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The article offers an interdisciplinary approach to the study of digitalization in the sphere of fossil fuel business between XX and XXI centuries. This economic sector has always resisted changes, which makes the research relevant both scientifically and technologically. The authors applied the theory of modernization to analyze the key forms and methods of digitalization as part of the innovative movement in the Russian economy that took place in the early 2000s. The comparative analysis made it possible to identify the patterns behind the economic, scientific, and technical development model, including individual segments and industries. The research revealed the causes and factors that guided the processes of automation, informatization, and computerization in the domestic fuel and energy complex, also in the intersectoral context. The analysis made it possible to describe the role of the state and the business in this process. The digitalization was more active in informatization and computerization. As the scientific and technological leadership passed on from the gas industry to the oil industry, the coal mining failed to achieve technological parity by 2010. The extensive methods of implementing digital solutions, which prevailed in the 1990s and early 2000s, gave way to intensive ones. It took fuel and energy enterprises 20 years to shift from occasional automation, informatization, and computerization to a comprehensive digital transformation. The latter resulted in innovative products in other industries. As Russia’s energy security strengthened, the digital support grew more and more dependent on foreign software and hardware.

Background. The fuel industry has been developing for a long time in the absence of an effective state industrial policy aimed at reducing dependence on imported technological equipment from unfriendly countries. This has led to a mismatch between the technological interests, needs and capabilities of industrial enterprises and the institutional tools being developed to support the industry. Thus, there is an urgent need for the formation of a scientifically based system for managing the development of the power engineering industry in connection with the strategic priorities for the development of related sectors of the energy and fuel industry from the perspective of an ecosystem approach. Materials and methods. The methodology of systems analysis serves as a methodological framework that combines all the necessary methods, research techniques, activities and resources to solve the research problem. Results. The factors and trends influencing the functioning of the mechanical engineering industry, which is closely related to the functioning of the fuel and energy complex, have been studied. Current problems that have arisen in the energy and related engineering industries have been identified. The principles on the basis of which the strategy of Russian industrial enterprises producing products for the fuel and energy sector should be built are determined. The goals of strategic management in the fuel and energy complex are formulated, and priority measures are proposed aimed at forming intersectoral interaction between participants in the complex and related industries. Conclusions. It is concluded that it is necessary to build a single ecosystem that unites the fuel and energy complex, the industrial enterprises serving it and all stakeholders from the position of achieving national interests, goals and objectives at the macroeconomic, sectoral, regional and corporate levels of management.

The article analyzes the markets of fuel and energy complex products in Russia, i.e. of oil, natural gas, coal, electricity, and heating energy. Among the emphasized features of the markets of fuel and energy complex products are the manifold of regulatory influences, the dependence of geographical boundaries of the markets on the development of the corresponding infrastructure, the presence of vertical and horizontal integration, the high dependence of the national markets of the complex products on the corresponding world markets. The combination of the described features on each of the markets of fuel and energy complex products forms a variety of conditions for their functioning within the boundaries of the national economy, which sets the direction of commodity flows and determines the development of the relevant transport infrastructure, which, in turn, are manifested in the spatial organization of product markets (their geographical segmentation). The research algorithm consisted of the analysis of sectoral markets based on the following parameters: properties of energy as a commodity, resource base, characteristics of producers, consumption structure, infrastructure development, and institutional conditions. Based on the combination of parameters, segments were identified for each of the fuel and energy complex product markets. The oil, natural gas, coal and heating market have two segments each: western and eastern. In the coal market, the eastern segment itself has two segments: eastern coastal and eastern mainland. The electricity market has three segments: western, eastern and northeastern. The analysis allows us to identify the western and eastern segments in each of the fuel and energy complex product markets, which are diametrically different in their characteristics. The stability of the distribution of the country’s territories by segments suggests the presence of invariants determined by the parameters of physical space, the effect of which is weakly susceptible to regulatory influences

The subject of this study is the modern aspects of Russia’s positioning in the global energy space. They are associated with the shift from the previously established liberal world order and the trend towards new polarisation in the world economic system, as well as with the increasing risks of turbulence in world energy markets. In this regard, it is extremely important to assess the real impact of economic sanctions on the nature of relationships and determine promising vectors for the development of energy cooperation between Russia and foreign countries. The research methodology includes analysis and synthesis methods and a historical approach, which are productively used to assess the tactical and strategic actions of our country in the system of international energy cooperation. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of theoretical approaches and assessment of the practical implementation of energy cooperation with foreign countries. Those priority interests are considered that determine the economic sovereignty and identity of Russia in the conditions of a gradual but categorical shift of the world community from the previously established imperatives of liberalism and economic globalisation. The article is of an overview nature and describes the key areas of cooperation in the oil and gas and coal industries. Its main provisions may be used for long-term researches related to modernising the strategy of Russia’s foreign economic relations and increasing the level of its foreign economic security in the context of new global challenges.

Due to the fact that the sanctions regime of Western countries is aimed at destroying Russia’s foreign trade relations and restraining the economic development of Russia, the article considers the increased importance of the main aspects of energy stability and presents a state assessment of Russian Federation energy security in conjunction with energy availability and environmental sustainability using the energy trilemma index. A number of urgent problems that have arisen in the fuel and energy complex as a result of sanctions have been identified. The general scheme of fuel and energy complex transformation is presented and possible ways of solving problems are given. The necessity of carrying out a set of measures for the transformation of the fuel and energy complex, including short- and medium-term measures necessary to ensure the state of energy security and sustainable economic development of Russia is substantiated.

The article discusses the current climate issues and history of international regulatory framework development in the field of energy considering the climate agenda. Moreover, the paper studies implementation and use of international experience in the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation, as well as legislative framework in the field of climate and measures of the policy implementation at the state and corporate levels. In the new realities, a number of corporations of the Russian fuel and energy complex have already started to implement projects aimed at achieving carbon neutrality in order not only to meet the goals of the agenda but also to improve their image and increase the level of trust between partners. Examples of reorientation of major Russian energy companies to cleaner types of fuel extraction and production, and their strategic plans and current results in implementing it have been considered.

