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IntroductionFather-adolescent talk about sex can protect adolescents from sexual risk behaviors. However, few studies explore how family members view fathers' talk with adolescents about sex and relationships. An understanding of how fathers, mothers, and adolescents view fathers' roles in talk with adolescents about sex and relationships can help to guide fathers' talk with adolescents and inform programs to provide targeted support for father-adolescent communication about sex and relationships.MethodsThis study investigates family perceptions of father-adolescent communication about sex and relationships by triangulating data from fathers, mothers, and adolescents using content analysis to conduct between-family analysis and within-family approaches with 15 families (n = 45 individuals) with high school-aged adolescents from across the U.S.ResultsAnalyses showed agreement on the importance of fathers' roles in family talk about sex. The findings showed shared recognition of the importance of fathers' roles in family talk about sex. Between-group analyses showed that fathers, mothers, and adolescents view fathers' roles as emotional supports and open communicators with their adolescents about sex and relationships and as educators and advisors for their adolescent children. Within-family analysis showed that families often agreed that there were gender differences in how fathers talked with their sons and daughters, but family members expressed different views on how adolescents' gender impacts father-adolescent communication about sexual topics.DiscussionThese findings may encourage fathers who are uncertain about the value of their roles in talking with their adolescent children about sex and relationships. They also highlight the importance of examining how fathers' messages to their adolescents about sex and relationships may continue to follow patterns of gender stereotypes. This is the first study to qualitatively triangulate perspectives of fathers, mothers, and adolescents on father-adolescent communication about sex and relationships. Since fathers are often less involved than mothers in parent-adolescent communication about sex and relationships, an understanding of how mothers and adolescents see fathers' roles and messages can help provide a pathway for fathers' engagement which works within a family system.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of fatherhood among fathers of high-risk neonates and their confidence regarding neonatal care. Methods A study was conducted of 100 fathers whose neonates had been admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for at least 48 hours. Perceptions of fatherhood, neonatal characteristics, and fathers' confidence regarding neonatal care were measured using a self-reported questionnaire. The survey took approximately 10 minutes to complete and was completed anonymously. The factors that affected fathers' confidence regarding neonatal care were analyzed using multiple regression. Results The scores for positive and negative perceptions of fatherhood were relatively high at 4.27 and 3.42 out of 5 points, respectively. A positive perception of fatherhood was found to influence fathers' confidence regarding neonatal care. Conclusion NICU nurses should encourage fathers to effectively perform their parenting roles by implementing educational programs and interventions to promote positive perceptions of fatherhood and fathers' confidence regarding neonatal care after discharge.

S U M M A R Y: Purpose: The study aimed to translate the Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scale (PPAS) into Korean and to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the PPAS (K-PPAS). Methods: The PPAS was translated, back-translated, and reviewed by 12 experts and 5 fathers following the World Health Organization's guideline. A convenience sample of 396 fathers with infants in their first 12 months participated in this study. For construct validity, an underlying factor structure and model fit was assessed with an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent and discriminant validity and reliability of the K-PPAS were evaluated. Results: The construct validity of the K-PPAS with 11 items was identified by two-factor structures: healthy attachment relationship, and patience and tolerance. The final model fit was shown acceptable with the normed chi-square = 1.94, comparative fit index = .94, Tucker–Lewis index = .92, root mean square error of approximation = .07, and standardized root mean square residual = .06. This model had acceptable convergent and discriminant validity for each construct with the values of the composite reliability and heterotrait–monotrait ratio at a satisfactory level. Discriminant validity with known groups showed that fathers with no postnatal depression had significantly higher scores on the K-PPAS than those with postnatal depression. Cronbach's α and McDonald's omega coefficient of the K-PPAS was .84 and .83. Conclusions: The K-PPAS would be beneficial to measure postnatal attachment among fathers with infants aged 12 months or younger in Korea. However, further studies are suggested to evaluate the applicability of the scale considering the various family structures, such as single or foster parents and multicultural families that exist within the Korean population.

