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Abstract Importance Evidence from systematic reviews of the cardioprotective effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) remains controversial, and interventions including PUFAs dietary supplements or prescription medications cannot accurately reflect the role of PUFA RX in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Objective We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of PUFA prescription medication in preventing CVD. Methods Two reviewers conducted a literature search of Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, and the Cochrane Library from their inception to September 2023. The inclusion criteria were RCTs evaluating long-term supplementation (≥ 1 year) with PUFA prescriptions and reporting cardiovascular outcomes. Data were extracted independently by two authors, and the certainty of evidence for each outcome was assessed using the GRADE system. Random-effects models were used to estimate the risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The primary outcomes were cardiovascular events. Secondary endpoints included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), cardiac death, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization. Subgroup analyses were performed based on PUFA components, dosage, follow-up duration, and risk status. Results Twelve RCTs involving 99,830 participants were included. The mean age of participants ranged from 59.4 to 74.0 years, with a follow-up period varying from 1 to 6.2 years. Compared with placebo and statins, PUFA prescription medication was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events (8 RCTs, n = 75,929, RR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.81–0.95]; P = 0.0007; I2 = 45%), cardiac death (10 RCTs, n = 95,440, RR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.84–0.99]; P = 0.02; I2 = 23%), myocardial infarction (9 RCTs, n = 94,877, RR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.73–0.96]; P = 0.009; I2 = 62%), and revascularization (9 RCTs, n = 91,242, RR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.84–0.99]; P = 0.02; I2 = 63%). Conclusions and relevance PUFA prescription medication could lower the risks of cardiovascular events, cardiac death, myocardial infarction and revascularization. This research provides insight into the efficacy of PUFA prescription medications in CVD prevention and contributes to the ongoing debate on the role of PUFA products in cardiovascular outcomes.

Camels live under extremely arid conditions, yet they can produce more milk than any other animal in the desert ecosystem. They also have a longer lactation duration as well as low nutrition requirements. This study aims to determine the fatty acids profile, minerals, antioxidant activity and total phenols/flavonoids content, in camel milk of the species Camelus dromedarius in Bahrain. Gas chromatography was employed to analyze the fatty acid methyl esters obtained after the extraction of fatty acids. Mineral concentrations were measured by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer. Antioxidant measurements included total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, total flavonoid contents by AlCl3 colorimetric method, and total antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. The fatty acids analysis (median(interquartile range) %) showed that the most predominant fatty acids were unsaturated fatty acids (50.40(6.76) %), which were slightly higher than saturated fatty acids (49.60(12.17) %). The most abundant saturated fatty acids were C16:0 (26.73(6.73) %), C18:0 (12.32(4.28) %), and C14:0 (10.55(2.86)%). Monounsaturated fatty acid 18:1n9 was 31.5(5.66) %, and 16:1n7 was 12.75(2.19)%, while the major omega-3 was C18:3n3 (3.91(0.71) %). The main omega-6 were C18:2n6 and C18:3n6, accounting for 1.30(0.35) % and 0.94(0.21) %, respectively. The mineral content of camel milk varied, with the presence of macro minerals such as calcium (699.60 mg/L), sodium (855.18 mg/L), magnesium (9.33 mg/L) and potassium (87.09 mg/L). The results showed that camel milk has considerable values of total antioxidant activity (4.75(1.71) mmol/g), total phenolic contents (20.24(11.18) mg GAE/L) and total flavonoid contents (31.74(20.72) mg CE/L). In conclusion, although the (poly)phenol content in camel milk is relatively lower compared to certain plant-based sources, it can represent a good source of antioxidants, in addition to a significant content in unsaturated fatty acids and minerals, further enhancing its nutritional value for human health.

Industrial development has significantly increased CO2 emissions, from 280 ppm in the pre-industrial era to over 400 ppm today, contributing to the greenhouse effect and climate change. This study investigates the impact of varying CO2 concentrations on the growth, biomass accumulation, and biochemical composition of Euglena gracilis as microalgae-based carbon capture and utilization. E. gracilis was cultivated with CO2 concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 30%, using white LED lights at 3000 lux. Growth was monitored through cell counts and optical density, while biomass and primary metabolites were analysed using standard methods. Fatty acid content was assessed using GC-MS and GC-FID. The results showed optimal growth at 5% CO2, with biomass reaching 2.3 g l‒1 on the day of harvest. The highest lipid content was obtained in the 15% CO2 treatment with a total lipid of 0.35 g l‒1. As for the decrease in pH, it showed that each treatment experienced a reduction in pH from 3.5 to almost 2.0. Fatty acid content was dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially in the control group and 15% CO2 treatment, contributing up to 47.66%, and 46.36% to the group, respectively. The study highlights the importance of optimizing CO2 levels for microalgae cultivation to enhance biomass and lipid production. Elevated CO2 levels boost lipid synthesis but can stress cells if too high, suggesting a need for adaptive CO2 addition methods.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of two Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the profiles of soluble proteins and fatty acids and on LacsA (long-chain acyl-CoA synthesis) gene expression in Dunaliella tertiolecta and Dunaliella salina. The algae were treated with a control and three experimental concentrations (3000, 6000 and 9000 μg l‒1) of phenanthrene and anthracene. In D. salina treated with 6000 and 9000 μg l‒1 of anthracene, expression of LacsA and α-linolenic acid was higher than in the control treatment. Also, at 3000 and 6000 μg l‒1 of anthracene, there was a sharp increase in hexadecenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (omega-3). Dunaliella tertiolecta treated with 9000 μg l‒1of anthracene showed a stronger protein expression profile than other samples which was consistent with LacsA gene expression at the same dose of anthracene. In D. tertiolecta, α-linolenic acid and 11-octadecenoic acid increased significantly at 9000 µg l‒1 of anthracene compared to the control, and there were similar trends in proteins, LacsA gene expression and α-linolenic acid and 11-octadecenoic fatty acids content. Phenanthrene and anthracene have different molecular structures, and it seems that they also have different dose-dependent effects on synthesis/accumulation of fatty acids, SDS-PAGE profiles of proteins and LacsA gene expression in D. salina and D. tertiolecta. According to previous reports, the LacsA gene is mediated by α-linolenic acid, hexadecenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (omega-3) synthesis. Since PAHs tend to be accumulated in the cell membrane of the microalgae, microalgae produce various proteins and fatty acids to bioremediate these harmful substances. Our results indicated that Dunaliella spp. may be good candidates for biodegradation purposes as well as an adequate model as a biotechnological accumulator of fatty acids under exposure to PAHs.

Chinese herbal formula (CHF) has the potential to improve the performance of aged laying hens through integrated regulation of various physiological functions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary CHF supplementation on the yolk fatty acid profile in aged laying hens. A total of 144 healthy 307-day-old Xinyang black-feather laying hens were randomly allocated into two groups: a control group (CON, fed a basal diet) and a CHF group (fed a basal diet supplemented with 1% CHF; contained 0.30% Leonurus japonicus Houtt., 0.20% Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., 0.25% Ligustrum lucidum Ait., and 0.25% Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. for 120 days). The fatty acid concentrations in egg yolks were analyzed using a targeted metabolomics technology at days 60 and 120 of the trial. The results showed that dietary CHF supplementation increased (p

In order to investigate the differences in weight proportion and nutrient composition of different by-products of yellowfin tuna, this study investigated the differences in the ratio of the by-products weight to the body weight of yellowfin tuna in different sizes. The differences in the content of moisture, protein, fat, ash and the profile of fatty acids were also analyzed. The results showed that the ratio of dark meat, head, and viscera weight to body weight ranged from 5.85% to 6.81%, from 10.62% to 21.05%, and from 4.20% to 7.47%, respectively. There was a significant difference in the moisture content of the different by-products (P