RELEVANCE. Maintaining the required level of energy security (ES) and reliability of fuel and energy supply is one of the priority tasks in the management of the energy sector. In the functioning of the fuel and energy complex various threats are possible, which can lead to the violation of the reliability of fuel and energy supply and the emergence of shortages ofvarious types of energy resources. To assess the level of energy security, approaches are considered to form a mathematical model of the FEC, which combines all sectors of the energy sector. Despite the trends of transition to low-carbon energy sources associated with energy transformation, thermal power plants remain one of the main sources of heat and electricity.Due to the ability to generate large amounts of heat only thermal power plants can be a source of centralized energy supply of large territories. In this regard, when modeling the fuel and energy complex, it is necessary to develop mathematical models of TPPs, which will correctly reflect the technological processes that affect the reliability of energy supply. OBJECT. Development of mathematical models of interaction of electric power, heat supply and fuel systems within the framework of thermal power plants designed to study energy security and reliability of fuel and energy supply. METHODS. Mathematical modeling of fuel consumption dependences on electrical and thermal load at thermal power plants is used as methods. To obtain analytical dependencies, the least squares approximation of the consumption characteristics of thermal power plants was carried out. RESULTS. As part of the work, analytical dependences of fuel consumption on thermal and electrical load for various types of thermal units were obtained. For all considered steam turbines, linear dependences of theamount of heat supplied to the turbine on its load (electrical and / or heating depending on the type of turbine) were obtained. For boilers, an approximation of the dependence of efficiency on thermal load was carried out. According to the results of the approximation, a linear dependence is assumed. For gas turbine installations, an approximation of the dependence of the efficiency on the load was carried out, according to the results of which a second-order polynomial was obtained. CONCLUSION. The paper investigates the problem of mathematical modeling of the interconnected operation of fuel, heat and power and electric power systems within the framework of the functioning of the energy sector. Analytical dependences are obtained for different types of generating equipment, including boilers, steam turbines and gas turbine installations. The obtained dependences are necessary for the analysis of energy security and reliability offuel and energy supply. The models of thermal power plants presented in the paper are the most suitable for the analysis of energy security and reliability of fuel and power supply, as they provide the necessary accuracy of calculations and take into account the specifics of various generating equipment, without dropping to the level of microparameters.

The relevance of the article lies in determining the directions for the sustainable functioning of the region’s economy under the sanctions of unfriendly states, assessing the enterprises of the fuel and energy com¬plex of the Orenburg region and, on this basis, substantiating the creation of an integrated petrochemical cluster. The purpose of the article is to identify the territorial features of the sustainable development of the region’s economy under the impact of sanctions, identify its problems and develop recommendations for the formation of an integrated petrochemical cluster. In modern conditions, there is a decrease in the profitability of enterprises, an increase in risks and their possible bankruptcy, which ultimately provokes the unsustainable development of both enterprises and the regional economy. It is shown that the current situation contributes to the disruption of logisti¬cal ties in the export industries of the fuel and energy complex, the electronic and machine-building industries, and the agricultural sector, which has a negative impact on the sustainable functioning of the region’s economy. These conclusions are confirmed by many authors whose research results are presented in the article. The leading methods of this research are the analysis and generalization of scientific publications, methods of classification and retrospective analysis. The novelty of the study lies in clarifying the concept of sustainable development of the region’s economy, determining its factors and results. The authors show that the fuel and energy and agricultural sectors of the economy will have a key impact on the functioning of the economy. This conclusion is substanti¬ated by the given statistical and other factual data. In particular, it is shown that in the total volume of industrial production of the Orenburg region, the fuel and energy sector accounts for about 60% and provides an annual production of more than 15 billion m3 of gas, more than 21 million tons of oil and gas condensate, as well as the processing of about 5 million tons of oil. More than 2.5 million tons of grain crops are grown annually in the region (2020 more than 4 million tons), over 33 thousand tons of meat products, 260 thousand tons of dairy prod¬ucts. All of the above creates favorable conditions for the innovative development of the economy. As an example, a diagram of the organizational and production specialization of an integrated innovative petrochemical cluster is given. The practical significance of the results of the study lies in the development of a set of measures to implement an effective regional policy aimed at achieving sustainable development through the creation of an innovative petrochemical cluster. Further research is supposed to be carried out in the direction of developing the theoretical and practical foundations for the organization and functioning of integrated petrochemical agglomerations.

The purpose of article is to study the issues of state regulation of the oil and gas complex, including current areas of its improvement, environmental factors, in the context of the digitalization of the global economic system and the global energy market. The author investigated the importance of increasing the efficiency of state regulation of foreign economic activity in the context of ensuring national and energy sustainability, developing forecasts of strategic development. It was concluded that it is necessary to reflect long-term goals and tactical tasks in program-targeted documents, expand co-operational interactions with various sectors of the economy and industries, and promote technological innovations at the state level that allow expanding industrial and production potential and ensuring faster development of the oil and gas complex. The article was carried out using such scientific methods as synthesis, analysis, generalization and comparison, as well as from the standpoint of system-functional and complex or integrated approaches. The practical significance of the results lies in the theoretical justification of the need for state regulation of the oil and gas complex in the context of digital technological changes. It is aimed at promoting domestic industry and sectoral development, stimulating the integrated introduction of innovations, and reaching outstripping economic growth rates that are ahead of the pace.