Abstract Background Infant mental health represents a significant public health issue. The transition to parenthood provides optimal opportunities for supporting parenting competence. Especially parental mentalization, i.e. the caregiver’s ability to notice and interpret the child’s behavior in terms of mental states, is important in infancy where the caregiver-infant communication is based solely on the infant’s behavioral cues. Methods This study evaluates the efficacy of the intervention Understanding Your Baby (UYB) compared to Care As Usual (CAU) in 10 Danish municipalities. UYB aims at promoting parental competence in new parents by supporting them in noticing their infants’ behavioral cues and interpreting them in terms of mental states. Participants will be approximately 1,130 singletons and their parents. Inclusion criteria are first-time parents, minimum 18 years old, living in one of the 10 municipalities, and registered in the Danish Civil Registration Register (CPR). Around 230 health visitors deliver the UYB as part of their routine observation of infant social withdrawal in the Danish home visiting program. During an interaction between the health visitor and the infant, the health visitor articulates specific infant behaviors and helps the caregivers interpret these behaviors to mental states. The study is a controlled parallel group study with data obtained at four time points in two phases: First in the control group receiving the publicly available postnatal care (CAU), secondly in the intervention group after UYB implementation into the existing postnatal services. The primary outcome is maternal competence. Secondary measures include paternal competence, parental stress, parental mentalizing, and infant socioemotional development. Analysis will employ survey data and data from the health visitors’ register. Discussion Results will provide evidence regarding the efficacy of UYB in promoting parenting competences. If proved effective, the study will represent a notable advance to initiating the UYB intervention as part of a better infant mental health strategy in Denmark. Conversely, if UYB is inferior to CAU, this is also important knowledge in regard to promoting parenting competence and infant mental health in a general population. Trial registration https://ClinicalTrials.gov with ID no. NCT03991416. Registered at 19 June 2019—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03991416

Abstract Growing separation and divorce rates have attracted scholars’ attention to the association between relationship breakup and the relations between fathers and their minor children. Pre-separation life course events and characteristics may influence this relationship. One important characteristic to be considered is the type of union in which ex-partners were in. In this article, we study the association between previous union type and post-dissolution father–child face-to-face contact and father’s satisfaction with the relationship, before and after controlling for factors related to selection into a cohabiting union. Using pooled data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey for 11 European countries, it is shown that, models that do not control for characteristics typically connected with selection into different union types suggest that previously cohabiting fathers have less intensive contact with their child(ren) and are less satisfied with the relationship with their minor children. Taking into consideration the main socio-demographic father and child’s characteristics, this difference turns out not to be statistically significant. This research suggests that union type does not make a difference, confirming most previous studies of single European countries.

Purpose This study examined the effects of an educational program for fathers on improving father-infant interactions, child-rearing knowledge, and attachment. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, the participants were recruited by convenience sampling among fathers with infants (2-6 months of age) residing in three districts of Seoul. Fifteen participants in the experimental group and 17 participants in the control group completed the follow-up investigation. A 5-week online and offline intervention program with five sessions was provided to the experimental group. The data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEEs). Results There was a significant difference in the change in father-infant interaction scores of the experimental group, especially in the caregiver aspect with a significance level of .100 in time and group-to-group interactions (B=6.46, p=.051, 95% confidence interval [CI]=-0.02-12.94). The changes between the groups and times were not statistically significant when it came to infant development knowledge and father-infant attachment. Conclusion We conclude that hybrid online and offline education should be implemented as an effective method to improve fathers’ interactions with their children based on accurate knowledge about infant development.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to learn about the perception of men in the judicial process due to spousal violence about paternity. Methods: a descriptive, qualitative study with nine men in the judicial process due to spousal violence. Data were collected through interviews; the men validated the data, which were systematized by the categorical thematic content analysis, and analyzed in light of scientific texts that discuss the subject. Results: the study allowed the creation of three categories: the father is the example for the son; the father must provide for the son’s needs; the father corrects the son. Conclusions: that context reveals the need to re-signify paternity to influence children’s education positively.

Purpose This study was conducted to explore first-time fathers' experiences during their transition to parenthood in South Korea. Methods Data were collected from September 2019 to February 2020 through in-depth interviews that were conducted individually with 12 participants. First-time fathers with children under 2 months of age were recruited. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Results Four theme clusters were identified: Preparing to become a father, challenges of becoming a father, motivation to foster familial bonds, and acknowledgement of fatherhood. Conclusion These findings suggest that Korean first-time fathers prepared to practice parenthood through prenatal education, taegyo, and feeling bonds with their new baby. They recognized their identity as fathers and experienced self-growth. These results would be beneficial for health professionals in developing perinatal care programs, and the results provide basic data for studies on fathers and families during the transition to parenthood.

