts in the African mainland are immediately in danger of hunger, particularly in Ethiopia. The creation of Global Climate Models (GCMs) and analysis of impending catastrophic events are two of the finest ways to handle this issue. This study analyzes the future Meteorological and Hydrological Drought with a comparison of GCM models on the Mojo Catchment using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) methodologies, under three slice periods at near (2006-2030), mid (2031-2055) and far (2056-2080) under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) including RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenario data. Overall Meteorological drought results show that at yearly time scale drought incidence is lower than biannual time scale in both indices. MIROC-MIROC5 and MPI-M-MPI-ESM-LR models are conducted for drought analysis. Under SPI6 (biannual period), 22% of the highest drought observed at far future periods at a scenario of RCP4.5 and for time scale SPI12 the frequency of drought decreases. On the catchment, there is no significant trend increase but both the meteorological and hydrological drought indices show the catchment to be highly susceptible to moderate range of drought and then severely drought takes place. Model MPI-M-MPI-ESM-LR is the most significant contributor to the analysis of the size and frequency of droughts and station Ejere is more venerable to drought as compared with other stations under the MPI-M-MPI-ESM-LR model. The occurrence of SDI12 drought on the MPI-M-MPI-ESM-LR model has a direct relation with the anomaly's climate variables (temperature and Precipitation). the maximum driest drought variability occurred at the same GCM model (anomalies up to -3.7mm) in the year 2041. Additionally, the frequency occurrence of drought at the annual timescale (SDI12) under RCP8.5 at the far future period of the catchment is suspected to 22% probability of drought occurrence. Overall, the Mojo catchment is moderately vulnerable to drought, and SPI-6 is more suspected to high frequency on drought under RCP4.5 especially near and mid periods. It is crucial for an organization, individuals, academics, water resource professionals, and disaster risk management in the catchment on alerting and planning water projects.

A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of reaction temperature and biomass to catalyst (b/c) ratio on the catalytic pyrolysis of three wood sawdust samples in a fixed bed reactor using Green zeolite-Y catalyst synthesized from Ficus exasperate (L.) leaf particles. Temperature (400–700 °C), biomass percentage (60–100%), and catalyst (0–40%) were the independent variables with a total of 15 experimental runs, including 3 center runs, were generated via the Box-Behnken experimental design. The results reveal that biomass/ catalyst (b/c) ratio of 80/20% at 550 °C yielded optimum pyrolytic liquid for Melicia excelsa (Me), Diospyros crassiflora (Dc) and Entada Africana (Ea) as 31 wt.%, 31 wt.%, 30 wt.%, respectively while with the attendance of catalysts at 20% increased the yield of pyrolytic liquid for Me (45 wt.%), Dc (42 wt.%), and Ea (43 wt.%). GCMS analysis of Me (80.81 wt.%), Dc (73.96 wt.%), and Ea (70.26 wt.%) pyrolytic oil reveals the dominance of phenols, ethers, alcohols, ketones, alkanes, and acids. Reduction in acidity, decrease in oxygen content, increase in viscosity of the bio-oil were noticed in biomass/catalyst (b/c) ratio of 80/20 at 550 °C. These measurements show enhanced pyrolysis oil characteristics, which is a boost to its bioenergy potential.

The uncertainties and biases associated with Global Climate Models (GCMs) ascend from global to regional and local scales which delimits the applicability and suitability of GCMs in site-specific impact assessment research. The study downscaled two GCMs to evaluate effects of climate change (CC) in the Black Volta Basin (BVB) using Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM) and 40-year ground station data. The study employed Taylor diagrams, dimensionless, dimensioned, and goodness of fit statistics to evaluate model performance. SDSM produced good performance in downscaling daily precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature in the basin. Future projections of precipitation by HadCM3 and CanESM2 indicated decreasing trend as revealed by the delta statistics and ITA plots. Both models projected near- to far-future increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation by 2.05-23.89, 5.41–46.35, and 5.84–35.33% in the near, mid, and far future respectively. Therefore, BVB is expected to become hotter and drier by 2100. As such, climate actions to combat detrimental effects on the BVB must be revamped since the basin hosts one of the largest hydropower dams in Ghana. The study is expected to support the integration of CC mitigation into local, national, and international policies, and support knowledge and capacity building to meet CC challenges. HIGHLIGHTS The study downscaled two GCMs to evaluate the effects of climate change over the Black Volta Basin using the SDSM.; The study revealed that the SDSM provided a good performance across the selected stations.; Both models projected near-to-future decreases in precipitation in the near-, mid-, and far-future.; The Black Volta Basin is expected to become hotter and drier by 2100.; The SDSM is a powerful tool for climate change assessment.;