Exacerbating climatic change accelerates the formation of ESG national regulatory approaches and the development of non-financial reporting, stimulating new green financing mechanisms both abroad and in Russia. Russian oil and gas companies, particularly Lukoil, Rosneft, and Tatneft, demonstrate the strengthening of environmental and social components in their reports, administration restructures, and improved corporate regulatory documentation concerning the principles of sustainable development. Due to the national features of regulatory and market approaches, European companies are more ambitious regarding the pace of their energy transition and updating the climatic agenda at all operating levels.The article compares the strategies of European energy companies (Shell, Eni, Totlenergies) and Russian energy companies (Lukoil, Rosneft, and Tatneft) in sustainable development and energy transition. The case selection is based on positive financial indicators and companies’ progress in sustainability rankings, such as ACRA, WFF Russia, CDP, and TPI. In conclusion, the article identifies the following priority corporate strategies: digitalization as a way of reducing emissions; an increase in the share of the gas business; development of renewable energy sources; optimization of the internal structure; adding ESG indicators to the leadership’s KPI; adding ESG indicators to requirements for contractors.

The purpose of the article is to develop measures aimed at improving the economic security of an organization. The relevance of the chosen topic is high due to the fact that the process of successful operation and economic development of fuel and energy complex enterprises largely depends on the improvement of their financial and economic activities as well as activities in the field of security. The article analyzes the essence of the fuel and energy complex and its impact on the country’s economy. An author’s method for assessing the economic security of an enterprise carrying out its activities in the aforementioned field has been studied. Analysis of the economic security of an oil industry enterprise in 2021 was carried out. The main threats that such organizations face as well as priority ways to reduce them have been identified. The economic effect of the measures proposed to improve the economic security will presumably amount to 2 918 720.7 million rubles.

PURPOSE. To consider the experience of using chemical water treatment waste in economic activity. To analyze scientific publications of Russian and foreign authors in order to determine the most popular industries in this waste and information about projects already implemented in Russia and abroad. To provide a brief analysis of the main areas of processing and disposal of sewage sludge in the world and in Russia. To assess the prospects for the use of chemical water treatment waste in the treatment of sewage sludge.METHODS. To achieve this goal, an assessment of the environmental impact of chemical water treatment waste on the environmental situation and human health was carried out on the example of Kazan CHP-1 (KTEC-1). A number of studies of KTEC-1 carbonate sludge have been carried out to determine the granulometric and elemental composition. results. The physico-chemical composition of carbonate sludge depends on a number of parameters of the water treatment system at an energy facility: the process of liming and coagulation of water, the amount of insoluble salts, the dewatering technology used, etc. Carbonate sludge is insoluble in water, has a typical chemical composition containing calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), magnesium oxide (MgO), iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), etc.CONCLUSION. The use of this type of technological process makes it possible to reduce the amount of calcium oxide used and replace it with calcium oxide from carbonate sludge. The use of carbonate sludge as a sediment stabilizer due to the CaO content is confirmed by laboratory studies. Due to these data, the disposal of chemical water treatment waste is ensured, less pollution of environmental objects is achieved.

The article examines the management structure of the fuel and energy complex of Turkey as a system of coordinating the activities of state organisations with a certain degree of autonomy that has taken shape over the past two decades. The authors emphasise that this management system is characterised by a sign of decentralisation, which is manifested by the delegation and distribution of a number of powers between subordinate structures. It is assumed that the established tradition in management gives the system flexibility in making significant decisions, which is extremely necessary in conditions of uncertainty in the global hydrocarbon market. The article also analyses the established regulatory framework in the field of regulating the activities of management bodies in the fuel and energy complex of Turkey. The authors focus on two main documents – the president R.T. Erdogan decree, which defined the general principles of the key management body – the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, and the energy development plan for the period 2019–2023, which outlines the main tasks and objectives of the management bodies. Special attention is paid to issues of international cooperation. The authors believe that under the current conditions, more active cooperation between Russian and Turkish businesses will help strengthen the positions of Russian oil and gas companies in the energy market in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East and the European Union. In the course of the research, both general theoretical methods of scientific cognition characteristic of most branches of science and special methods used in such branches of knowledge as management theory, law and economics found practical application.

This paper assesses the effects of the investment shock to the fuel and energy sectors of the Far East within the framework of the Eastern vector of Russia’s energy policy. We systemize the basic investment projects implemented in these sectors in order to increase export supplies of fuel and energy resources to the Asia-Pacific countries and assess the shifts in the structure of fuel and energy resources production in the region over the period from 2012 to 2019. In calculations, we use the classical and spatial versions of the method of structural decomposition of the growth rates of the sectoral indicators (shift-share analysis). On the basis of structural decomposition of the changes on the average annual number of employees and the GVA of the fuel and energy complex of the Far East at different spatial levels (national, macroregional (interregional) and regional) we draw the following conclusions: a strong impulse for development in the framework of the Eastern vector of Russia’s energy policy was given to extractive industries, their competitive effects were positive and overrode the negative shocks, which were destabilizing the national economy; an important factor in the economic dynamics of the extractive industries of the fuel and energy complex were gains/losses in inter-regional competition, but not spatial externalities; in the oil and gas industry, unlike in the coal industry, there is potential for formation of spatial externalities; developing faster than others, extractive industries remain enclaves in regional economies

The review to achieve technological sovereignty of the Russian fuel and energy complex (FEC) in the ongoing geopolitical situation is presented in the article. The main scope has been to identify the key technology development priorities, restrictions and internal resources to overcome these utilizing the developed by the author the innovative methodology that consists of novel approaches to calculate level of local content, digitalization, business continuity andinteractions with military-industrial complex. Some organizational changes have been proposed to intensify the development of hi-tech products for the FEC and related industries, including establishment of the state committee for science and technology and the project office of lead engineers for the critical missing technologies. Two successful examples to utilize the described in the paper methodology is presented: the first domestic hydraulic fracturing fleet and polycrystalline diamond compact cutter bit inserts.