Background/Aims: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only well-established and widely used agent for dissolving gallstones. Epidemiological and animal studies have suggested potential therapeutic benefits of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for dissolving cholesterol gallstones. We evaluated whether adding PUFA to UDCA improves gallstone dissolution in patients with cholesterol gallstones. Methods: This randomized, prospective, preliminary clinical trial compared the efficacy and safety of UDCA plus PUFA combination therapy (combination group) with those of UDCA monotherapy (monotherapy group). The inclusion criteria were a gallstone diameter ≤15 mm on ultrasonography, radiolucent stones on plain X-ray, and no to mild symptoms. Gallstone dissolution rates, response rates, and adverse events were evaluated. Results: Of the 59 screened patients, 45 patients completed treatment (24 and 21 in the monotherapy and combination groups, respectively). The gallstone dissolution rate tended to be higher in the combination group than in the monotherapy group (45.7% vs 9.9%, p=0.070). The radiological response rate was also significantly higher in the combination group (90.5% vs 41.7%, p=0.007). In both groups, dissolution and response rates were higher in patients with gallbladder sludge than in those with distinct stones. Four adverse events (two in each group) were observed, none of which were study drug-related or led to drug discontinuation. The incidence of these adverse events was similar in both groups (combination vs monotherapy: 9.5% vs 8.3%, p=0.890). Conclusions: UDCA plus PUFA therapy dissolves cholesterol gallstones more effectively than UDCA monotherapy, without significant complications. Further prospective, large-scale studies of this combination therapy are warranted.

Sustainable agricultural practices are increasingly important to meet the food demands of the growing world population. The most important aspect of sustainable agriculture involves gradually abandoning synthetic and harmful pesticides, and switching to natural and soil-friendly practices. Neem oil, derived from the seeds of the neem tree primarily found in India, contains the active ingredient azadirachtin. Azadirachtin serves as a pesticide against harmful insects, especially in agriculture. Its widespread utilisation stems from its benign impact on living organisms, including humans, animals and plants. This review discusses the effects of neem oil on living organisms in soil, followed by the discussion of both qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques for measuring neem oil. Additionally, the environmental effects of neem oil in agriculture are discussed in relation to the current regulations and initiatives by environmental protection organisations.

Abstract The production of value-added bio-compounds from rejuvenated sources and their recruitment for healthcare services are paramount objectives in the agenda of white biotechnology. Hereupon, the current study focused on economic production of single cell oils (SCOs) from oleaginous fungi Alternaria sp. (A-OS) and Drechslera sp. (D-OS) using cheese whey waste stream, followed by their evaluation as antibiofilm and anticancer agents, for the first time. As a sole substrate for growth, the whey aided in lipid accumulation by 3.22 and 4.33 g/L, which representing 45.3 and 48.2% lipid content in Drechslera sp. (D-OS) and Alternaria sp. (A-OS), respectively. Meanwhile, a higher unsaturation degree was detected in A-OS by 62.18% comparing to 53.15% of D-OS, with advantageous presence of omega-6 poly unsaturated fatty acid by 22.67% and 15.04% for A-OS and D-OD, respectively, as revealed by GC-MS and FTIR characterization analysis. Interestingly, an eminent and significant (P ≤ 0.05) antibiofilm potency was observed in a dose-dependent modality upon employing both SCOs as antibiofilm agents. Whereas, 100 µg/mL of A-OS recorded superior inhibition of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans biofilms development by 84.10 ± 0.445, 90.37 ± 0.065 and 94.96 ± 0.21%, respectively. Whereas, D-OS (100 µg/mL) thwarted the biofilms of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans by 47.41 ± 2.83, 62.63 ± 5.82 and 78.67 ± 0.23%, correspondingly. Besides, the metabolic performance of cells within biofilm matrix, protein, carbohydrate contents and hydrophobicity of examined biofilms were also curtailed in a significant correlation with biofilm biomass (r ≥ 0.9). Further, as anticancer agents, D-OS recorded higher potency against A549 and CaCo-2 cell lines with IC50 values of 2.55 and 3.425% and SI values of 10.1 and 7.5, respectively. However, A-OS recorded 8.275% and 2.88 for IC50 and SI of Caco-2 cells, respectively. Additionally, A-OS activated caspase 3 by 64.23 ± 1.18% and 53.77 ± 0.995% more than D-OS (52.09 ± 0.222% and 49.72 ± 0.952%) in A549 and Caco-2 cells, respectively. Furthermore, the enzymes, which associated with cancer invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis (i.e., MMP2 and MMP9) were strongly inhibited by A-OS with 18.58% and 8.295%, respectively as IC50 values; while D-OS results recorded 23.61% and 13.16%, respectively, which could be ascribed to the higher ω-6/ω-3 contents of A-OS. The promising results of the current study opens up the vision to employ SCOs as anti-infective nutraceuticals and in complementary/alternative therapy and prophylactic programs as well.

Abstract Overconsumption of food, especially dietary fat, leads to metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Long‐chain fatty acids, such as palmitoleate are recognized as the risk factors for these disorders owing to their high‐energy content and lipotoxicity. In contrast, medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFAs) metabolic benefits; however, their underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. GPR84 is an MCFA receptor, particularly for C10:0. Although evidence from in vitro experiments and oral administration of C10:0 in mice suggests that GPR84 is related to the metabolic benefits of MCFAs via glucose metabolism, its precise roles in vivo remain unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated whether GPR84 affects glucose metabolism and metabolic function using Gpr84‐deficient mice. Although Gpr84‐deficient mice were lean and had increased endogenous MCFAs under high‐fat diet feeding conditions, they exhibited hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia along with lower plasma insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) levels compared with wild‐type mice. Medium‐chain triglyceride (C10:0) intake suppressed obesity, and improved plasma glucose and lipid levels, and increased plasma GLP‐1 levels in wild‐type mice; however, these effects were partially attenuated in Gpr84‐deficient mice. Our results indicate that long‐term MCFA‐mediated GPR84 activation improves the dysfunction of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Our findings may be instrumental for future studies on drug development with GPR84 as a potential target, thereby offering new avenues for the treatment of metabolic disorders like obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Abstract The prevalence of food allergies is increasing worldwide, affecting approximately 8% of children. Food allergies that develop early in life can persist throughout an individual's life. Dietary patterns, particularly those involving fatty acids (FAs), play an important role in the regulation of immune cells, thereby affecting the development of food allergies. Aimed to investigate the effects of different FA patterns on food allergies, this study established a sensitised infant rat model and fed it with feeds containing different types of FAs. We then assessed the clinical allergy symptoms, immune balance, and gut microbiota. Our animal allergy model revealed that diets rich in specific FAs exerted different regulatory effects on food allergies. Notably, n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on food allergies, accompanied by a reduction in allergy symptoms, lower serum antibody levels, and modulation of T cell differentiation. By contrast, high levels of medium‐chain FAs promoted the occurrence and progression of food allergies. In addition, various dietary FA patterns have varying impacts on the gut microbiota, influencing overall diversity, microbial composition, and function. N‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs may be associated with a significant increase in the copy number of 15‐cis‐phytoene synthase in the intestinal flora. These findings suggest that dietary intake of different FAs during early life can affect an individual's susceptibility to food allergies by shaping the gut microbiota, which may offer a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of food allergies.