Background: The impact of parental drug use on children is a major public health problem. However, opioid-dependent fathers have been largely ignored in parenting research. Objective: To implement and test the feasibility and acceptability of the Parents under Pressure programme (PuP4Dads) for opioid-dependent fathers and their families, and to determine whether or not a full-scale evaluation could be conducted. Design: A mixed-methods feasibility study. Setting: Two non-NHS family support services for parents who use drugs in Scotland. Participants: Fathers prescribed opioid substitution therapy (n = 25), their partners (n = 17) and children, as well as practitioners, supervisors, service managers and referrers. Intervention: A home-visiting programme, including an integrated theoretical framework, case formulation, collaborative goal-setting and modules designed to improve parenting, the caregiving environment and child welfare. The programme was delivered flexibly over 6 months by accredited practitioners. Main outcome measures: Feasibility progression criteria included the recruitment target (n = 24 fathers), acceptability of PuP4Dads, father engagement in the study (including a minimum of 66% of fathers completing PuP and a minimum of 10 fathers completing baseline and post-treatment research interviews), engagement in qualitative interviews (including a minimum of 10 fathers and 90% practitioner uptake and 80% manager uptake), focus groups (with a minimum of 80% referrer uptake), adequate fidelity and no adverse events. Data sources: The following researcher-administered validated questionnaires were used: the Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory, the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scale, the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale, the Emotional Availability Scale, the Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Conflict Tactics Scale, Treatment Outcome Profile and the EuroQol-5 Dimensions, five-level version. Other sources included parent-completed service use (an economic measure), social work child protection data, NHS opioid substitution therapy prescription data and practitioner-reported attendance data. We also conducted interviews with fathers (n = 23), mothers (n = 14), practitioners (n = 8), supervisors (n = 2) and service managers (n = 7); conducted focus groups with referrers (n = 28); and held an ‘expert event’ with stakeholders (n = 39). Results: The PuP4Dads was successfully delivered within non-NHS settings and was considered acceptable and suitable for the study population. Referrals (n = 44) resulted in 38 (86%) eligible fathers, of whom 25 (66%) fathers and 17 partners/mothers consented to participate. Most fathers reported no previous parenting support. A total of 248 sessions was delivered to the 20 fathers and 14 mothers who started the intervention. Fourteen fathers (and 10 mothers) completed ≥ 6 sessions and six fathers (and four mothers) completed ≤ 5 sessions. Father and mother attendance rates were equal (mean 71%). Median length of engagement for fathers was 26 weeks and for mothers it was 30 weeks. Twenty-three fathers completed interviews at baseline, 16 fathers completed interviews at follow-up 1 and 13 fathers completed interviews at follow-up 2. Outcome measures were well tolerated; however, the suitability of some measures was dependent on family circumstances. The researcher-administered questionnaires had few missing data. The perceived benefits of PuP4Dads reported by parents, practitioners and managers included the following: the therapeutic focus on fathers improved parental emotion regulation, there was improved understanding and responding to child’s needs, there was better multiagency working and the programme was a good fit with practice ‘ethos’ and policy agenda. Learning highlighted the importance of service-wide adoption and implementation support, strategies to improve recruitment and retention of fathers, managing complex needs of both parents concurrently, understanding contextual factors affecting programme delivery and variables affecting intervention engagement and outcomes. Limitations: Lack of emotional availability and economic (service use) data. Conclusions: A larger evaluation of PuP4Dads is feasible. Future work: Further work is required to demonstrate the effectiveness of PuP4Dads and the cost implications. A better understanding is needed of how the intervention works, for whom, under what circumstances and why. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN43209618. Funding: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 10, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Abstract Family relationships seem to have relevant contribution to the etiopathogenesis of Eating Disorders (EDs). This study aimed to analyze the scientific production about the paternity and parenting experiences of fathers whose daughters developed EDs. The literature review was conducted through the databases LILACS, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and EMBASE, in the period from 1999 to 2019. From the 878 retrieved papers, 23 were selected for the analysis. The results show that paternity and parenting experiences are influenced by father’s personality traits. The dominant representation is of an affectionless and not empathetic father, as well as punitive and insensitive to the daughter’s emotional needs. Knowing the paternal experiences is central to subside sensible care to both, daughters’ and fathers’ demands.