The analysis of the functioning of the heat supply industry in Russia revealed negative trends in its development. One of the ways to increase the efciency of its activities is modernization and innovative development, which should contribute to the energy security of heat supply. It is noted that the energy security of heat supply should be considered not only in the key of high-quality and uninterrupted supply of the resource, but also from the standpoint of minimizing the negative impact on the environment. The article emphasizes that the global fuel and energy complex is in transition to a new energy system, developing in three directions: decentralization, decarbonization and digitalization. Under these conditions, the heat supply industry in Russia will also undergo transformation, so it is advisable to talk about the processes of its development and modernization, taking into account the principles of balanced environmental development, energy and resource conservation, as well as rational complement of traditional and renewable energy. The purpose of the study is an attempt to form a number of special principles according to which the heat supply system of Russia should function and develop in the conditions of transition to a new energy system. To achieve this goal, the article proposes to solve the following tasks: to consider the current state of the heat supply industry and highlight the main trends in its development, to identify the essence of the new energy system and the conditions for its change, to defne the principles of environmental safety and environmental efciency of heat supply as special principles for the functioning and development of the heat supply system in the context of a change in the energy system. Dialectical, formal-logical and system-structural methods were used as research methods.

The article analyzes the current state of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Crimea, presents the dynamics of investment in the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Crimea since 2006 year till 20l7year, the current system of investment design of business activity was evaluated. Also in the article the organizational structure of fuel and energy Complex of the Republic of Crimea is detailed, the main problems preventing attraction of investments in fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Crimea are revealed, the model of secondary use of means of investment design is offered; the main indicators of activity of the fuel and energy companies influencing sustainable development of the Republic of Crimea.

The Paris Climate Agreement has endorsed a strategic course towards “carbon neutrality” by 2050. Currently, all or at least most of the anthropogenic CO2 emission in Russia is absorbed by forests. The main sources of CO2 emission are fuel and energy sectors, including the electric power industry and transport. The introduction of a “carbon” tax can cause big losses for Russian manufacturers. To reduce the carbon intensity of electricity production and maintain “carbon neutrality” in the future Russia has to increase generation at nuclear, hydroelectric and other renewable energy sources, take measures to improve the fuel combustion efficiency at coal-fired power plants and introduce more economical gas turbine and combined cycle equipment installations at gas power plants.

The article discusses the competitive strategies of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. Their relevance in the context of modern global reality is substantiated. The specifics of determining the competitive advantages of enterprises in the energy sector are described. The factors determining the choice of a specific competitive strategy or its variant are determined. Opportunities and prospects for the use of various combinations of competitive strategies and strategic business models for the functioning of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex are established.

Blockchain is a modern, influential technology that is already transforming organizations and their business models in all business processes, including accounting and auditing. The article identifies and analyzes the risks of blockchain application in accounting and audits of fuel and energy companies. Areas of application of blockchain in accounting and auditing of fuel and energy companies have been determined, which include - integration of cryptocurrency into the accounting system of an energy company, creation of smart contracts, certification of renewable energy sources, automation of accounting and document flow, operational management of energy company assets, accounting of accounts consumption of energy and fuel resources. The risks of using blockchain technology in accounting and auditing of fuel and energy companies are systematized, which are grouped according to the following directions: high requirements of blockchain for energy consumption, lack of sufficient knowledge and skills of accountants in working with blockchain, technical, accounting and auditing problems. An example of choosing an economic risk management strategy of an energy company using maximax, Bayes, Laplace, Wald, Savage, Hurwitz criteria has been developed. The results of the research can be useful for accountants, auditors and managers of fuel and energy companies during the implementation and use of blockchain technology in practical activities.

The European Union is pursuing an ambitious energy policy to reduce the emission of pollutants into the environment and achieve complete decarbonization by 2050. According to the approved Green Deal, each European state had to introduce its own energy strategy based on its own economic, social, climatic, and climatic conditions. In the process of European integration, Ukraine has developed its own strategies that meet the principles of European government policy. The analysis of the experience of implementation of energy strategies of different member states of the European Union will have a positive impact on the process of implementation of the new energy policy in Ukraine. According to this, a comparative analysis of strategies and the state of the fuel and energy complex of France, Austria, Poland, which have common features with the energy system of Ukraine. As a result of the study, it was found that the process of decarbonization should be gradual. Abrupt changes can lead to negative consequences in economic and social aspects. The information obtained can be useful for energy reforms in Ukraine.

Currently, questions about digitalization, namely the digital transformation of the fuel and energy complex, are often raised in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the topic lies in the importance and necessity of introducing digital tools in the oil and gas industry. The arguments, substantiating the effects of digital transformation in the oil and gas complex are presented. The interpretation of the digital transformation of the Russian fuel and energy complex is given. The statistical data of the Ministry of Energy on the assessment of the total effect of digital transformation by 2035 are presented. The influence of digital technologies is analysed on the example of the oil and gas company Public Joint Stock Company “Lukoil”. The necessity of the National Infrastructure Investment Project, the importance of creating a center for hard-to-recover reserves and the introduction of an intelligent field are shown.

The article substantiates the need to revise the approach to the strategic management of enterprises in the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation, as one of the key sectors of the Russian economy. It is primarily due to the need to improve methods for building a system of strategic management of industrial enterprises in the era of the implementation of the Industry 4.0 concept. The use of traditional methods of managing industrial enterprises, industries, complexes does not allow maintaining, and even more so creating, competitive advantages in the long term. Consequently, the development of a new methodology for building a system of strategic management of industrial enterprises, the application of which would contribute, among other things, to the creation of new competitive challenges. Within the digital economy, modern business development management systems should be built taking into account the possibilities of using information and communication technologies, however, in order for the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex to be fully considered competitive, and their activities are effective only by using information-communicational technologies are not enough. It is necessary to form not a universal system of strategic management of industrial enterprises, but a unique system of strategic management of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, which would take into account not only the geopolitical factors of doing business, primarily in the regions of the Far North, but also specific industry features. The tool for the development of such a system is the balanced scorecard, which allows you to take into account both financial and non-financial components of enterprise management. The result of the study was the development of a unique balanced scorecard for the management of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, which is based on taking into account the peculiarities of rational use of natural resources, which is an important aspect of the activities of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex and modern possibilities of using information and communication technologies in the strategic management system.