The current study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic and antihemolytic potentials of heat-treated Petroselinum crispum, Trigonella-foenum graecum and Cymbopogon citratus. Ten min roasted and thirty min boiled fresh T. foenum-graecum and processed P. crispum revealed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (50% to 75% inhibition). All P. crispum samples displayed the highest antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae and B. subtilis at 10, 20 and 30 min boiling and 20 min roasting and baking. The antidiabetic potency of herbs was increased upon 10 min roasting, while P. crispum was ineffective in reducing haemolysis. Pearson correlation analysis (PCA) displayed a positive relationship (r > 0.3) between phytochemicals and antioxidant activity and weak correlation (r

People from some parts of the world traditionally depend on different herbal medicines for fertility regulation. The Mishing women of Assam, India have been using the dry root powder of Persicaria hydropiper for years as a birth control medicine. The present study was designed to investigate the chemical composition of methanolic extract from the dry roots of P. hydropiper as well as to study its anti-implantation effect. P. hydropiper roots were collected from paddy fields and the methanolic extract was prepared using dry powdered roots. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the methanolic root extract was performed for phytochemical analysis. The estrous cycle of the female mice was monitored by observation of the cells in the vaginal smear. The estrogenic and anti-implantation effect was observed using routine histological procedures with Haematoxylin & Eosin staining performed in mice. Total serum cholesterol level was also measured. The GCMS analysis revealed the presence of stigmasterol and 3-deoxyestradiol, which are known to possess antifertility properties. The extract (1000 mg/kg bodyweight dose) altered the duration and sequence of the estrous cycle of cyclic females with a prolonged metestrous of 2 days, followed by an early estrous. There was hyperplasia in the endometrial epithelium and even shedding of the same on high duration treatment on day 6. There was a significant (p

Abstract Background Northeast India has a rich resource of herbal plants, and it is essential to validate their therapeutic activity with proper scientific evidence. This study aims to identify active phytocompounds found in the extracts of Eranthemum indicum (E. indicum) and to determine its antioxidative activities and toxicity. Results In vitro free radical scavenging activity of the aqueous extract (AE) and methanol extract (ME) of E. indicum (leaves) was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant activity (TAC). ME depicted better inhibitory concentration when compared to AE. This indicates the effective extraction capacity of methanol, which is consistent with the fact that ME had a higher polyphenol and flavonoid, resulting in their antioxidative activity. HPTLC analysis using the solvent system of ethyl acetate/methanol/ammonia 28–30% (40:10:10) showed better fingerprinting separation, especially in the ME. Furthermore, DPPH radical solution, when used as a derivatizing agent in HPTLC analysis, confirmed that ME has better in vitro antioxidant activities than AE. GCMS analysis of AE identified 3-beta-hydroxy-5-cholen-24-oic-acid as active compound, while in ME Beta.-l-arabinopyranoside and 2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-2-(4-methyl-pent-3-enyl)-oxetane were identified as the major bioactive compound. Acute toxicological investigations have shown that both E. indicum extracts have a high L.D. 50 value of 1533 mg/kg b.w for AE and 1567 mg/kg b.w for ME making them safe and non-toxic. Conclusions Extraction and identification of these phytocompounds in the extracts of E. indicum can help us scientifically document its medicinal importance, and its benefit in pharmaceutical industries. Since it showed promising free radical scavenging activity, it can also be a potent antioxidant source.