Abstract The breastfeeding intention–behaviour gap remains wide in developed countries. Current studies have focused on maternal attitudes and behaviours concerning infant feeding in order to explore barriers to breastfeeding continuation. There has been limited consideration of the impact of paternal attitudes and behaviours, despite contemporary parenthood evolving and evidence indicating that there are greater levels of paternal involvement in routine childcare tasks. This mixed‐methods study used a triangulation design to examine the associations between paternal attitudes towards parenthood and infant‐feeding methods, levels of paternal involvement, infant‐feeding outcomes, and father–infant relationships. Fathers of infants

Abstract Background Fathers are under-represented in research and programs addressing early childhood health and development. Recruiting fathers into these interventions can be hampered for multiple reasons, including recruitment and retention strategies that are not tailored for fathers. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the effectiveness of recruitment and retention strategies used to include fathers of children (from conception to age 36 months) in intervention studies. The secondary aim is to investigate study-level factors that may influence recruitment and retention. Methods We will conduct searches for scholarly peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and pre-post studies that recruited fathers using the following databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), and CINAHL. English-language articles will be eligible if they recruited self-identified fathers of children from conception to age 36 months for health-promoting interventions that target healthy parents and children. Two reviewers will independently screen titles/abstracts and full texts for inclusion, as well as grading methodological quality. Recruitment and retention proportions will be calculated for each study. Where possible, we will calculate pooled proportional effects with 95% confidence intervals using random-effects models and conduct a meta-regression to examine the impact of potential modifiers of recruitment and retention. Discussion Findings from this review will help inform future intervention research with fathers to optimally recruit and retain participants. Identifying key factors should enable health researchers and program managers design and adapt interventions to increase the likelihood of increasing father engagement in early childhood health interventions. Researchers will be able to use this review to inform future research that addresses current evidence gaps for the recruitment and retention of fathers. This review will make recommendations for addressing key target areas to improve recruitment and retention of fathers in early childhood health research, ultimately leading to a body of evidence that captures the full potential of fathers for maximizing the health and wellbeing of their children. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42018081332.

Purpose: This study is a methodological study aimed to develop the Korean Paternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (K-PAFAS) to measure the level of attachment between the father and the expected baby, and to examine its validity and reliability. Methods: The K-PAFAS was developed in four steps. The first step involved derivation of the initial items through review of the literature and in-depth interviews with 10 expectant fathers. The second step was the process of expert panel review, examining content validity for the initial items. In the third step, items were examined for their usability through a preliminary survey with 30 expectant fathers. As the last step, the final K-PAFAS was applied to 200 participants and examined for its psychometric profile. Results: K-PAFAS consisted of 20 items, and used a 5-point Likert scale with the total score ranging from 20 points to 100 points. A higher score indicated a higher level of attachment between the father and his unborn child. The K-PAFAS was composed of four factors. The K-PAFAS demonstrated satisfactory criterion validity, which was supported by its significant correlations with the Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scale, the Korean Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale. The Cronbach α of the K-PAFAS was .89. In test-retest reliability, the K-PAFAS showed a correlation coefficient of .91. Conclusion: The K-PAFAS demonstrated initial validity and reliability. It was short, and relatively easy for use in evaluating the degree of paternal-fetal attachment in the antenatal management stage.