The paper showcases the experience of energy cooperation between Mongolia and Russia and it gives a brief description of the current state and outlines strategic directions of energy cooperation between the two countries from the perspective of current energy cooperation priorities in the Northeast Asian countries, and active mutually beneficial participation of Mongolia and Russia in this process. Prerequisites for cooperation and conditions for successful intercountry projects in individual industries of the energy sector are considered in the study.

This article examines the current state and features of the functioning of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) in France and its development prospects for the period up to 2050 as well. The author paid particular attention to the issues of nuclear power in this country and the possibility of replacing it with alternative sources in the medium and long term. The point of ensuring energy security in the use of nuclear power plants, which is solved thanks to effective state regulation of this industry, is considered. Separately, the author presented the analyses of energy problems of France in the interaction with the supranational structures of the European Union and considered the participation of this country in the development of a common energy policy for the integration. The author determined the advantages of the French fuel and energy sector in comparison with other EU member states. The results of the study substantiated conclusions about the prospects for further development in the context of the transition to a low-carbon economy. These prospects the author outlined in the country’s national carbon reduction strategy and long-Term energy program. Currently, achieving the targets set out in these documents is a difficult task, hence the inconsistency that is evident in the state energy policy. It is primarily due to the future of nuclear energy, which France has disagreed with the EU leadership and leading member States.

The article presents arguments substantiating the influence of tax factors on the indicators of economic efficiency of oil and gas enterprises. The paper gives an interpretation of the influence of tax, customs-tariff, and macroeconomic factors on the indicators of economic efficiency of oil refining enterprises. The authors consider and set the objectives of the influence of tax, customs-tariff and macroeconomic factors. The study provides statistics of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation on the amounts of lost oil and gas revenues from the federal budget. The article considers the exchange rate as one of the key factors influencing the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators. The paper analyses the prices of “Urals” crude oil on the world oil industry markets. The authors discuss changes and modernization of the oil-refining industry.

The article is devoted to the problems of energy development in Russia, taking into account global trends, the trend of increasing the use of renewable energy sources, and increasing environmental requirements. In order to preserve the environment, the modern fuel and energy complex is included in the program of technological modernization, the main direction of which is the introduction of the best available technologies. The article discusses measures to encourage the modernization of fuel and energy facilities, as well as the main provisions of the Energy strategy of Russia

This article discusses the issues of dependence of power engineering in the Russian Federation on imported equipment in general and in the field of gas turbine technologies. The paper describes the features of foreign-made equipment that is operated at the power facilities of the Russian Federation, identifies the countries that produce the installed foreign equipment in the power industry. Possible economic consequences for the energy-intensive industry from the implementation of the program for the modernization of generating equipment within the framework of the import substitution program are estimated. The forecast scenario of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on power consumption in the UNEG and the program for the modernization of generating equipment is also presented.

The Republic of Tatarstan has accumulated vast experience in the exploration and development of oil fields of various ranks – from small and smallest to giant and supergiant. Approaches for the rational development of various groups and categories of deposits have been found. The most effective methods of prospecting, exploration and additional exploration of oil fields, the most advanced hydrodynamic methods of developing fields with active and hard-to-recover reserves, including those at the late and post-late stages of development, have been worked out. Methods of enhanced oil recovery have found wide application for various geological and physical conditions, including the extraction of residual reserves from long-term exploited fields. A great deal of experience has been accumulated in the development of complex small fields with hard-to-recover oil reserves. Research work is underway to find effective methods for the development of unconventional oil deposits (high-viscosity, ultra-high-viscosity oils and natural bitumen, in shale and similar deposits), to study the phenomenon of replenishment of sedimentary cover deposits with deep hydrocarbons through the crystalline basement. This experience of advanced development of the republic helps in the formation of the principles of a new paradigm for the development of the oil and gas industry.

The development and implementation of the strategy for organizational reconfiguration of a digital heat and power supersystem to streamline the processes of providing structured technological zones with heat is the basis for creating a coordinated system for optimizing the tariff and price load on heat and electricity consumers in the Russian economy. The reform of the industry creates opportunities to form market financial sources for the implementation of investment projects in the heat power industry of Russia, as well as to modernize the production capacities of the heat power system and district heating systems.The introduction in the industry of a mechanism for regulating the processes of providing heat energy services based on the transition to the system of Unified Heat Supply Organizations and providing a return on investment of the price trend in the heat market with the possibility of transferring departmental reporting and analytics to a single regulatory legal basis allows you to regulate the work of the power industry as a subsystem of the Russian energy sector with general information technology platform of fuel and energy complex.The inclusion of Unified Heat Supply Organizations in market relations and the formation of game rules in the market using the principle of tariff setting according to the alternative boiler house rule allow you to create conditions for emergence of the heat market. Unified Heat Supply Organizations, being, on the one hand, a market structure, and, on the other hand - the basis for further consolidation of the efforts of stakeholders in supplying consumers with energy, become the basis of the “intellectual settlement” and in the future, the digital agent of the industrial Internet.Unified Heat Supply Organizations provide, therefore, the digital modernization of power engineering. It becomes the material and information base for the formation of regulatory relations not only in heat supply, but with the development of automated systems for monitoring and accounting of energy resources in the field of electricity and gas supply and hot water supply, that is, Unified Heat Supply Organizations become the basis of a single information space for energy supply.