The demand for biodiesel in the renewable energy sector continues to grow yearly. However, the majority of biodiesel sources currently still compete with the food sector. Feun Kase seeds contain high oil and do not compete with food, so they have prospects as a new source of biodiesel. This study aimed to find the optimal conditions for synthesizing biodiesel from Feun Kase seed oil, carried out through transesterification with four reaction variables: catalyst variation, time, temperature, and the molar ratio of oil/methanol. This study was equipped with parameter test data according to SNI (Indonesian National Standard) 7182:2015, also equipped with characterization using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy). The highest biodiesel yield of 84.09% was obtained using optimum conditions of 1% NaOH catalyst, oil/methanol molar ratio of 1:6 at 70°C for 90 minutes of reaction. The test results of biodiesel parameters are density (851 kg/m3), smoke point (6°C), kinematic viscosity (5.35 cSt); acid number (1.08 mg KOH/gr), saponification number (159.32 mg KOH/gr), iodine number (78.62 g I2/100 g sample), flash point (165°C), and cetane number (62.86). FTIR analysis proved the presence of methyl esters with typical absorption at 1743 cm-1, 1195.87 cm-1, and 1436.97 cm-1. GCMS characterization showed that Feun Kase biodiesel was dominated by methyl oleate (53.45%), methyl palmitate (27.05%), methyl stearate (10.96%), and methyl linoleate (6.29%).

IntroductionCrop sequences are important to make efficient use of natural resources and ensure food security. Climate change affects the sustainability of crops in cropping sequence. The application of crop sequence modelling to evaluate the sustainability of cropping sequences under projected climate is a less explored area.MethodsThe present work evaluated the impact of projected climate on six cropping sequences viz., rice-mustard-groundnut, rice-lentil-groundnut, rice-potato-groundnut, rice-wheat-groundnut, rice-maize-groundnut and rice-mustard-fallow in the Lower Gangetic Plain of India. CMIP-5 multi-model ensemble, long-term crop sequence modelling using DSSAT and a multiple criteria decision analysis tool, TOPSIS was used to evaluate sustainability. Future climate scenarios were developed using 29 GCMs from which a subset of 5 representative GCMs was selected for mid-century (2040-2069) and end-century (2070-99) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios. Weighted average ensemble yield, ETa and nitrogen fixed by all cropping sequences for the study period were used to rank cropping sequences for sustainability using TOPSIS.Results and DiscussionThe minimum and maximum temperatures during mid and end-centuries were projected to be consistently higher than the baseline period (1980-2010) for all the cropping seasons. Under all the periods, rice-lentil-groundnut had the highest weighted average ensemble yield, followed by rice-wheat-groundnut. Rice-lentil-groundnut fixed the highest quantity of nitrogen, followed by rice-maize-groundnut. Ranking of cropping sequences for sustainability by the TOPSIS method indicated that during mid-century (under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), the rice-lentil-groundnut sequence will be the most sustainable cropping sequence. However, by the end century, the rice-wheat-groundnut sequence will be the most sustainable cropping sequence, followed by rice-lentil-groundnut under both RCP4.5 and 8.5. In all the cropping sequences, rice will be benefitted by higher amount of nitrogen fixed and preceding groundnut. The three parameters considered for defining sustainability in crop production (yield, ETa and N-fixed) ensures higher produce and return for the farmer, less dependence on irrigation sources and increase in soil nitrogen content. In this paper, we show for the first time that cropping sequences can be evaluated for sustainability by combining crop sequence modelling, GCM ensemble and multi-criteria decision analysis. The results of the study will help the farmers of the study area to opt for the most sustainable cropping sequence and other alternatives in the context of climate change.

The Sangu River basin significantly contributes to national economy significantly; however, exposures to water-related hazards are frequent. As it is expected that water-related disasters will increase manifold in the future due to global warming, the Government of Bangladesh has formulated the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 (BDP-2100) to enhanced climate resilience. Accordingly, this study assessed the hydro-meteorological characteristics of the Sangu River basin under the changing climate. This study scientifically selected five General Circulation Models (GCMs) to include the model climate sensitivity and statistically bias-corrected their outputs. The Water and Energy Budget-based Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (WEB-RRI) model was used to simulate the hydrological responses of the basin. The analysis of five GCMs under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) revealed that all selected GCMs estimate a 2–13% increase in annual rainfall and a 3–12% increase in annual discharge in the near-future (2025–2050), whereas four GCMs project an 11–52% increase in annual rainfall and a 7–59% increase in annual discharge in the far-future (2075–2100). The projected more frequent and intense increased extreme rainfall and flood occurrences in the future indicate an increase in flood disaster risk, whereas increased meteorological and hydrological drought in the future reflects a scarcity of water during dry periods. The number of projected affected people shows an increasing trend due to the increased inundation in the future. However, an increasing trend of transpiration indicates agricultural productivity will increase in the future. Policymakers can utilize this evidence-based information to implement BDP-2100 and to reduce the disaster risks in the basin.