Enquadramento: a ligação emocional entre pai e filho é determinante na transição para a paternidade e no desenvolvimento do bebé. Objetivos: pretendemos verificar se existe relação entre as variáveis sóciodemográficas, o envolvimento na gravidez ou o corte do cordão umbilical com a ligação emocional do pai com o bebé. Metodologia: efetuámos um estudo transversal, quantitativo de caráter descritivo analítico. Aplicámos um questionário e a escala bonding validada para a população Portuguesa (Figueiredo et al., 2005), em três momentos diferentes (durante o trabalho de parto, no 1º e no 3º dia após o parto) a 222 pais, entre novembro de 2010 e janeiro de 2011. Resultados: verificámos que a idade (entre 25 e 40 anos), o acompanhamento da grávida às consultas de vigilância da gravidez, o acompanhamento da grávida nos preparativos para o nascimento do bebé, a leitura de informação sobre o bebé em desenvolvimento, o envolvimento na gravidez e o corte do cordão umbilical influenciam positivamente a ligação emocional do pai com o bebé. Conclusão: os resultados apontam para uma melhoria na ligação afetiva entre o pai e o bebé se os profissionais de saúde promoverem o envolvimento do pai na gravidez e no parto.Marco: el vínculo emocional entre padre e hijo es crucial en la transición hacia la paternidad y el desarrollo del bebé.Objetivos: pretendemos verificar si existe una relación entre las variables sociodemográficas, la participación en el embarazo o el corte del cordón umbilical y el vínculo emocional entre el padre y el bebé. Metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal, cuantitativo, de corte descriptivo-analítico. Se aplicó un cuestionario y la escala de Bonding validado para la población portuguesa (Figueiredo et al., 2005), en tres momentos diferentes (durante el parto, durante el primer y el tercer día después del parto) a 222 padres, entre noviembre 2010 y enero de 2011. Resultados: se comprobó que la edad (entre 25 y 40 años), el acompañamiento con la mujer embarazada alas citas para la vigilancia del embarazo, el acompañamiento de la mujer embarazada en los preparativos para el nacimiento del bebé, la lectura de información sobre el desarrollo del bebé, la participación en el embarazo y el corte del cordón umbilical influyen positivamente en el vínculo emocional entre el padre y el bebé. Conclusión: los resultados indican una mejora en el vínculo emocional entre el padre y el bebé siempre y cuando los profesionales de la salud promuevan la participación del padre durante el embarazo y el parto.Background: the emotional bond between father and child is crucial in the transition to parenthood and the baby’s development. Objectives: our intention was to verify if there is a relationship between sociodemographic variables, involvement in the pregnancy or cutting the umbilical cord with the emotional bond between father and baby. Methodology: we performed a cross-sectional, quantitative study descriptive and analytical in nature. We administered a questionnaire and the Bonding scale validated for the Portuguese population (Figueiredo et al., 2005), at three different times (during labour, on the 1st and 3rd days after birth) to 222 parents between November 2010 and January 2011. Results: We found that age (between 25 and 40 years), accompanying the pregnant woman to appointments for pregnancy surveillance, monitoring of the pregnancy in preparation for the birth of the baby, reading information about the developing baby involvement in the pregnancy and cutting the umbilical cord positively influence the emotional bond between father and baby. Conclusion: the results indicate an improvement in the emotional bond between father and baby if health professionals promote fathers’ involvement during pregnancyand childbirth.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el significado que el padre asigna al proceso de gestación de su hijo por nacer. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa con un diseño de carácter descriptivo-analítico, basado en la teoría fundamentada. Participaron ocho padres primigestantes residentes de la ciudad de Bogotá, con los cuales se logró la saturación teórica de la información, por medio de la entrevista a profundidad; se establecieron cinco categorías de análisis: la pertenencia, los cambios, la anticipación, las necesidades y los referentes paternos; las cuales se relacionaron entre sí por medio de la comparación constante y permitieron identificar que “la gestación es el periodo fundamental para el nacimiento y el desarrollo del vínculo paterno”.Esta pesquisa visa descrever o significado que o pai atribui ao processo de gestação do seu filho por nascer. Utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa com um desenho de caráter descritivo-analítico, baseado na teoria fundamentada A pesquisa contou com a participação de oito pais primigestantes residentes na cidade de Bogotá, com os quais se conseguiu a saturação teórica da informação, por meio de entrevistas aprofundadas; estabeleceram-se cinco categorias de analise: a pertinência, as mudanças, a antecipação, as necessidades e os referentes paternos que foram relacionados através da comparação constante e permitiram identificar que “a gestação é o período fundamental para o nascimento e o desenvolvimento do vínculo paterno”.This paper intends to describe the meaning given by fathers to the gestation of their child-to-be. The research applied a qualitative methodology with a design of descriptive-analytical nature based on the supporting theory. Eight first-time fathers residing over in the city of Bogotá participated in the research. The collection of theoretical information was achieved through in-depth interviews; five categories of analysis were determined: pertinence, changes, anticipation, needs and paternal referents; which were interrelated by means of a constant comparison that allowed for identifying that “gestation is the fundamental period for the birth and growth of the paternal bond”.