Introduction. The relevance of the subject is proved by the interest in the activity of the fuel and energy complex which remains for Russia one of the economic system donors. In this regard, there is growing interest in the experience of the energy industry development in other states, for example to the oil industry reforms in the Great Britain in the last quarter of the 20th century. Methods and materials. The basis of the research is made by works of foreign authors and sources in English. The complex structure of the object of study determines using general historical techniques and the system approach. Analysis. The research of the evolution of the British oil industry is connected with considering the general economic situation in the country and the dominating ideological attitudes of the United Kingdom authorities concerning the economic system during the post-war period. It is possible to note that British authorities paid close attention to the oil industry. The privatization of oil enterprises, which began in the second half of the 1970s, became a reaction to the changes of the economic situation within the country and in the world. It was the tactical maneuver under the Labourists directed to stabilization of the economic system without its essential updating. The subsequent transformations of the oil industry under the Conservatives were based on the basis of the economic paradigm revision, with the expectation of reducing the state’s participation in the ownership of enterprise assets, forming a broad layer of owners, both among small and large holders of securities, as well as strengthening the independence of fuel companies. Results. As a result of the reforms in the market, several fuel companies different in power, continued working. The authorities got an opportunity not only to replenish the budget, but also to fulfill the mechanisms of indirect impact on the oil industry that, on the one hand, allowed to differentiate the spheres of the parties’ responsibilities, and on the other hand, to maintain the influence of the state in the strategic segment of economy.

Stanislav Zakharovich Zhiznin is the founder of energy diplomacy in Russia and in the world, the author of the term “energy diplomacy”, a leading Russian expert on energy policy, diplomacy and international energy security. Prof. Zhiznin published first Russian textbook on energy diplomacy and many monographs on energy diplomacy, in Russian, English, and Chinese [Zhiznin 2005]. S.Z. Zhiznin graduated from the Kharkiv Aviation Institute in 1969 with a degree in electrical engineering, then - from the Diplomatic Academy of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1977 with a degree in international economic relations. In 1998 he defended his Candidate’s thesis on the issue “Energy diplomacy of Russia at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries (foreign economic aspects)”, and in 2001 - his Doctor’s dissertation on “Strategic interests of Russia in world energy” and became a Doctor of Science (Economics). He has been working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation since 1977. S. Zhiznin has a Diplomatic Rank of 1st Class Counsellor. Until the end of 2010, he was the chief adviser to the Department of Economic Cooperation of the Russian MFA. S. Zhiznin is currently a professor at the Department of International Dimension of Fuel and Energy Industry named after N.P. Laverov, MGIMO. He contributed to the development of the information materials for the Russian delegation for the meetings of G8 (now G7), OPEC, IEA, Gas Exporting Countries Forum, International Energy Forum, APEC, etc. S.Z. Zhiznin is the President of the Center for Energy Diplomacy and Geopolitics, established in 2003 with the participation of the Union of Oil & Gas Producers of Russia and support of the Russian MFA. In 2011, he became an OSCE expert on energy diplomacy and energy security. The interview presents the formation of energy diplomacy as a science, covers the evolution of the concept of “energy diplomacy”, discusses the energy factor influence on the policies of Russia and other countries, analyses the role of TNCs in shaping the state’s energy policy. Energy diplomacy, as S.Z. Zhiznin points out, is a complex symbiosis of economics, geopolitics, and technological sciences; so, research in energy diplomacy is inextricably linked with these sciences. At present, energy diplomacy is being heavily influenced by the technology development, which makes states take into account this factor while forming their energy strategies.

The energy sector of the Republic of Belarus is one of the key sectors of the national economy, the effective development of which ensures the operation of the entire real economy and the sphere of housing and communal services. Due to the lack of the necessary amount of its own energy resources, the country is affected by factors of internal and external threats that form the energy dependence of the Republic on the supply of fuel and energy resources from outside. This weakens its energy security. The main importing country of fuel and energy resources for the Republic of Belarus is the Russian Federation. In this regard, the concept of energy security needs to be clarified, taking into account external and internal threats. The article deals with theoretical approaches to the definition of energy security, the specific features for the importing and exporting countries. The main threats to energy security for the Republic of Belarus are clarified, the causes of their occurrence and consequences for both fuel and energy complex enterprises and energy consumers are revealed. To determine the level of energy security, the indicative assessment method, which involves the identification of parameters and indicators of the development and functioning of the fuel and energy complex, its subsystems and facilities, as well as energy consumers, is the most optimal. These parameters characterize the composition, depth and territorial framework for the implementation of threats to energy security, its level. The indicators of the main directions of energy safety have been analyzed in dynamics; their levels are determined by periods. The directions of energy security, which are most and least susceptible to threats, have been identified. A combined approach for determining the objects of energy security is proposed. The author's definition of energy security is presented.

The structure of the algorithm for building a system of payment interaction of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex has been off red. The necessity to include such intangible components as trust, business reputation, transparency of economic relations in the assessment of the value of assets of the fuel and energy complex enterprises has been highlighted. The possibility of wider application of mechanisms of non-monetary trade in the conditions of economy of “distrust” and political and economic crisis has been designated. The peculiartities of cooperation between the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex in the conditions of sanctions pressure, turning into a trade war have been revealed. The possibilities of activation and development of resource trade as one of the main factors of increasing the security of the fuel and energy complex and the Russian economy as a whole have been discovered.

The article presents the assessment and results of researching of prospects of development of the Russian oilfield services market and Russian oilfield services companies. The analysis of the needs of the oil and gas sector in oilfield services is made. The authors consider the structure and volume of Russian market of services in oil and gas industry. Within the scope of this article the authors highlight the main problems of the oil service industry in Russia.

In article need of studying of trust as the economic component of system of interaction between the enterprises of fuel and energy complex and disclosed sources of interorganizational trust from suppliers and consumers is marked out. The key purposes and problems of active application of assessment of trust between contractors are proved, especially at transactions excluding a money equivalent in the conditions of world financial - a political crisis and the anti-Russian sanctions. Features of creation of system of interaction between the enterprises of fuel and energy complex are marked out. Possibilities of activization of innovative development of resource trade as one of major factors of increase in security of fuel and energy complex and all Russian economy in general are revealed.

The Caspian region plays the increasing role in world power in the modern conditions. At the same time, the role of the certain countries in power of the region is not identical. In the article reserve of hydrocarbonic raw materials in the countries of the region on main types of fuel are estimated and the main stages of forming of energy space of the region are defined.