Fitting probability distribution functions to observed data is the standard way to compute future design floods, but may not accurately reflect the projected future pattern of extreme events related to climate change. In applying the latest coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP5 and CMIP6), this research investigates how likely it is that precipitation changes in CMIP5 and CMIP6 will affect both the magnitude and frequency of flood analysis. GCM output from four modelling institutes in CMIP5, with representative pathway concentration (RCP8.5) and the corresponding CMIP6 shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP585), were selected for historical and future periods, before the project precipitation was statistically downscaled for selected cities by using delta, quantile mapping (QM), and empirical quantile mapping (EQM). On the basis of performance evaluation, a rainfall-runoff hydrological model was developed by using the stormwater management model (SWMM) for CMIPs (CMIP5 and CMIP6) in historical and future horizons. The results reveal an unprecedented increase in extreme events, for both CMIP5 (historical) and CMIP6 (future) projections. The years 2070–2080 were identified by both CMIP5 and CMIP6 as experiencing the most severe flooding.

The current study aimed to appraise extracts of Cleome simplicifolia (Cambess.) Hook. f. and Thomson leaves for chemical integrant and biological activities. In this study, different extracts of leaves were estimated for qualitative phytochemical screening, identification of functional groups, mineral content, and phyto-compounds and assessed for in vitro antioxidant and in vivo acute toxicity and hepatoprotective activity antagonistic toward paracetamol-intoxicated Wister albino rats. The results of the qualitative phytochemical assessment of the leaf extracts (acetone, methanol, and distilled water) exhibited the occurrence of useful metabolites. A Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the occurrence of O-H, N-H, C=C, S=O, C-O, C-N, C-Cl, and C-Br at 3367.14, 2920.79, 2850.32, 1631.04, 1384.59, 1168.64, 1063.78, 824.78, and 615.25 cm−1 wavelengths, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray showed the existence of carbon, oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, and calcium elements in the leaf, respectively. Thereafter, a gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis unveiled the diverse volatile compounds in the methanolic leaf extracts, namely n-Heptyl acrylate—18.87%, undecane—17.49%, 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-, (E)—11.40%, Neophytadiene—11.02%, n-Hexadecanoic acid—10.78%, Glafenin—10.09%, Decane—7.45%, Phytol—6.0%, Benzene, (1-methyldodecyl)—3.48%, and 4-Cyclohexyl-1-butanol—3.41%, respectively. An analysis of in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay of methanolic leaf extract revealed elevated levels of antioxidant ability at 20 (46.18%), 40 (53.83%), 60 (66.64%), 80 (74.03%), and 100 (85.05%) μg/mL. In addition, in vivo acute toxicity determination proved that the methanolic leaf extract was innocuous and caused no mortality at 72 mg, 78 mg, or 82 mg/kg b.wt. doses. The methanolic leaf extracts’ in vivo hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol revealed significant efficacy at 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. via reduction of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and cholesterol (serum blood biochemical markers) followed by an enhancement in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione (liver antioxidants) with lipid peroxidation depletion compared with the normal group rats. From the investigated study, it was concluded that the C. simplicifolia leaf are a potential source for the isolation of biologically active phyto-compounds and have the ability to prevent liver damage by paracetamol induction, where the hepatic restoration ability is indexed to its in vivo and in vitro antioxidant ability, which might be the result of its chemical constituents.