Este estudo qualitativo teve por objetivo conhecer a concepção masculina de paternidade e compreender as estratégias masculinas de enfrentamento face às pressões afetivas, sociais e legais desse processo. A coleta de informações foi por entrevista semi-estruturada com oito adolescentes de Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil, com idade entre 15 e 19 anos, que vivenciavam a paternidade. A interpretação e a análise basearam-se na análise de conteúdo. Da análise dos relatos desses jovens emergiram as categorias - Relacionamento dos Adolescentes; Paternidade e Gênero; e, Significado de ser Pai. Do olhar atento sobre a paternidade na adolescência, traz-se à luz a compreensão de questões relativas à exclusão masculina nas vivências objetivas de vida marcadas no compromisso com a paternidade.Este estudio cualitativo tubo por objectivo conocer el concepto masculino de paternidad y comprender las estratégias masculinas de confrontación faz las presiones afectivas, sociales y legales de este proceso. La colecta de informaciones se hizo por entrevista semi estructurada con ocho adolescentes de Porto Alegre- RS, Brasil, con edad entre 15 y 19 años, que vivenciarón la paternidad. La interpretación y el análisis se basearón en el análisis del contenido. De la análisis de los relatos de estos jovenes emergierón las categorias - Relacionamiento de los Adolescentes; Paternidad y Género; y el Significado de ser Padre. De la mirada atenta sobre la paternidad en la adolescencia , traemos la comprensión de cuestiónes relativas a la exclusión masculina en las vivencias objetivas de la vida marcada en el compromiso con la paternidad.This qualitative study aimed at learning the masculine conception of paternity and understanding the masculine strategies to cope the legal, social and affective pressures of this process. The collection of information was done through semi-structured interview with eight adolescents from Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil, ranging between 15 and 19 years old, who experienced paternity. The interpretation and analysis were based on the content analysis. From the analysis of these youngsters' reports the following categories have emerged: Adolescents Relationship; Paternity and Gender; and, Meaning of Being a Father. The attentive look to paternity in adolescence brings to light the comprehension of issues regarding the masculine exclusion in objective life experiences marked by the commitment with paternity.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os significados atribuídos à paternidade por homens que são pais. DELINEAMENTO DO ESTUDO: Estudo realizado em João Pessoa, PB, em 2003, desenvolvido sob abordagem qualitativa e enfoque teórico de gênero. Os participantes do estudo foram dez homens, cujos filhos eram atendidos no ambulatório de puericultura de um hospital escola. As informações analisadas foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os depoimentos foram analisados pela técnica de análise crítica do discurso. ANÁLISE DOS DISCURSOS: Os sujeitos do estudo concebiam a paternidade como um novo encargo social, vinculando-a mais à provisão material da família do que ao espaço de envolvimento afetivo com o(a) filho(a). Entretanto, os participantes experimentavam um processo de transição no qual o pai tradicional convivia entre aqueles cuja dimensão afetiva da paternidade apresentava-se como eixo central de preocupação do ser pai. CONCLUSÕES: O significado e o exercício concreto da paternidade situaram-se num campo de responsabilidades que predominantemente reproduzem o pai tradicional mas também recriam o papel de pai, com inclusão da dimensão afetiva.OBJETIVO: Analizar los significados atribuidos a la paternidad por hombres que son padres. DELINEAMIENTO DEL ESTUDIO: Estudio realizado en Joao Pessoa (Noreste de Brasil), en 2003, desarrollado bajo el abordaje cualitativo y enfoque teórico del género. Los participantes del estudio fueron diez hombres, cuyos hijos eran atendidos en el ambulatorio de puericultura de un hospital escuela. Las informaciones analizadas fueron obtenidas por medio de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Los relatos fueron analizados por la técnica de análisis crítica del discurso. ANÁLISIS DE LOS DISCURSOS: Los sujetos de estudio concebían la paternidad como un nuevo encargo social, vinculándola más a la provisión material de la familia que al espacio de envolvimiento afectivo con él(la) hijo(a). Así mismo, los participantes experimentaban un proceso de transición en el cual el padre tradicional convivía entre aquellos cuya dimensión afectiva de la paternidad se presentaba como el eje central de preocupación del ser padre. CONCLUSIONES: El significado y el ejercicio concreto de la paternidad se situaron en un campo de responsabilidades que predominantemente reproducen el padre tradicional pero también re-crean el papel de padre, con inclusión de la dimensión afectiva.OBJECTIVE: To analyze meanings attributed to paternity by men who are fathers. STUDY DESIGN: Study with a qualitative approach and gender-theory focus, performed in the city of João Pessoa, Northeastern Brazil, in 2003. A total of ten men, whose children had been cared for in the pediatric outpatient clinic of a university hospital, participated in the study. Information analyzed was obtained with semi-structured interviews. Critical discourse analysis technique was employed to analyze participants' speech. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: Participants in the study viewed paternity as a new social role, more closely associated with material support for the family than the dimension of affective involvement with the child. However, participants experienced a transition process where the traditional father lived with those whose affective dimension of paternity was found to be the main concern of being a father. CONCLUSIONS: The meaning and concrete exercise of paternity were found in an area of responsibilities that predominantly reproduces the traditional father, but also recreates the father's role, including the affective dimension.