Abstract Background The paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L.) is a valuable source of woody forage that can be used for ruminants, such as goat and lambs. However, there is limited knowledge about how paper mulberry silage affects carcass characteristics, meat physicochemical attributes, amino acid and unsaturated fatty acids in Hu lambs compared to alfalfa silage. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of substituting alfalfa silage with paper mulberry silage on the slaughter performance, meat quality, free amino acid and fatty acid composition in muscles of Hu lambs. Results Thirty 60-day-old male Hu lambs with 17.13 ± 0.26 kg body weight were randomly allocated into paper mulberry silage (30% of total mixed ration) and alfalfa silage (30% of total mixed ration) treatment, and the feeding trial lasted 70 days. The results indicated no significant differences in all measurements (P > 0.05). However, compared to the group fed with alfalfa silage, the group fed with paper mulberry silage exhibited a reduction in meat drip loss (P 0.05). Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that feeding paper mulberry silage led to decreased levels of certain bitter amino acids, such as valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine (P

Abstract The high content of fibre and antinutritional phytochemicals limit the utilization of Vachellia erioloba tree pods as nutraceutical feed additive for indigenous chicken diets. The pods can however be solid-state fermented using oyster mushrooms to enhance the nutritional utility of their spent substrate for the nutrition of the native birds. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary incorporation of V. erioloba pods oyster mushroom spent substrate (OMSS) on growth performance, carcass traits, visceral organs, haemato-biochemistry, and meat quality including its fatty acid composition in Boschveld chickens. In a completely randomized design, 250 4-week old mixed gender Boschveld chicks were randomly allotted to 25 pens in which they were offered treatment diets (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10% OMSS) each with 5 replicates of 10 for 12 weeks and then slaughtered. While there were neither linear nor quadratic effects of diet on overall feed intake (FI) (P > 0.05) and body weight gain (BWG) (P > 0.05), dietary incorporation of OMSS decreased overall feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (quadratic: P 0.05). Also, OMSS induced no effects on all carcass characteristics, visceral organs, haemato-biochemistry and meat physico-chemical quality (P > 0.05) except for the increase in serum albumin (quadratic: P

Purpose. To study the influence of steppe and forest-steppe climatic conditions on the yield, oil content in seeds and fatty acid composition of oil in new sunflower varieties of high oleic and oilseed use. Methods. The research was conducted in accordance with “Methods of qualification examination of plant varieties for their suitability for distribution in Ukraine (general part)” and “Methods of qualification examination of plant varieties for their suitability for distribution. Methods of determining quality indicators of plant production”. The following methods were used in the research: laboratory, comparison, generalisation, mathematical statistics, analysis and synthesis to draw conclusions. Results. The fatty acid composition of the seeds of new varieties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) of high oleic and oilseed use, grown in different soil and climatic conditions, was studied. According to the results of the analysis in the steppe zone, the variety ‘LG50648’ has the highest economic and value characteristics: oil content (51,0%), oleic acid (85.1%), yield (3.11 t/ha); varieties ‘SULIANO’ and ‘MAS 908HOCP’ – yield (3.40 and 3.91 t/ha) and oleic acid content (85.8 and 86.1%) regardless of the gro­wing conditions. It was found that high oleic sunflower varieties ‘MAS 908HOCP’, ‘LG50648’, ‘SULIANO’ grown under steppe and forest-steppe conditions yielded higher quality oil. The maximum content of oleic acid in 2022–2023 was characteristic of the seeds of the varieties ‘MAS 908HOCP’ (86.1% in the steppe and 85.8% in the forest steppe) and ‘SULIANO’. The hi­ghest linoleic acid content was obtained in the seeds of the oilseed use varieties ‘STK104’ (62.9% in the steppe and 58.5% in the forest steppe) and ‘STK103’ (61.2% in the forest steppe). Among the high oleic varieties, the best results were obtained with ‘LG50648’ (5.7% in the steppe and 5.9% in the forest steppe). Conclusions. Oil content of sunflower varieties and fatty acid composition are determined by varietal characteristics of sunflower and environmental conditions. Modern sunflower varieties, which are included in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine, have high yield potential and can provide a large yield of vegetable oil per unit area. Agroclimatic conditions have different effects on the gross seed yield and oil quality in the conditions of the forest steppe and steppe of Ukraine.

In recent years, the methods of producing protected fat supplements for feed have greatly developed. As a means of preserving unsaturated fats from oxidation, encapsulation has been used by food industry researchers to reduce unpleasant odor and taste, and as an effective method of protecting unsaturated fats. The process of encapsulating involves covering or trapping the target substance(s) in another substance or system. Similarly, vitamins and micronutrient compounds in food do not remain stable for long and are subject to decomposition, which depends on chemical structure, food matrix characteristics, handling parameters, and storage conditions. Consequently, encapsulation can prevent these compounds from being destroyed until they are transferred to the right location or slow down decomposition processes (such as oxidation or hydrolysis). That concept can be expanded to lipids (oils and fats). Currently, emulsion spray drying is the most common method of fine oil microcoating. The mass formation method produces more stable microcoatings with higher oil content than spray drying, as recently discovered. Biodegradable polymers have gained much attention as encapsulation materials. Microencapsulated lipids can increase the meat and milk quality of ruminants.

Abstract Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a widespread weed plant used since ancient times as remedy and as food. Its seed oil possesses significant bioactive potential due to the high content of important phytonutrients, mainly essential fatty acids and phytosterols. Although the total fatty acid composition of oil is well documented, till now there is no data published about individual lipid classes. The information on sterols is scarce as well. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize in details for the first time the individual lipid classes and their fatty acid composition, sterols, as well as the oxidative stability of the oil, depending on the extraction method by either hexane, chloroform–methanol mixtures or super-critical CO2. The results revealed no significant effect of extraction method on the individual lipid classes (monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, free sterols, triacylglycerols, sterol esters, wax esters and hydrocarbons), including the fatty acid composition of saponifiables, and quite weak effect on the oxidative stability of the oil regarding super-critical CO2 vs. organic solvents. Detailed analyses of lipid composition confirmed the potential of purslane seed oil as a cheap and highly valuable source of phytonutrients as essential fatty acids and phytosterols, for application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Abstract The study examined the impact of Salicornia supplementation on the biological efficiency and biochemical properties of white Elm oyster mushrooms, Hypsizygus ulmarius. Four substrates were used to cultivate the mushrooms. Wheat straw was used as the main substrate and the Salicornia was used to partially replace the main substrate at the ratios of 5, 10, and 20% while 100% wheat straw was used as the control. The study found that the 20% Salicornia completed the mycelial run earlier (41 days), while the control treatment took the longest (45 days). The 5% Salicornia supplemented treatment and control treatment had the highest and lowest biological efficiencies (126 and 65%) respectively. The elemental concentration was undetectable for Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), and Cadmium (Cd). The mushrooms from the control had the highest while those from the 20% treatment had the lowest (Zinc (Zn) levels (0.0115 ug/100 g) and 0.0078 ug/100 g). Conversely, Chromium (Cr) levels were highest and lowest in the 20% (0.0022 ug/100 g) and control treatments (0.0007 ug/100 g). Similarly, the total unsaturated fatty acids were highest in the control treatment (78%) and lowest in the 20% treatment (69%) while the opposite was true for the saturated fatty acids (22% and 31%). The mushrooms investigated in this study had higher essential amino acids (44–49%) compared to non-essential amino acids (17–20%). The results from this study suggest that Salicornia is a promising marine resource with the potential to enhance the health-promoting properties of oyster mushrooms.