Marks need of increase of economic security and marked out threats to the Russian economy from «petrodollars». Сonsidere Classification of impecunious contracts, substantiations the key purposes and problems of active application of methods of the alternative estimation of cost of energy carriers excluding a monies as equivalent in the conditions of world financial-political crisis and the anti-Russian sanctions are proved. Characteristics of functions of fuel and energy resources is submitted as goods. Marked out Features of trade within fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation. Revealed Possibilities of activization of innovative development of resource trade as one of the main methods of increase of security both fuel and energy complex, and all Russian economics.

When developing regional strategies, the effectiveness of energy solutions must be linked to the overall economic efficiency of regional development, since the targets for energy-efficient development may conflict with the objectives of the regional economy as a whole. In the article, the task of energy-efficient development of a region of the Russian Federation is reduced to the search for the agreed scenarios of the development of fuel and energy complex (FEC) and the regional economy. These scenarios allow achieving a maximum approximation to the stated goals for the set of energy and economic indicators. I have developed a model of the FEC of a region as a dynamic CGE-model. It is developed as a part of the general model of the socio-economic activity of a region. This model represents the interrelated processes of production, processing, transportation and the use of all types of fuel and energy resources in a region. I propose the forecasting methodology of balanced development of the economy and fuel and energy complex. This methodology provides iterative harmonization of forecasts for consumption and production of energy based on regional fuel and energy balance (FEB). At the same time, the FEB developed within the framework of the FEC model is a part of the overall product-sector balance of the economy, which plays the role of the “balance of balances”. It allows to simulate the interaction of FEC and the rest of the economy through inter-balance relations. Based on the developed methods and models, I have implemented the information technology of situation forecasting and strategic planning in the form of forecasting and analytical tool. This tool simulates the scenarios of energy-efficient development of the economy of the Samara region. As an example, the article presents the assessment of energy efficiency for an option of Samara region development according to the target scenario of Russia’s Energy Strategy for the period up to 2035.

The article considers the possibility of using wind energy for energy supply as a means of reducing the negative impact of the fuel and energy complex on the quality of the urban habitat. The rate of the development of wind energy increases every year, along with increasing demands on the quality of the urban environment. In the modern world, along with the growing needs of mankind for energy resources, the greening of the fuel and energy complex is becoming a priority task, the solution of which for each region needs to be looked for individually. By the example of Volgograd Oblast, the authors make the assessment of the impact of the fuel and energy complex on the environment on the basis of the largest power supply facilities of the city of Volgograd: CHP-2, CHP-3 and VGRES. As an alternative to traditional energy sources, the use of wind energy is suggested. For this purpose, the potential of wind energy development in the city of Volgograd is being studied, the optimal territories for the location of the wind farm are determined taking into account the additional conditions (relief and local winds). As a result of the research, the authors propose the location of the wind farm at the Ergeninskaya Height - for power supply of the southern districts in Volgograd. To ensure the needs of the southern districts of Volgograd with the electric power and decrease in negative impact of CHP-2, CHP-3 and VGRES on the quality of the urban environment the authors offer to place some of the wind power stations with ten high-speed wind generators with possible total average development of each station of 30 million kWh a year. In this case it will be possible to reduce the negative impact of CHP-2 by 10 % on average, that will exclude about 150 kg of emissions a year. With eight wind power stations with 10 wind turbines that provide the consumer it is possible to avoid the negative impact of CHP completely. These measures can significantly improve the quality of the urban environment / Рассматривается возможность использования для энергообеспечения ветровой энергии как средства снижения негативного влияния ТЭК на качество городской среды обитания. Темпы развития ветровой энергетики с каждым годом увеличиваются, так же как и требования к качеству городской среды. В современном мире потребности человечества в энергоресурсах возрастают, и экологизация ТЭК становится приоритетной задачей, пути решения которой для каждого региона необходимо искать индивидуально. На примере Волгоградской области проводится оценка влияния ТЭК на окружающую среду на основе данных крупнейших объектов энергообеспечения Волгограда: ТЭЦ-2, ТЭЦ-3 и ВГРЭС. Как альтернатива традиционным источникам энергии предлагается использование энергии ветра. Для этого проводится исследование потенциала развития ветровой энергетики Волгограда, определяются оптимальные территории для размещения ВЭС с учетом дополнительных условий (рельефа и локальных ветров). В результате исследования авторами было предложено размещение ВЭС на Ергенинских высотах — для энергообеспечения южных районов Волгограда. Для обеспечения потребностей южных районов города Волгограда электроэнергией и снижения негативного влияния ТЭЦ-2, ТЭЦ-3 и ВГРЭС на качество городской среды обитания предлагается разместить несколько ВЭС с десятью быстроходными ветрогенераторами с возможной суммарной средней выработкой каждой ВЭС 30 млн кВт·ч в год. При размещении нескольких таких комплексов можно снизить негативное влияние от ТЭЦ-2 в среднем на 10 %, что исключит порядка 150 кг выбросов в год. При размещении восьми ВЭС с 10 ветроустановками для обеспечения потребителя можно полностью исключить негативное влияние ТЭЦ. Эти меры могут значительно улучшить качество городской среды обитания

The article presents the results of studying the formation, the current state and prospects for the development of public-private partnership (PPP) in the fuel and energy sector in Russia. The authors consider the existing mechanisms of interaction between the public and private parties in the projects of the fuel and energy complex, including so-called quasi-PPP projects, i.e. relevant PPP on economic content. Such projects include production sharing agreements, special investment contracts, etc. Within the framework of the article, the authors highlight the main problems of the functioning of public-private partnership instruments and consider trends in the use of PPPs for the development of the fuel and energy complex in Russia