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à falta de envolvimento ativo do pai nos cuidados de crianças aos quatro meses. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo famílias de 153 crianças aos quatro meses de vida, entrevistadas em suas casas por dois terapeutas de famílias. Além do envolvimento do pai nos cuidados do lactente foram examinadas características sociodemográficas, saúde mental dos pais (utilizando a escala Self Report Questionnaire-20 e avaliação com os critérios do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) e qualidade do relacionamento conjugal (usando a escala Global Assessment of Relational Functioning do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV). Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para avaliar a associação entre falta de envolvimento do pai nos cuidados do filho e variáveis selecionadas. A magnitude das associações foi estimada pela razão de prevalências. RESULTADOS: Os pais de 13% dos lactentes não tinham qualquer contato com seus filhos. Entre as famílias em que os pais coabitavam (78% do total), 33% dos pais relataram não participar ativamente nos cuidados de seus filhos. Relação conjugal problemática e mãe ser "do lar" mostraram-se associadas à falta de envolvimento dos pais nos cuidados do filho. CONCLUSÕES: É alta a prevalência de famílias nas quais o pai não tem envolvimento ativo no cuidado de seu filho, ocorrendo em especial quando a relação conjugal é problemática e a mãe não tem trabalho remuneradoOBJETIVO: Identificar factores asociados a la falta del envolvimiento activo del papá en los cuidados de niños a los cuatro meses. MÉTODOS: Se realizó estudio transversal involucrando familias de 153 niños de cuatro meses de edad, y se entrevistaron en sus casas por dos terapeutas de familias en Porto Alegre (Sureste de Brasil), 1998-2000. Además de involucrar al padre en los cuidados del lactante se examinaron características sociodemográficas, salud mental de los papás (utilizando la escala Self Report Questionnaire-20 y evaluación con los criterios del Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) y calidad de la relación de pareja (usando la escala GlobalAssesment of Relational Functioning del Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV). Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson para evaluar la asociación entre falta de envolvimiento del papá en los cuidados del hijo y variables seleccionadas. La magnitud de las asociaciones fue estimada por la razón de prevalencia. RESULTADOS: Los papás de 13% de los lactantes no tenían contacto alguno con sus hijos. Entre las familias en que los papás cohabitaban (78% del total), 33% de ellos expresaron no participar activamente en los cuidados de sus hijos. La relación de pareja problemática y la mamá ser "del hogar" se mostraron asociados a la falta de envolvimiento de los papás en los cuidados del hijo. CONCLUSIONES: Es alta la prevalencia de familias en las cuales el papá no se involucra de manera activa en el cuidado de su hijo, ocurriendo en especial cuando la relación de pareja es problemática y la mamá no tiene trabajo remunerado.OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with the lack of active father involvement in infant care at four months of age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving families of 153 infants at four months of age, interviewed in their homes by two family therapists. In addition to father involvement in infant care, sociodemographic, parental mental health (using the Self Report Questionnaire-20 scale and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria assessment) and quality of couple relationship characteristics (using the Assessment of Relational Functioning from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) were analyzed. Poisson regression was employed to assess the association between lack of father involvement in child care and the variables selected. Prevalence ratio was used to estimate the magnitude of associations. RESULTS: Fathers of 13% of infants had no contact with their children. Among families whose parents lived together (78% of all), 33% of the fathers reported not actively participating in their children's care. Problematic couple relationship and mother as a housewife were associated with lack of father involvement in infant care. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of families whose father is not actively involved with infant care, especially when couple relationship is problematic and the mother does not have a paid job.