Abstract Prematurity-associated lung disease (PLD) is a long-term consequence of preterm-birth. Since the underlying mechanisms of PLD remain poorly characterised, we compared the urinary metabolome between recently described spirometry phenotypes of PLD. Preterm- and term-born children aged 7–12 years, from the Respiratory Health Outcomes in Neonates (RHiNO) cohort, underwent spirometry and urine collection. The urinary metabolome was analysed by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Preterm-born children were classified into phenotypes of prematurity-associated obstructive lung disease (POLD, Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)

To study the nutritional composition and flavor characteristic substances of fresh Amomum tsao-ko, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), amino acid autoanalyzer, and gas chromatography-sniffing were used to analyze and identify the nutritional composition and volatile flavor substances of fresh Amomum tsao-ko. The results showed that fresh Amomum tsao-ko contained the highest moisture content of 70.61%, crude fat of 2.35%, crude protein of 2.76%, and total ash of 5.94%. A total of 30 fatty acids were detected in fresh Amomum tsao-ko, with contents ranging from 0.10 to 3.45 mg/mL, among which, 12 saturated fatty acids accounted for 57.99% of the total amount, and 18 unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 47.23% of the total amount. Among the nine amino acids detected, lysine was the highest and valine was the lowest. By comparing the aroma characteristics, mass spectra, and retention indices with those of the standards, 46 volatile flavor substances were identified from them, and citral, (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, trans-2-dodecenal, and trans-2-octadienal were found to be in high contents. The key aroma components of fresh Amomum tsao-ko were identified as nine substances, namely, trans-2-dodecenal, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, trans-2-octenal, n-octanal, 4-isopropyltoluene, (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, citral, and eucalyptol, based on the intensity value of the aroma and its odor activity value. The results would provide a theoretical basis for the drying and processing of fresh Amomum tsao-ko and product development.

Abstract PA1895-1897 is a quorum sensing (QS) operon regulated by the anti-activator LuxR homologue QscR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We aimed to investigate its impact on bacterial metabolism, and whether it contributes to the delayed QS activation. We performed liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer-based metabolomics using wildtype PAO1, PA1895-1897-knockout mutant, and mutant with pJN105.PA1895-1897 overexpression vector. The impact of metabolites on QS signaling molecule (3OC12-HSL and C4-HSL) concentrations, pyocyanin production, and QS gene (lasR, lasI, rhlR, and rhlI) expression was examined. Metabolomics analysis found that fatty acid biosynthesis had the highest fold enrichment among all metabolic pathways in PA1895-1897-overexpressed mutants. Among these enriched fatty acids, palmitoleic acid and acetic acid were the predominantly abundant ones that significantly affected by PA1895-1897 operon. When different doses of exogenous palmitoleic acid or acetic acid were added to the cultures of PA1895-1897 knockout mutants, their levels of 3OC12-HSL, C4-HSL, and pyocyanin were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. High doses of palmitoleic acid and acetic acid suppressed the mRNA expression of lasR, rhlR, and rhlI. Inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis increased the production of 3OC12-HSL, C4-HSL, and pyocyanin in PA1895-1897-overexpressed cultures. Our data suggest that fatty acid synthesis is promoted by PA1895-1897 operon, and contributes the delayed expression of QS phenotypes, furthering the understanding about the regulation of bacterial QS activation.

Background: Frying makes food tasty; therefore, most people prefer the intake of fried foods to unfried foods. Oil for frying is mostly used again due to cost, and this can pose health hazards to the consumer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of reused frying oils. Methods: Twenty samples of reused oils collected from fried food vendors in May 2021. Using an experimental study, the samples were analysed and Peroxide, Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Saponification, Iodine Values as well as rancidity and beta carotene were determined. Data from laboratory assays were analysed with Microsoft excel 2013 and SPSS v.26.0. Results: Moisture content was observed to decrease as median from 1.19% (0.20-4.04%) for oils reused after a day to 0.60% for oils reused after 2 days with a significant effect (p-value=0.049), indicating that the quality of reused frying oil was affected by repeated use. The moisture content was also observed to be higher in oils in which plant products were fried compared to those in which animal products were fried. The Peroxide Value was recorded as 16.80 (5.80-55.80) and 21.90 (11.50-32.30) mEq/kg for oils with 10-20 and 21-40 min frying times, respectively; whilst their moisture content decreased from 0.97 (0.19-2.55) to 0.68% (0.60-0.77%) for 10-20 and 21-40 min, respectively. The authors also observed that factors such as the duration of reuse and storage after frying, conditions of storage, type of food fried in the oil, and the period of frying per food batch impacted the quality attributes of the reused oils. The FFA composition for instance increased with the duration of use of the oils. Furthermore, oils stored in plastic bottles recorded higher FFA values compared to those stored in frying pans. Conclusion: The findings show the need for fried food vendors to reduce the duration of storage of reused frying oil, and avoid storage conditions that expose oils to excess light. Also, the development of quality standards for highly patronised oils needs to be established to ascertain the impact of low-temperature long-time and high-temperature short-time treatments of the oils among non-existent jurisdictions. DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.11.3.16591

This study aimed to identify the lipid composition and the positional distribution of fatty acids in dried shrimp and to select differential lipids and investigate lipid changes and the lipid transformation mechanism during storage using lipidomics analysis. Results showed that a total of 790 lipids belonging to 7 major classes were identified, among which glycerophospholipids were the most abundant, followed by glycerolipids and sphingolipids. In phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), triglycerides (TG), and diglycerides (DG), saturated fatty acids were found to be mainly located at the sn-1 position, while unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were mainly distributed at the sn-2 position. Using multivariate statistical analysis, 151 differential lipids were selected, 121 of which were up-regulated and the remaining 30 were down-regulated, indicating that storage had a significant effect on the types and contents of lipids in dried shrimp. After storage for 20 days, the relative contents of lyso-phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, and lyso-phosphatidylserine in dried shrimp increased, and the relative contents of PC, PE, and phosphatidylserine decreased significantly, indicating the occurrence of lipid transformation.

This research evaluated the effects of energy supplementation on sheep’s feeding behavior, feed preference, and thermoregulatory responses using technical cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) and different vegetable oils with different unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) compositions. The experiment was completely randomized with five treatments: a mixture of CNSL (0.5%) + vegetable oils [canola (high in monounsaturated fatty acids—MUFA), and corn, soybean, sunflower, or cottonseed oil (high in polyunsaturated fatty acids-PUFA) at 1.5%] based on total diet dry matter, with eight replications. Forty uncastrated male sheep, with an average initial BW of 24.44 ± 1.5 kg, were evaluated for 70 days. The CNSL + vegetable oil blend did not affect DM and neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) intake (p > 0.05). However, diets with canola oil resulted in higher SFA intake (p < 0.05) than other oils. The canola oil + CNSL blend led to a higher intake of UFA and MUFA and lower PUFA intake than other oil blends (p < 0.05). Sheep fed canola oil ruminated fewer boli per day than those fed soybean and sunflower oils. Using three sieves (pef1.18) reflected in higher sheep aNDF intake. Respiratory frequency and surface temperature of sheep were lower before feeding than 3 h after, without effects of the type of oil. Higher serum creatinine and cholesterol levels were observed in sheep fed CNSL with corn and canola oils compared to other oils. Serum calcium was lower in sheep fed CNSL with soybean and canola compared to sunflower and corn. Including CNSL with vegetable oils with different FA compositions did not affect physiological and thermographic variables. However, sheep showed better diet selectivity and lower bolus rumination with higher MUFA (canola oil) content. Including CNSL with canola oil in sheep diets is recommended, as it increases dietary energy content, enhances diet selectivity, reduces PUFA intake, and does not impact animal health.

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment offers a promising avenue for manure valorization. However, there is a lack of larval density studies and ton-scale exploration in swine manure bioconversion. This study delves into the efficiency of larval fatty acid (FA) bioconversion, examining the impact of larval density on a kilogram scale and extending the analysis to a ton scale. Across a range of 50 to 600 larvae/kg, the larval FA content decreased from 15.3% to 7.85%. The peak larval FA yield, at 3.04% (based on manure dry matter), occurred at a density of 200 larvae/kg. Both low (50 larvae/kg) and high (600 larvae/kg) densities adversely affected BSFL bioconversion performance. Dominant larval FAs included C12:0 (39.7%), C16:1 (24.2%), C18:1 (17.5%), and C16:0 (8.3%). The scaling-up process maintained a consistent larval FA content and composition but resulted in decreased larvae FA yield due to increased larval mortality. Ultimately, each ton of swine manure yielded 12.4 kg of fresh larvae or 0.71 kg of larval FA components, corresponding to a 1.14% larval FA yield. This study underscores the feasibility of upscaling swine manure treatment using BSFL for FA bioconversion and emphasizes the necessity for large-scale studies to enhance larval survivorship and bioconversion efficiency.