In the Eastern Mediterranean countries, groundwater contained in coastal aquifers is the predominant water source for supplying water. The Mediterranean Gaza coastal aquifer in Palestine is showing alarming signs of depletion due to climate change and human-caused influences that substantially impact the hydraulic performance of the Gaza coastal aquifer. The climate statistical modeling and the downscaling of the ensemble global climate model under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios of RCP 2.60, 4.50, and 8.50 refer to a future decreasing trend in the precipitation and an increasing trend in the temperature. The stochastic model refers to an average decrease of −5.2% in the rainfall every 20 years that coincides with the RCP scenarios that show a decrease in precipitation between 0 and −5%. The rate of temperature increase over the next 20 years is defined at +1 °C, which closely matches the RCP results. As a result of human fast-paced activities, groundwater consumption is expected to rise by nearly 55% by the end of 2040, to around 193 million cubic meters, with a substantial withdrawal trend in southern provinces of the Gaza Strip. Consequently, the aquifer model predicts that subsurface water levels might fall at a rate of −2.50% per year, reaching a level of around −27.77 m below the mean sea level (MSL) by 2040. Alternative water supplies, such as desalinated seawater and treated wastewater, with annual maximum volumes of 110 and 16.5 million cubic meters, respectively, are expected to perfectly recharge groundwater resources of the Gaza coastal aquifer at an annual rate of about +3.65% to meet a groundwater table level of around −5 m below the MSL by 2040. HIGHLIGHTS The stochastic and global circulation models (GCMs) show a decadal climate trend of a 0.5 °C increase in temperature and a −2.5% decline in total monthly precipitation in the eastern Mediterranean coastal areas.; The coastal aquifers are the main water source for supplying water in Mediterranean regions.; Seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation are long-term strategies for alleviating the consequences of water stress.;

Controlled drug samples are normally chemically analysed to determine their identity and in some cases, their purity. There are also circumstances where a more broad chemical characterisation of drug samples may also be required. This involves investigating the chemical impurities that may be present in a drug sample as a consequence of their synthesis. This impurity or drug profiling can be derived from drugs which are synthesised chemically or extracted from plant materials and then modified chemically. Impurity profiling can provide some insight into the synthetic methods used and sometimes the starting chemicals used. We report on the data generated from repetitive (n=18) synthesis of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethylamphetamine or MDMA) made by three different synthetic methods. Each data sample is expressed in multiple formats.This article uses the template for publishing GCMS data provided in Miller et al.(2022)[1]. The template provides a robust and systematic approach to organise GCMS data that is both useful for practitioners and amenable for automated data manipulation by data scientists.

Ceriops decandra (Griff.) (CD) and Ceriops tagal (Perr.) (CT) are two mangrove plants of the Sundarbans distributed along the coastal areas of South Asia and South Pacific Africa. Traditionally, these plants are used to treat diabetes, pain, angina, hemorrhage, and ulcer. In this study, we investigated the antioxidative, antihyperglycemic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory potential of the aerial roots of CD and CT. At first, the antioxidative potential of CD and CT ethanolic extracts were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays and by determining total antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and terpenoid contents of CD and CT were also estimated. The extracts' antihyperglycemic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory potential were evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and formaldehyde-induced paw-edema test, respectively. In vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activities were also assessed. The CD and CT extracts were also analyzed using GCMS for the presence of phytochemicals. Then, molecular docking was carried out with α-glucosidase, α-amylase, cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II), 3-lipoxygenase (3-LOX) enzymes using the compounds found in GCMS analysis as well as the previously reported compounds from CD and CT. Finally, the pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles of eight selected compounds were assessed with SwissADME and admetSAR server. In the antioxidative, antihyperglycemic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity tests, CT extract showed a greater potential than CD extract. In addition, CT extract demonstrated higher α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity in comparison to CD extract although CD extract exhibited better α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies revealed the presence of potentially bioactive compounds in both CD and CT. 2-(2-methylphenyl)-1-phenyl-(z)-1-propene of CD demonstrated good binding affinities for α-glucosidase, COX-II, and 3-LOX. In addition, 5S*,8S*,9S*,10R*,13S*)-18-hydroxy-16-nor-3-oxodolabr-4(18)-en-15-oic acid had high binding interactions for both α-glucosidase and α-amylase while 2′,5,5′-tetramethyl-1,1′-biphenyl, 2-methyl-4-(3′-phenylpropyl)piperidine and decandrin C had high binding interactions for both COX-II and 3-LOX. Finally, 5S*,8S*,9S*,10R*,13S*)-18-hydroxy-16-nor-3-oxodolabr-4(18)-en-15-oic acid, decandrin C, 2-(2-methylphenyl)-1-phenyl-(z)-1-propene and 2-methyl-4-(3′-phenylpropyl)piperidine demonstrated better pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties in the ADMET analysis compared to the others. Hence it can be concluded that the present study supports the traditional usage of CD and CT for diabetes and pain and reveals the presence of bioactive phytochemicals in both.