O presente estudo objetiva desvelar a experiência do pai cujo filho encontra-se em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, utilizando a pesquisa qualitativa, sob a perspectiva fenomenológica de Martin Heidegger, para analisar os discursos obtidos por entrevistas. Esta análise permitiu identificar três temas que configuraram aquela vivência em: Transformando seu medo em esperança, Percebendo-se como tomador de decisões e Agindo em benefício do filho. Estes temas desocultaram o fenômeno BUSCANDO UMA CHANCE PARA O FILHO VIR A SER, revelando que, para isso, o pai expõe o filho aos riscos e tratamentos que forem necessários, indicando que suas ações e a constante superação de seus sentimentos objetivam oferecer ao filhouma oportunidade para viver com plenitude.This study was intended to analyse the experience of the father who have a child in an Intensive Care Unit, by applyng the qualitative research under the phenomenologycal perspective of Martin Heidegger, it was to identify three themes which figured that experience:Transforming the fear into hope,Perceiving himself as the person who decides and Acting for his child benefit. These themes unveiled the phenomenon SEARCHING A CHANCE FOR THE CHILD TO BECOME, who reveals that submits his child to risks and to essential treatments while continuously unchanging overcomes his own feelings in order to offer to his child an opportunity of full living.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a produção científica na literatura nacional e internacional indexada, entre 1999 e 2003, de estudos empíricos que descreviam o relacionamento pai-filho de pais adultos com filhos de zero a seis anos ou que correlacionavam esse relacionamento com o desenvolvimento infantil. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática em três bases de dados bibliográficos (PsycInfo, LILACS e Periódicos Capes), utilizando as palavras-chave: pai (“father”), envolvimento paterno (“paternal involvement”), criança (“child”) e desenvolvimento infantil (“child development”). Foram identificados 12 artigos (quatro nacionais e oito internacionais) que foram analisados considerando diferentes aspectos (periódicos em que foram publicados, variáveis relacionadas, técnicas de coleta de dados utilizadas, principais resultados obtidos e indicações para pesquisas futuras). Constatou-se a carência de estudos sobre o tema em questão, principalmente no contexto brasileiro.

Este trabalho busca demonstrar, a partir de vinhetas clínicas, as consequências negativas trazidas na vida de mulheres pela experiência de terem sido abandonadas pela figura paterna. Neste estudo, o referencial teórico foi principalmente a psicologia analítica, além dos conceitos psicanalíticos de compulsão à repetição e melancolia. São também descritos os progressos alcançados no atendimento dos casos a partir da atuação psicoterapêutica baseada no método clínico junguiano. As conquistas obtidas, em termos gerais, dizem respeito a maior integração psíquica por parte dessas mulheres, que conseguiram estabelecer maior equilíbrio interno entre as polaridades masculina e feminina. Esse equilíbrio trouxe impactos positivos para elas, como melhora da autoestima e maior sentimento de autoconfiança, além de capacitá-las para o estabelecimento de relações afetivas mais saudáveis e menos calcadas em submissão e dependência.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a produção científica na literatura nacional e internacional indexada, entre 1999 e 2003, de estudos empíricos que descreviam o relacionamento pai-filho de pais adultos com filhos de zero a seis anos ou que correlacionavam esse relacionamento com o desenvolvimento infantil. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática em três bases de dados bibliográficos (PsycInfo, LILACS e Periódicos Capes), utilizando as palavras-chave: pai (“father”), envolvimento paterno (“paternal involvement”), criança (“child”) e desenvolvimento infantil (“child development”). Foram identificados 12 artigos (quatro nacionais e oito internacionais) que foram analisados considerando diferentes aspectos (periódicos em que foram publicados, variáveis relacionadas, técnicas de coleta de dados utilizadas, principais resultados obtidos e indicações para pesquisas futuras). Constatou-se a carência de estudos sobre o tema em questão, principalmente no contexto brasileiro.

A interação pai-criança deficiente merece atenção e precisa de mais investigações. Este estudo descreveu características dos pais de crianças com deficiência mental, com idade entre dois e quatro anos, quanto a stress, empoderamento (processo pelo qual os familiares obtêm acesso a conhecimentos, habilidades e recursos que os capacitam a ganhar controle positivo de suas vidas, bem como melhorar a qualidade de seus estilos de vida), apoio social e qualidade do ambiente. Treze pais responderam aos seguintes instrumentos: Questionário de Caracterização do Sistema Familiar, Questionário de Recursos e Stress na forma resumida, Guia Geral de Transcrição dos Dados de Entrevista, Entrevista de Caracterização do Papel do Pai na Educação da Criança com Deficiência Mental, Escala de Empoderamento da Família, Escala de Senso de Competência Parental e Observação Domiciliar para Medida do Ambiente - Primeira Infância. Os resultados indicaram pais com baixo nível socioeconômico e de escolaridade, papel tradicional, presença de stress, autoestima adequada e porcentagens elevadas de empoderamento, além de ambiente domiciliar pobre em estimulação à criança. Os participantes se classificaram como bons pais e figuras importantes na vida das crianças, despendendo muitas horas de interação com elas. Percebe-se a necessidade de estudos com diferentes metodologias e de envolvimento do pai nos serviços profissionais para seus filhos.