Abstract Reduced-fat labneh, while offering health benefits, often presents a challenge due to its diminished nutritional profile compared to full-fat varieties. Microalgae, such as Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris, are increasingly explored for their potential to fortify foods with essential nutrients. This study innovatively investigates the use of these microalgae to enhance the quality of reduced-fat labneh. The effect of incorporating different concentrations of both microalgae was investigated at different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1%) on nutritional profile (including total solids, fat, protein, carbohydrates, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, pigments, and phenolic compounds), antioxidant activity, texture, sensory attributes, and viability of the starter culture. The findings revealed that 0.25 and 0.5% concentrations of both microalgae positively influenced the sensory characteristics of the labneh and significantly enhanced its nutritional profile. However, a 1% concentration negatively impacted sensory qualities. Chlorella vulgaris enrichment resulted in higher pH values but compromised texture attributes. Importantly, both microalgae varieties enhanced the viability of the starter culture during 21 days of refrigerated storage. The scanning electron microscope images provide visual evidence of the microstructural changes in labneh with varying concentrations of microalgae and over different storage periods. This research establishes the optimal concentrations for individual microalgae enrichment in reduced-fat labneh, offering valuable insights into their potential to improve both nutritional and sensory aspects. However, it’s important to mention that while both microalgae have similar effects, they might differ in their specific impacts due to their unique nutritional profiles and physical properties. Therefore, further investigations could explore optimizing a microalgae mixture and its potential application in functional food development.

Abstract Nine red macroalgae (Amphiroa rigida , Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Gracilaria gracilis , Grateloupia torture, Jania rubens , Laurencia obtusa , Laurencia pyramidalis , Liagora viscida, and Pterocladiella capillaries) were collected from coastal waters of Türkiye, and their proximate, fatty acid, soluble carbohydrate, and mineral profiles were investigated in the present study. According to the results, the crude protein content of the samples was between 4% and 23.8%, and four of the samples (G. turuturu, L. obtusa, L. pyramidalis, and P. capillacea) contained more than 10% protein. The crude lipid content of all the samples was below 1.6%, and the total carbohydrate content was between 38.3% and 76.9%. The macroalgae samples were generally richer in saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid being the most abundant, whereas G. gracilis had the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids (55.8%). All samples exhibited high contents of myo-inositol or glucose. Also, the samples generally had a good composition of minerals. Still, the heavy metal (i.e., Pb and Cd) content of Gracilaria gracilis was higher (59.6 µg/kg, P

Abstract Biofuel can be generated by different organisms using various substrates. The green alga Chlorococcum humicola OQ934050 exhibited the capability to photosynthesize carbonate carbon, maybe via the activity of carbonic anhydrase enzymes. The optimum treatment is C:N ratio of 1:1 (0.2 mmoles sodium carbonate and 0.2 mmoles sodium nitrate) as it induced the highest dry mass (more than 0.5 mg.mL−1). At this combination, biomass were about 0.2 mg/mL−1 carbohydrates, 0.085 mg/mL−1 proteins, and 0.16 mg/mL−1 oil of this dry weight. The C/N ratios of 1:1 or 10:1 induced up to 30% of the Chlorococcum humicola dry mass as oils. Growth and dry matter content were hindered at 50:1 C/N and oil content was reduced as a result. The fatty acid profile was strongly altered by the applied C.N ratios. The defatted leftovers of the grown alga, after oil extraction, were fermented by a newly isolated heterotrophic bacterium, identified as Bacillus coagulans OQ053202, to evolve hydrogen content as gas. The highest cumulative hydrogen production and reducing sugar (70 ml H2/g biomass and 0.128 mg/ml; respectively) were found at the C/N ratio of 10:1 with the highest hydrogen evolution efficiency (HEE) of 22.8 ml H2/ mg reducing sugar. The optimum treatment applied to the Chlorococcum humicola is C:N ratio of 1:1 for the highest dry mass, up to 30% dry mass as oils. Some fatty acids were induced while others disappeared, depending on the C/N ratios. The highest cumulative hydrogen production and reducing sugar were found at the C/N ratio of 10:1.

Abstract Background The lipid-lowering effects of Omega-3 fatty acids have been widely reported, yet their impact on ischemic stroke remains controversial. Reports on the protective effects of unsaturated fatty acids, such as Omega-6 and Omega-7, as well as saturated fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and ischemic stroke, are less frequent. Objectives This study aims to identify fatty acids associated with blood pressure and ischemic stroke through Mendelian randomization. Besides, it seeks to determine whether specific fatty acids can prevent ischemic stroke by managing blood pressure and revealing the specific mechanisms of this action. Methods This research involved downloading relevant data from websites and extracting SNPs that met the standard criteria as instrumental variables. Simultaneously, the ‘MR-PRESSO’ package and ‘Mendelian Randomization’ package were used to eliminate confounding SNPs that could bias the study results. Then, inverse variance weighting and the weighted median were employed as primary analysis methods, accompanied by sensitivity analysis to assess the validity of the causal relationships. Initially, multivariable Mendelian randomization was used to identify fatty acids linked to blood pressure and the incidence of ischemic stroke. The causal link between certain fatty acids and the initiation of ischemic stroke was then investigated using bidirectional and mediator Mendelian randomization techniques. Stepwise Regression and the Product of Coefficients Method in mediator Mendelian randomization were utilized to ascertain whether specific fatty acids reduce ischemic stroke risk by lowering blood pressure. Results Multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis indicated a potential inverse correlation between Omega-3 intake and both blood pressure and ischemic stroke. Consequently, Omega-3 was selected as the exposure, with blood pressure and ischemic stroke-related data as outcomes, for further bidirectional and mediation Mendelian Randomization analyses. Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization revealed that Omega-3 significantly influences DBP (P = 1.01e-04) and IS (P = 0.016). It also showed that DBP and SBP significantly affect LAS, SVS, CES, IS, and LS. Mediator Mendelian Randomization identified five established mediating pathways: Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Small vessel stroke, Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Cardioembolic stroke, Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Lacunar stroke, Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Large artery atherosclerosis stroke, and Omega-3-Diastolic blood pressure-Ischemic stroke. Of these, four pathways are complete mediation, and one pathway is partial mediation. Conclusions The findings suggest that Omega-3 may indirectly reduce the incidence of ischemic stroke by lowering blood pressure. Thus, blood pressure modulation might be one of the mechanisms through which Omega-3 prevents ischemic stroke. In summary, incorporating an increased intake of Omega-3 in the diet can serve as one of the dietary intervention strategies for patients with hypertension. Additionally, it can act as an adjunctive therapy for the prevention of ischemic strokes and their complications.