The investment projects in the sphere of the fuel and energy complex that are being implemented in Ukraine in 2010-2013 within the state program of the energy efficiency increase, energy supply, increase of the production of the renewable energy sources could attract into Ukraine not only the investments, new world technologies but also would allow considerable increasing of mining its own resources by means of reinforcing the energy independence of the country. In 2014-2016 the energy reform in the “new” (post maidan) Ukraine was rather simulated together with the profanation of the idea of the investment attraction into the national fuel and energy complex. Every following action of the Ukrainian government in this direction only worsens the situation (energy Zugzwang). Today the country actually lacks effective state policy in the sphere of oil processing. “The energy strategy of Ukraine till 2030” pays little attention to the problems of oil production and refining; there is no real state control over the implementation of investment obligations by owners of oil refineries; the control system of quality of oil products is actually destroyed; there are no incentives to reconstruction and modernization. The condition of the energy system of the country must not be determined only by political motives of its government as it may lead to irreversible strategic consequences. The article deals with the reference points of the correction of Ukraine’s energy strategy, but it is highlighted that their realization is impossible without the freezing of military activity, the removal of the Donbas siege and the implementation of the Minsk accords.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is feasibility study of transformation’s mechanisms of management of Russian fuel and energy complex (FEC) for elimination of risks and threats to national economic interests for our country, which were manifested in the period of falling oil prices and the introduction of anti-Russian economic and political sanctions.Methodology. In this article were used general scientific and special methods, including methods of system and economic analysis. Using the analytical methodology, there were investigated the main components of the protection of economic interests of Russia, during realization of perspective infrastructure projects in energetics in East Asia in the circumstances of critical economic and financial instability.Results. It is substantiated the expedience and the basic steps for creating an Asian energetic grid as a promising infrastructure project in energetics aimed at global redistribution of value added on the basis of energy supply by Russia of the cluster of key East Asian countries. It is proved that the concept of formation of an Asian energetic grid must be based on the strategic role of Russia as the guarantor of the energy security of the cluster of key East Asian countries, through the supply of a package of key Russian fuel and energy resources (electricity, gas, oil, coal, etc.). This will allow for a significant increase in mutual trade through integration of energetic systems of Russia, China, South Korea and Japan.Conclusions. There are suggested approaches to the justification of the ways of protecting the economic interests of our country in respect of the FEC of Russia, including: national concentration of management of energy resources’ export flows (delivery distribution, volumes of extraction, transportation, terms of payment, etc.); intercorporate coordination of measures on development, reconstruction and modernization of fuel and energy infrastructure; formation of qualitatively new infrastructure of the wholesale and retail markets of fuel and energy resources (FER); go to create overseas mechanism of energy hub management in respect of the supply and transportation of Russian energy resources; refinement of measures of coordination and work of the profit centers, corporate financial centers, centers of concentration of property’s ownership and financial assets and management for major energy corporations of Russia, including their subsidiaries and affiliates abroad, etc.Sphere of application. The technology in question is offered as an integral part of the technology of management of sectors of the Russian economy with regard to possible economic fluctuations in the global economy in the circumstances of significant changes associated with the new political realities in the US, EU, etc.

In article need of studying of trust as the economic component of system of interaction between the enterprises of fuel and energy complex and disclosed sources of interorganizational trust from suppliers and consumers is marked out. The key purposes and problems of active application of assessment of trust between contractors are proved, especially at transactions excluding a money equivalent in the conditions of world financial - a political crisis and the anti-Russian sanctions. Features of creation of system of interaction between the enterprises of fuel and energy complex are marked out. Possibilities of activization of innovative development of resource trade as one of major factors of increase in security of fuel and energy complex and all Russian economy in general are revealed.

Pricing pressure on energy consumers of the Far Eastern Federal District is significantly higher than the national average one and it is determined to a great extent by transport cost of solid fuel import. That's why consideration of engineering issues of substitution of the region's energy supply sources with the nearest coal fields is important. For making a decision of using coal as energy fuel required comprehensive information about it: complex of its properties, such as thermal characteristics. For this purpose the authors have investigated Shiwei-Ovoo coal consignments using standardized Russian methods. The comparison of the results with quality indicators of coals widely used in the Russian thermal power confirms Shiwei-Ovoo coal as generally favorable for energy use. Thermal properties of Shiwei-Ovoo coal were estimated. It is classified as lignite with high yield of volatiles, medium sulfur and low ash content.

Pricing pressure on energy consumers of the Far Eastern Federal District is significantly higher than the national average one and it is determined to a great extent by transport cost of solid fuel import. That's why consideration of engineering issues of substitution of the region's energy supply sources with the nearest coal fields is important. For making a decision of using coal as energy fuel required comprehensive information about it: complex of its properties, such as thermal characteristics. For this purpose the authors have investigated Shiwei-Ovoo coal consignments using standardized Russian methods. The comparison of the results with quality indicators of coals widely used in the Russian thermal power confirms Shiwei-Ovoo coal as generally favorable for energy use. Thermal properties of Shiwei-Ovoo coal were estimated. It is classified as lignite with high yield of volatiles, medium sulfur and low ash content.

The article presents the assessment and results of researching of prospects of development of the Russian oilfield services market and Russian oilfield services companies. The analysis of the needs of the oil and gas sector in oilfield services is made. The authors consider the structure and volume of Russian market of services in oil and gas industry. Within the scope of this article the authors highlight the main problems of the oil service industry in Russia.

The Caspian region plays the increasing role in world power in the modern conditions. At the same time, the role of the certain countries in power of the region is not identical. In the article reserve of hydrocarbonic raw materials in the countries of the region on main types of fuel are estimated and the main stages of forming of energy space of the region are defined.

Marks need of increase of economic security and marked out threats to the Russian economy from «petrodollars». Сonsidere Classification of impecunious contracts, substantiations the key purposes and problems of active application of methods of the alternative estimation of cost of energy carriers excluding a monies as equivalent in the conditions of world financial-political crisis and the anti-Russian sanctions are proved. Characteristics of functions of fuel and energy resources is submitted as goods. Marked out Features of trade within fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation. Revealed Possibilities of activization of innovative development of resource trade as one of the main methods of increase of security both fuel and energy complex, and all Russian economics.