This research aims to determine the potential of bacterial isolates from Marina beach seawater to be used as natural textile dyes and to test their antibacterial ability. The media used for culturing bacteria is a zobel synthesis medium with a mixture of seawater. The results of the isolation and extraction of color pigments obtained a red color with a characteristic wavelength of 535 nm and has a variety of chemical content results. Pigment immersion trials using 3 types of fabric, namely cotton, primisima and dobby fabric. The results of immersion with ethanolic solvent obtained optimum results for 12 hours and with the addition of mordant (Fe.H2O4S.7H2O), the color of the fabric is strong enough to withstand washing with detergent and sunlight. From the results of the study, data showed that the dyed primisima fabric gave a reduction or inhibition of the growth of E. coli bacteria by 9% while the inhibition of S. aureus bacteria was 116%. The pigment has the potential to be used as a dye for batik cloth with the provisions of optimizing to find the right reinforcement or mordant. This study has implications for the discovery of red pigment-producing bacteria from the isolation of seawater at Marina Semarang beach.

The purpose of this study is to predict future changes in precipitation in the Central Ethiopian Main Rift, which is vulnerable to climate change. The Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model was applied to project precipitation based on five global climate models (GCMs) (EC-EARTH, MIROC-ESM, HadGEM2-ES, INM-CM4, and CCSM4) from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in the periods of 2041–2060 compared to the baseline period of 1976–2005. The model's calibration and validation results showed that it could predict future precipitation. According to the analysis, the mean rainfall is expected to increase in January (up to 14.2%) and December (up to 27.8%) under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. However, a drop is anticipated in June (up to 8.2%) and May (up to 7%) under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. In both scenarios, summer precipitation (usually the rainy season) is predicted to fall, while winter precipitation (usually the dry season) is expected to climb. Furthermore, annual and spring precipitation forecasts are anticipated to decrease in most locations. The findings of this research will be utilized to guide future water resource management in the study region. HIGHLIGHTS The multi-model ensemble (MME) mean of CMIP5 global climate model (GCM) outputs was used to address uncertainty associated with a single GCM.; Precipitation is anticipated to decrease during the regularly wet season while increasing during the normally dry season in the years 2041–2060.; The projected mean annual, seasonal, and monthly rainfall could be used to influence future water resource management in the Central Ethiopian Main Rift.;

Investigation of the hydrological impacts of climate change at the local scale requires the use of a statistical downscaling technique. In order to use the output of a Global Circulation Model (GCM), a downscaling technique is used. In this study, statistical downscaling of monthly areal mean precipitation in the Göksun River basin in Turkey was carried out using the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) techniques. Large-scale weather factors were used for the basin with a monthly areal mean precipitation (PM) record from 1971 to 2000 used for training and testing periods. The R2-value for precipitation in the SVM, GEP and GMDH models are 0.62, 0.59, and 0.6 respectively, for the testing periods. The results show that SVM has the best model performance of the three proposed downscaling models, however, the GEP model has the lowest AIC value. The simulated results for the Canadian GCM3 (CGCM3) A1B and A2 scenarios show a similarity in their average precipitation prediction. Generally, both these scenarios anticipate a decrease in the average monthly precipitation during the simulated periods. Therefore, the results of the future projections show that mean precipitation might decrease during the period of 2021–2100. HIGHLIGHTS An integrated hydrological model for prediction of areal mean precipitation of a river basin under climate change effect is proposed.; Statistical downscaling and GCM are utilized to estimate the climate change effects on the basin.; Goksun River basin is used as the case-study area with three precipitation stations.; Simulated results anticipate a decrease in the average monthly precipitation during the period of 2021–2100.;