Hannah Powell,1,&ast; Cristian Coarfa,2– 4,&ast; Elisa Ruiz-Echartea,2– 4,&ast; Sandra L Grimm,2– 4 Omar Najjar,1 Bing Yu,5 Luis Olivares,6 Michael E Scheurer,6 Christie Ballantyne,1 Abeer Alsarraj,1 Emad Mohamed Salem,1 Aaron P Thrift,1,2,7 Hashem B El Serag,1,2 Salma Kaochar1,2,4 1Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; 2Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; 3Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; 4Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; 5Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; 6Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; 7Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Salma Kaochar; Hashem B El Serag, Email kaochar@bcm.edu; hasheme@bcm.eduBackground: Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is crucial for improving patient outcomes, but we lack robust clinical biomarkers. This study aimed to identify a metabolite and/or lipid panel for early HCC detection.Methods: We developed a high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based profiling platform and evaluated differences in the global metabolome and lipidome between 28 pre-diagnostic serum samples from patients with cirrhosis who subsequently developed HCC (cases) and 30 samples from patients with cirrhosis and no HCC (controls). We linked differentially expressed metabolites and lipids to their associated genes, proteins, and transcriptomic signatures in publicly available datasets. We used machine learning models to identify a minimal panel to distinguish between cases and controls.Results: Among cases compared with controls, 124 metabolites and 246 lipids were upregulated, while 208 metabolites and 73 lipids were downregulated. The top upregulated metabolites were glycoursodeoxycholic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, octanoyl-coenzyme A, and glycocholic acid. Elevated lipids comprised glycerol lipids, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas suppressed lipids included oxidized phosphatidylcholine and lysophospholipids. There was an overlap between differentially expressed metabolites and lipids and previously published transcriptomic signatures, illustrating an association with liver disease severity. A panel of 12 metabolites that distinguished between cases and controls with an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.98 for the support vector machine (interquartile range, 0.9– 1).Conclusion: Using prediagnostic serum samples, we identified a promising metabolites panel that accurately identifies patients with cirrhosis who progressed to HCC. Further validation of this panel is required.Keywords: lipid dysregulation, biomarker, fatty acids, machine learning

To explore the different extraction methods and traditional refining process of squid visceral fish oil and its quality changes, the deep-sea squid viscera from the Equator, Argentina, and the North Pacific were used as raw materials in this study. Firstly, different organic reagent extraction methods and compound methods were used to extract fish oil from Argentine squid viscera. The method with the highest oil yield and best quality was selected for refining three types of crude squid visceral oil. The sensory morphology, physicochemical indicators, fatty acid composition and volatile flavor compounds of three types of crude and refined squid visceral oils were analyzed. The results showed that the oil extraction method of the No.6 solvent assisted freeze-thaw was the best, with a yield of 12.90%, and the physical and chemical indexes of squid visceral oil after refining were significantly improved. The peroxide value, insoluble impurities, color difference value, acid value, moisture and volatiles, and anisidine values were significantly reduced (P

Sea fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L.) is an edible halophytic species rich in various valuable phytochemicals, and has accordingly, been used in traditional medicine and nutrition since ancient times. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of sea fennel flowers from three regionally (ecologically) different locations on the Croatian Adriatic coast (Pag, Korčula, Cavtat). The profiles of essential oils (EOs), fatty acids (FAs), tocopherols, and phenolic compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins) as well as associated antioxidant capacity were analysed. The flowers collected at the northernmost site had the lowest contents of total phenolic compounds, limonene in the EO and unsaturated FAs, but the highest content of α-tocopherol, one of the best-known plant lipophilic antioxidants. On the other hand, the flowers from Korčula and Cavtat contained high amounts of phenolics, especially chlorogenic acid (7.99 and 13.27 mg/g dry plant matter, respectively), resulting in high antioxidant activity of the samples. Despite these differences in composition, which may be related to the geographical location of the sampling site, sea fennel flowers from all locations can be considered a valuable source of important health-promoting phytochemicals.

Fat authentication is strongly required for the reason of religious food ethics, human health, and preferences. This research reported two simple techniques approach for recognizing fat based on the character of microscopic and physicochemical properties of fat extractedusing different polarity solvents. The formation of microcrystals as well as fatty acid composition were investigated by involving variables of four different types of animal fat and three different solvents. Theisolate fats were directly crystallized under incubation at room temperature and observedusing an optical microscope while fatty acid composition was determined by hydrolyzing and trans-esterifying fat samples before analysis using GC-MS. The microscopic structures of the obtained crystals areneedle-basedwitharadial orientation in spherulitic pattern which characteristic to each type of fat. The lard fat crystal was authentically distinguished from its shape of a partially radial fan, whilst the shape of fat crystals from beef, goat, and lamb are needle-shaped with a full radialorientation. Fatty acids obtained from all types of fats and types of solvents show similar types but different abundances, the main saturated fatty acids are palmitate, stearate myristic and the main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic, palmitoleic, and linoleic. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis exhibited that lard composed higher ΣUSFA compared to ΣSFA but other fats (tallow, goat, and lamb) showed converse behavior.

Grape pomace is a winery byproduct that is rich in polyphenols with antioxidant capacity. This study investigated the effect of 0, 5, and 10% inclusion of dehydrated grape pomace (DGP) in finishing pig diets on the growth performance, carcass traits, fatty acid profile, fresh meat quality, and fat stability of a local pig genotype. A total of 36 pigs, 18 barrows, and 18 gilts (83.23 ± 6.03 kg and 132.1 ± 5.6 days old) were allotted in a randomized block design considering the initial weight (block) within sex, with six replicates of each sex per treatment. Including DGP in the diets did not affect daily weight gain or the feed-to-gain ratio; however, daily feed intake increased linearly (p < 0.05) and backfat thickness at the last rib, backfat thickness at the first sacral vertebrae, P2 backfat thickness, fat area, and the percentage of lean meat decreased linearly (p < 0.05) in pigs. The inclusion of DGP in pig diets did not affect the antioxidant potential evaluated by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in mini hamburgers or the quality characteristics of fresh meat, except for intramuscular fat (EE). The dietary inclusion of DGP linearly increased (p < 0.05) EE, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and Σω-3 and reduced the ω-6:ω-3 ratio in a linear way (p < 0.05) in the loin of pigs. We concluded that it is feasible to include up to 10% of DGP in pig diets without affecting growth performance, but carcass quality may be impaired due to increased adiposity. Furthermore, meat quality can be improved by increasing intramuscular fat and ω-3 fatty acid content, but fat stability is not affected when DGP is included at up to 10% of the diet for 49 days prior to slaughter.

The objective of this study was to analyze the fatty acid composition of five strains from the genera Chlorella, Micractinium, and Meyerella and conduct an initial assessment of their biotechnological potential. It was found that the strain C. vulgaris VKM Al-335 is a good producer of palmitic acid, the Micractinium strains VKM Al-332 and VKM Al-343 are rich in ω-3 fatty acids, whereas the Meyerella strains VKM Al-346 and VKM Al-428 are producers of ω-6 fatty acids. A comparison of the biotechnological potential of algae with that of higher plant leaves (wheat) demonstrates that algal fatty acids exhibit greater diversity, although it is inferior to wheat leaves in terms of polyunsaturated and ω-3 fatty acids. Correlation analysis showed that when only straight-chain fatty acids were considered, the strains were distributed on the principal component analysis plot in accordance with their genetic relationships. However, when the entire fatty acid profile, inclusive of minor branched-chain and cyclic fatty acids, was analyzed, the algae distribution was in accordance with the environmental conditions in the original habitat, suggesting a possible connection between branched-chain and cyclic fatty acids and microalgae adaptability to environmental temperature conditions.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the levels of heavy metals and aflatoxins in Kermanshahi oil and grape pekmez (a concentrated grape product) from the central provinces of Iran, as well as to assess how processing affects their fatty acid profiles.Methods: Twenty samples of Kermanshahi oil and grape pekmez were randomly collected from production centers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Isfahan provinces in Iran.Results: The aflatoxin levels in both Kermanshahi oil and grape pekmez were within acceptable limits. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in Kermanshahi oil and grape pekmez ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 ppb and 0.001 to 0.04 ppb, respectively. Traditional butter and Kermanshahi oils were found to contain high levels of SFAs, including palmitic (C16) and myristic (C14) acids, as well as unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18:1). The composition of saturated, unsaturated, and trans fatty acids in Kermanshahi oils derived from traditional butter was measured at 77.075%, 16.34%, and 4.82%, respectively. Following the addition of grape pekmez to Kermanshahi oil, a decrease in short-chain fatty acids was observed, while palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linolenic acid levels increased. Additionally, the concentration of TFAs decreased.Conclusion: The incorporation of grape pekmez into Kermanshahi oil positively influenced the fatty acid composition, enhancing its overall quality.

