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Abstract Reliance on renewable energy is increasing, and generating units are being added to the network. Since renewable power fluctuates greatly, the frequency deviation of the grid becomes a crucial problem with access to renewable power generation. The fluctuation of the renewable power output of the system puts forward a higher demand for load frequency control of the power grid to increase the penetration of renewable power in the system. PID controller has proven its effectiveness for the LFC due to its simple structure and clear concept. In this article, the virtual synchronous generator is introduced and a fuzzy self-tuned PID controller is proposed for inertia control. The proposed controller is implemented in light of the significant integration of renewable energy and virtual inertia. The efficacy of the suggested controller is evaluated against the traditional PID controller for the Egyptian Power System as a case study under various load disturbance scenarios. The control technique is employed for variable loads with photovoltaic and wind turbine generation systems. Three instances of load changes are studied and the controller design is performed based on grey wolf optimizer in each case. The overshot and integral time absolute error are considered as comparison measures. The new contribution is applied to the proposed controller for the grid and virtual inertia. In the case of many load variations imposed, the disturbances of residential and industrial loads varied from 0.05, 0.01, 0.15, and 0.02 pu. The maximum overshoot is 0.005 for the proposed controller and 0.0078 for the classic PID controller. The integral time absolute error is 0.06429 for the proposed controller and 0.11481 for the classic PID controller. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller for inertia control with high penetration of renewable energy. The results show that the proposed fuzzy self-tuned PID controller has an overshot less than the classical PID controller by 25% and integral time absolute error by 45%. These results show that the use of the proposed fuzzy self-tune controller for the grid and inertia gave a better performance in terms of the overshot value and the integral time absolute error.

Solar energy is a quick-producing source of energy in Saudi Arabia. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy accounts for 0.5% of electricity output, with a total installed capacity of 9.425 GW and 9353 solar power plants of various types globally. Many solar power stations will be established on different sites in the coming years. The capacity of these stations reaches hundreds of megawatts. The primary aim of this study is to facilitate the strategic and systematic assessment of the solar energy resource potential that impacts both large and small-scale solar power projects in Saudi Arabia. This study describes in detail the analysis, simulation, and sizing of a 400 MW grid-connected solar project for the Riyadh, Saudi Arabia site using the PVSyst 8 software program. The software-generated trajectories primarily represent the performance of a PV system at a certain location. It provides data for the geographical position used by maps for component sizing, projecting the installation under extremely realistic conditions. The report further examines the system’s behavior with various tilt and orientation settings of the PV panel, which yields superior simulation results at equivalent latitudes for any practical sizing. Three types of PV modules with different sizes are used to design the solar plant. The main project was designed using 580 WP and was compared with 330 WP and 255 WP power modules. This study confirmed that high-power PV modules are more efficient than small modules.

Abstract The application of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system for water pumping has increased nowadays in remote areas of developing countries due to proven economic feasibility compared to other traditional alternatives. Pump–motor set manufacturers always give the pump characteristic at the motor's nominal speed. The traditional selection process of pumps depends simply on selecting a pump with the highest peak efficiency that can satisfy the desired duty point with its peak efficiency occurring at that duty point. However, this simple selection process could lead to selecting a pump that is not the best selection from among a given set of candidate pumps for the targeted service. In this paper, this fact is revealed by comparing two pumps each having the same peak efficiency and each of them can operate at the desired duty point with one critical difference between the two pumps. One of the two pumps has its peak efficiency occurring at the right of the duty point and the other has its peak efficiency occurring at the left of the desired duty point. The methodology of this research is based on calculating the daily efficiency of each pump by calculating the hydraulic power produced with the electrical power of the solar system. The efficiency calculation has been calculated over two working days, one with low radiation (3 kW/m2/day) and the other with high radiation (7.3 kW/m2/day). The search for the all-day efficiency for low radiation levels revealed that the pump with left-shifted peak efficiency gives 42.5% while for high radiation level gives 40.3%. In two cases the pump with left-shifted peak efficiency constitutes the best choice.