The present study aims to explore the phytochemical constitution and biological activities of Cleome felina L.f. (Cleomaceae). C. felina (leaves, stem, and root) extracts (acetone, methanol, and water) were qualitatively assessed for phytochemical presence. Methanolic leaves extract revealed more positive phyto-compounds among all the extracts; further, methanolic leaves extract was evaluated for FTIR, EDX, GCMS, antimicrobial assay, acute toxicity, and paracetamol-induced hepatoprotective activity in Wister albino rats. FTIR and EDX analysis unveiled important functional groups and elements in the leaves. GCMS analysis of methanolic leaves extract exposed 12 active phyto-compounds: major constituents detected were 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, formate-48.79%; 1-Decanol, 2-ethyl-13.40%; 1,6-Anhydro-β-d-talopyranose-12.49%; Ethene, 1,2-bis(methylthio)-7.22%; Decane-4.02%; 3-Methylene-7, 11-dimethyl-1-dodecene-3.085%; Amlexanox-2.50%; 1,2,3,4-Cyclopentanetetrol, (1α,2β,3β,4α)-2.07%; L-Cysteine S-sulfate-1.84%; n-Hexadecanoic acid-1.70%; and Flucarbazone-1.55%. The antimicrobial assay showed a moderate zone of inhibition against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and C. glabrata at 100 µL/mL concentration. Additionally, acute toxicity revealed no behavioral sign of the toxic effect. The significant results were obtained for methanolic leaves extract (low-50 and high-100 mg/kg b.wt. dose) for hepatoprotective activity, where it dramatically reduced serum blood biochemical markers (AST, ALT, ALP, Total bilirubin, and cholesterol) and exhibited elevated hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) concentration with lipid peroxidation retardation. To conclude, C. felina methanolic leaves extract ameliorated important phytochemical compounds and showed significant antimicrobial and hepatoprotective efficacy; therefore, utilization of C. felina leaves suggested in pharmacological applications, and in numerous cosmetics, herbicides, and food industries, would be a great scope for future hepatoprotective drug designing.

Assessing the impacts of climate change and land use/land cover changes on water resources within a catchment is essential because it helps us understand how these dynamic factors affect the quantity, quality, and availability of freshwater. This knowledge is crucial for making informed decisions about water management, conservation, and adaptation strategies, especially in regions facing increasing environmental uncertainties and challenges to water resource sustainability. In Pakistan’s Kunhar River Basin (KRB), this investigation explores the potential effects of shifting land use/land cover (LULC), and climate on stream flows. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a semi-distributed hydrological model, and the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset from multiple global climate models (GCMs) were used to evaluate these effects. The temperature and precipitation data were downscaled using the CMhyd software; for both shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5), the top-performing GCM out of four was required to produce downscaled precipitation and temperature predictions while taking future land use characteristics into account. The output from the chosen GCM indicated that by the conclusion of the 21st century, relative to the reference period (1985–2014), the study area’s average monthly precipitation, highest temperature, and lowest temperature will be increasing. Precipitation is anticipated to increase between 2015 and 2100 by 20.5% and 29.1% according to the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, respectively. This study’s findings, which emphasize the need for project planners and managers taking into account the effects of climate and land cover changes in their management techniques, show that climate change can have a significant impact on the changing seasons of flows in the Kunhar River basin.