This study examined the effects of fat supplementation with high palmitic acid enriched with lecithin on the performance, egg quality, and fatty acid profile of quails. This study applied a completely randomized design to 330 female quails (Cortunix cortunix japonica) which were allocated into 5 different groups with 3 replicates of 22 birds. The groups were assigned as follows: T0 = commercial diet (control), T1 = commercial diet + 2.5% fat + 6% lecithin of added fat, T2 = commercial diet + 2.5% commercial fat, T3 = commercial diet + 5% fat + 6 % lecithin of added fat, T4 = commercial diet + 5% commercial fat. The results showed that the treatment group did not give effects on performances. However, the treatment group with fat level of 2.5% and 5% increased the score of egg yolk and eggshell thickness. Moreover, the treatment group decreased fat content in terms of saturated fatty acids and n-6/n-3 ratio of quail eggs. In conclusion, fat supplementation containing high palmitic acid enriched with lecithin proves effective in improving egg quality. However, the performance remains relatively similar across the groups.

Empagliflozin has been shown in clinical studies to lower the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Using proteomics, the current study aims to determine whether empagliflozin reduces aortic alterations in obese mice and to investigate its molecular mechanism of action.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a progressive health and economic problem of modern society. Endocrine-metabolic changes in childhood and adolescence have an impact on cognitive status, which is accompanied by changes in the perfusion of gray and white matter of the brain, as well as its architectonics.AIM: Verification of fatty acid (FA) levels in relation to cognitive function and brain neuroimaging data in adolescents with obesity.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study is a single-center observational one-stage comparative. 60 teenagers aged 10–16 years were selected to participate. The main study group was formed of 34 adolescents with obesity (SDS BMI ≥+2.0), 26 subjects with normal weight made up the control group. The calculation of SDS BMI was performed on the WHO «Anthroplus» calculator. To obtain anthropometric data, a vertical height meter MSK — 233, scales and a soft centimeter tape were used. The levels of free fatty acids in the blood serum were determined by chromatomass spectrometry on the Agilent 7000B detector. For neurocognitive testing, the Montreal Cognitive Function Assessment Scale and the Ray test were used. Contrast-free perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed on a Signa Creator “E” MR tomograph by GE Healthcare, 1.5 Tl, China, by Arterial Spin Labeling. For MR tractography, the GE Sygna Creaton 1.5 Tesla apparatus was used using the method of diffusion imaging with high angular resolution HARDI (High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging). Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics software.RESULTS: According to the results of a comparative analysis, adolescents with obesity were distinguished by an increased content of free LC and a decrease in cognitive functions (p

In this research, the differences in protein and fatty acid composition among camel, cow and goat milks were analyzed by gel electrophoresis (GE) and gas chromatography (GC). The GE results showed that there were differences in the proportion of proteins in camel milk from different regions, and the production process had a significant effect on both camel milk protein and milk fat globule membrane protein composition. There were significant differences in protein composition among camel, cow and goat milks, and camel milk did not contain β-lacglobulin or αs1-casein, while cow and goat milks did not contain immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) or IgG3. Therefore, GE could be used for the identification of camel milk mixed with cow or goat milk. The GC results showed that 31 fatty acids were detected in both camel and goat milks, and 29 fatty acids in cow milk. Camel milk contained fewer short-chain fatty acids than cow and goat milks, while the contents of most long-chain fatty acids were significantly higher than those in cow and goat milks. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the fatty acid composition data showed a clear separation of milks from different species and a clear discrimination between pure and adulterated camel milk. PCA can be used for the identification and analysis of fatty acids in camel milk mixed with cow milk and goat milk.

Introduction: Internal standards correct for measurement variation due to sample loss. Isotope labeled analytes are ideal internal standards for the measurement of fatty acids in human plasma but are not always readily available. For this reason, quantification of multiple analytes at once is most often done using only a single or few internal standards. The magnitude of the impact this has on method accuracy and precision is not well studied for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems. Objective: This study aims to estimate bias and changes in uncertainty associated with using alternative fatty acid isotopologue internal standards for the estimation of similar or dissimilar long chain fatty acids. Method: Using a previously reported method for the quantification of 27 fatty acids in human plasma using 18 internal standards we obtained estimates of bias and uncertainty at up to three levels of fatty acid concentration. Results: With some notable exceptions, method accuracy remained relatively stable when using an alternative internal standard (Median Relative Absolute Percent Bias: 1.76%, Median Spike-Recovery Absolute Percent Bias: 8.82%), with larger changes in method precision (Median Increase in Variance: 141%). Additionally, the degree of difference between analyte and internal standard structure was related to the magnitude of bias and uncertainty of the measurement. Conclusion: The data presented here show that the choice of internal standard used to estimate fatty acid concentration can affect the accuracy and reliability of measurement results and, therefore, needs to be assessed carefully when developing analytical methods for the measurement of fatty acid profiles.Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Public Health Service, and the US Department of Health and Human Services.

Sheep milk production is a complex process that is influenced by various factors. This study aims to investigate how the litter size (single vs. twins), birth type (male vs. female), age of the ewes and body weight affect the milk composition and fatty acid profile of milk fat. Milk samples were collected from 119 Najdi ewes that were the subject of this study. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MASS) was used to quantify the fatty acids (FAs). The results showed that the twins birth type (female/female) has a significant influence (P

Aim. To study the characteristics of the fatty acid (FA) profi le of blood serum and erythrocyte membranes in patients with two forms of fatty liver disease (metabolic + alcoholic): steatosis and steatohepatitis with normal transaminase activity.Materials and methods. We examined 33 men (50.7 ± 9.6 years) with fatty liver disease (metabolic and alcoholic) with fi brosis F ≤ 1 (FibroTest). According to the ActiTest results, patients were divided into groups of steatosis – with minimal (A0–1) activity (n = 17) and steatohepatitis – with moderate/severe (A2–3) necroinfl ammatory activity (n = 16). The FA composition of blood serum and erythrocyte membranes was studied using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry Agilent 7000B (Agilent Technologies, Inc., USA). Methods of unpaired statistics using volcano plot and discriminant analysis based on orthogonal least squares (Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, OPLS-DA), ROC analysis were applied.Results. Volcano plot analysis showed that in patients with fatty liver disease (metabolic and alcoholic) with normal transaminase activity, serum levels of stearic C18:0 (p = 0.016), arachidic C20:0 (p = 0.023), ratio saturated / polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.001) were statistically signifi cantly higher in the steatohepatitis group compared with the steatosis group. The total content in the blood serum of all PUFA (p = 0.003), margaric C17:0 (p = 0.011), the sum of two omega-3 PUFA – eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) (p = 0.04), the total content of all omega-3 PUFA (p = 0.042) were statistically signifi cantly lower in patients with steatohepatitis. OPLS-DA demonstrated fairly accurate separation of steatohepatitis and steatosis using individual FA and their ratios. When individual FA and their ratios were included in the analysis, a model was obtained with AUC = 0.827 (95% confi dence interval 0.499–1.0), sensitivity 82.2% and specifi city 80.7%.Conclusion. FA in blood serum and erythrocyte membranes appear to be promising biomarkers of steatohepatitis with normal levels of transaminases.