Climate change has implications for water resources by increasing temperature, shifting precipitation patterns and altering the timing of snowfall and glacier melt, leading to shifts in the seasonality of river flows. Here, the Soil & Water Assessment Tool was run using downscaled precipitation and temperature projections from five global climate models (GCMs) and their multi-model mean to estimate the potential impact of climate change on water balance components in sub-basins of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) under two emission (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and future (2020–2050 and 2070–2100) scenarios. Warming of above 6 °C relative to baseline (1974–2004) is projected for the UIB by the end of the century (2070–2100), but the spread of annual precipitation projections among GCMs is large (+16 to −28%), and even larger for seasonal precipitation (+91 to −48%). Compared to the baseline, an increase in summer precipitation (RCP8.5: +36.7%) and a decrease in winter precipitation were projected (RCP8.5: −16.9%), with an increase in average annual water yield from the nival–glacial regime and river flow peaking 1 month earlier. We conclude that predicted warming during winter and spring could substantially affect the seasonal river flows, with important implications for water supplies. HIGHLIGHTS In the future, warming during winter could increase the proportion of rainfall compared to snowfall.; The streamflow from the Upper Indus River Basin is likely to increase in the future.; The early melting of snow during spring will greatly affect the timing of peak flows (earlier and less) from the sub-basins of the Upper Indus Basin.; The predicted changes in peak flows would have implications for hydroelectricity, industry and downstream irrigation.;

Ficus palmata Forssk. (Moraceae family) is medicinally valuable plant that is mostly used as folk medicine for the treatment of different diseases. Phytochemical composition was evaluated by preliminary phytochemical investigation, GCMS analysis, and total bioactive contents (TPC and TFC). The antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and anticancer activities were performed for biological evaluation. The extract exhibited the maximum total phenolic (49.24 ± 1.21 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid contents (29.9 ± 1.13 mg QE/g) which may be correlated to higher antioxidant potential of extract. The GCMS investigation identified the presence of 27 phytocompounds of different classes related to aldehydes, esters of fatty acids, triterpenes, steroids, triterpenoid. The extract possessed the strong α-glucosidase (73.4 ± 4.65 %) and moderate α-amylase inhibition activity (47.1 ± 3.29 %). Significant results were observed in case of antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. F. palmata extract inhibited the growth of HepG2 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The extract also exhibited moderate in vitro thrombolytic activity. In addition, the phytocompounds identified by GCMS were subjected to in silico molecular docking studies to analyze the binding affinity between phytocompounds and enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). Moreover, the best docked compounds were selected for ADMET studies which provide information about pharmacokinetics, physicochemical properties, drug-likeness, and toxicity of identified phytocompounds. The outcome of our research revealed that ethanolic extract of F. palmata possessed good antidiabetic, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and anticancer potential. This plant should be further explored to isolate the bioactive compounds for new drug development.

Dans la présente étude nous nous sommes intéressées à la valorisation des écorces de quelques variétés d’oranges provenant de la région de Bejaia (Washington, Thomson, Double fine, Portugaise, Jaffa, Sanguinelli et Bigarade). De ce fait nous avons procédé à une étude phytochimique qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence la richesse des écorces en composés bioactifs (composés phénoliques, terpènoïdes, sucres et mucilages). Nous avons également extrait les huiles essentielles à partir des écorces fraiches par hydrodistillation. La variété Jaffa s’avère la plus riche en huiles essentielles, nous avons enregistré un rendement de l,48 %. La variété Thomson s’est avéré la plus pauvre en huiles essentielles avec un rendement de 0,39 %. La variété Double fine présente l’activité antioxydante la plus intéressante (74,46 %). L’analyse chromatographiques des huiles essentielles de Double fine par GC-MS a permis d’identifier dix composants dont le limonène est le constituant majoritaire (89,81 %).

Dans la présente étude nous nous sommes intéressées à la valorisation des écorces de quelques variétés d’oranges provenant de la région de Bejaia (Washington, Thomson, Double fine, Portugaise, Jaffa, Sanguinelli et Bigarade). De ce fait nous avons procédé à une étude phytochimique qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence la richesse des écorces en composés bioactifs (composés phénoliques, terpènoïdes, sucres et mucilages). Nous avons également extrait les huiles essentielles à partir des écorces fraiches par hydrodistillation. La variété Jaffa s’avère la plus riche en huiles essentielles, nous avons enregistré un rendement de l,48 %. La variété Thomson s’est avéré la plus pauvre en huiles essentielles avec un rendement de 0,39 %. La variété Double fine présente l’activité antioxydante la plus intéressante (74,46 %). L’analyse chromatographiques des huiles essentielles de Double fine par GC-MS a permis d’identifier dix composants dont le limonène est le constituant majoritaire (89,81 %).