Background. Cataract is one of the main causes of decreased visual acuity in the world, and therefore scientists are continuing researches on the mechanisms of development of this ophthalmic pathology.The aim. To study metabolic changes in a cloudy lens using an experimental model.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on adult male Wistar rats (n = 60), which were divided into control (n = 30) and experimental (n = 30) groups. Experimental cataract were simulated by daily ultraviolet irradiation (λ = 300–350 nm) during 6 months for 20 minutes. At the months 2, 4 and 6 of the study, we carried out a biomicroscopic examination of the anterior eye of animals using a slit lamp to monitor the development of cataract. Lenses were collected to determine the content of stearoyl-coenzyme-A desaturases and melatonin using enzyme immunoassay.Results. At the stage of initial cataract, the content of the stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase was statistically significantly lower than the control values by 38 %; at the stage of immature cataract – by 30 %; at the stage of mature cataract – by 15.4 %. It was revealed that at the month 6 of the study, the concentration of melatonin in lens homogenates was 17 % lower when compared with the control. A statistically significant correlation was established between stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase and melatonin (r = 0.32).Conclusion. Melatonin and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase play an important role in a number of biochemical processes that ensure the proper functioning of the visual analyzer. Changes in the concentration of these biological molecules can play a key role in the pathogenesis of cataract and a number of other ophthalmic diseases

The specific identification of three major morphotypes of the tropical holopelagic Sargassum species causing massive strandings on the African and Caribbean coastlines was attempted by morphological characterisation as well as quantitative and qualitative analyses of several metabolites. Of the 25 morphological variables studied on 208 samples from the North Atlantic Ocean, 22 were used to establish a dichotomous identification key, allowing without any doubt the identification of each morphotype based on their morphological criteria alone. We also attempted to differentiate morphotypes using chemical fingerprintings (HR-MAS NMR) and markers by analysing pigment level and composition using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, terpene profiles by Thin Layer Chromatography, phenolic compound levels by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and structures by 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, and fatty acid composition by Gas Chromatography. While pigment level and composition, terpene profiles, and phenolic contents were not discriminating, quantification of eight fatty acids enabled the differentiation of the three morphotypes. Furthermore, phlorotannin purification permitted their structural characterisation allowing discrimination between the three morphotypes. Our study highlights the potential of the free fatty acid profile and phlorotannin structure as good chemomarkers in order to discriminate between the three morphotypes of holopelagic Sargassum.

Nigella sativa, also known as black cumin, is esteemed for its rich reservoir of health-benefitting phytoconstituents nestled within its seeds. The composition of its seeds can be influenced by factors such as genotype diversity and agricultural practices. Understanding these dynamics is important for maximizing the nutritional and medicinal attributes of the seeds. This study investigated how different genotypes, growing densities, and sowing times affect oil yield and phytoconstituents of Nigella seeds in Northern Australia. The aim was to find the optimal combination of these factors to maximize desirable compounds. Our findings revealed variability in oil yield and phytoconstituents among different genotypes, growing densities, and sowing times. No single genotype stood out as having elevated levels of all desired compounds. For instance, genotype AVTKS#5 had high total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity, while AVTKS#8 and AVTKS#7 excelled in thymoquinone (TQ) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Planting density had a nuanced impact, with no significant effect on oil yield and CUPRAC values, but higher densities decreased TPC, FRAP, and TQ. Interestingly, seeds cultivated at 20 and 30 plants/m2 had higher ratios of MUFAs/SFAs, PUFAs/SFAs, and (MUFAs + PUFAs)/SFAs, indicating the importance of planting density in shaping fatty acid profiles. Sowing times also had a noticeable effect, with late sowing leading to a decrease in oil yield from 19% to 14%. May-sown seeds had higher TPC, FRAP, CUPRAC, and fatty acid ratios, while TQ levels peaked in June-sown seeds. Our study highlighted positive correlations among TPC, FRAP, CUPRAC, and TQ, emphasizing their collective contribution to the nutritional and medicinal potency of Nigella seeds. Fatty acids, on the other hand, showed no significant correlation with these parameters, indicating independent regulation. In summary, our comprehensive analysis provides insights into the factors (genotype and agronomic practice) that shape the phytochemical profile of Nigella seeds, and suggests better genotype, planting density, and time of sowing for the cultivation and quality production.

Background: The biomedical and nutraceutical effects of sea lettuce, scientifically known as Ulva lactu-ca, are well known in scientific literature. Considering the nutraceutical effects of this marine organism and the abundance of this algae on Bushehr coasts, one of the objectives of this study was to investigate some phytochemical, nutraceutical, and antioxidant properties and the chemical components of sea let-tuce obtained from the Persian Gulf coasts (Bushehr, Iran). Materials and Methods: After sample collection and preparation, some phytochemical properties, includ-ing the fatty acid profile, amino acid profile, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activity were respec-tively determined using standard AOAC methods to Cd 86-90 and Cd 3-25, gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and free radical scavenging (DPPH) methods. Results: The analysis of fatty acids revealed 17 types of fatty acids consisting of significant amounts of Omega 3, 6, and 9, while the amino acid analysis revealed 19 types of amino acids containing significant amounts of essential amino acids (37%). Additionally, the GC-MS results identified 31 secondary metab-olites with different functional groups and nuclei. Sea lettuce showed higher antioxidant activity than the ascorbic acid standard at different concentrations. Conclusion: According to the results, Persian Gulf Sea lettuce contains nutritional compounds and useful primary and secondary metabolites with nutraceutical and biomedical effects for use as a food supple-ment. This marine organism is also a rich source of many bioactive compounds such as phenolics, alka-loids, amino acids, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

SARS-CoV-2 is an obligatory intracellular pathogen that requires a lipid bilayer membrane for its transport to build its nucleocapsid envelope and fuse with the host cell. The biological membranes are constituted by phospholipids (PLs), and vitamin E (Vit E) protects them from oxidative stress (OS). The aim of this study was to demonstrate if treatment with Vit E restores the modified profile of the FA in PLs in serum from patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). We evaluated Vit E, total fatty acids (TFAs), fatty acids of the phospholipids (FAPLs), total phospholipids (TPLs), 8-isoprostane, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), prostaglandins (PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum from 22 COVID-19 patients before and after treatment with Vit E and compared the values with those from 23 healthy subjects (HSs). COVID-19 patients showed a decrease in Vit E, TPLs, FAPLs, and TFAs in serum in comparison to HSs (p ≤ 0.01), and Vit E treatment restored their levels (p ≤ 0.04). Likewise, there was an increase in IL-6 and CRP in COVID-19 patients in comparison with HSs (p ≤ 0.001), and treatment with Vit E decreased their levels (p ≤ 0.001). Treatment with Vit E as monotherapy can contribute to restoring the modified FA profile of the PLs in the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this leads to a decrease in lipid peroxidation, OS, and the inflammatory process.

Abstract Background One of the most widely used medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine, Rosa × damascena Herrm. (mohammadi flower) that the people of Kashan use as a sedative and to treat nervous diseases and constipation. In this research, the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of this plant were evaluated for the first time from Azaran region, Kashan. Methods The essential oil was extracted by means of hydrodistillation (Clevenger), and its chemical compounds were identified and determined by GC/MS. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was determined by the diffusion method in agar, the minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum concentration capable of killing bacterial/fungal microorganisms (MBC/MFC). Results The results showed that the yield of essential oil was 0.1586 ± 0.0331% (w/w). Based on the results of the chemical composition analysis of R. x damascena essential oil, 19 different compounds (98.96%) were identified. The dominant and main components of the essential oil were oleic acid (48.08%), palmitic acid (15.44%), stearic acid (10.17%), citronellol (7.37%) and nonadecane (3.70%). Based on the results of diffusion in agar, the highest zone of inhibition against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) was ~ 9.5 mm. The strongest inhibitory activity of R. x damascena essential oil against Gram-negative Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 43071) was with the diameter of the inhibition zone (~ 9 mm), which was equal to the strength of rifampin (~ 9 mm). Conclusion Therefore, this essential oil is a promising natural option rich in fatty acids, which can be a potential for the production of natural antimicrobials against infectious diseases, especially urinary tract infections.

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop after trauma exposure. Some studies report that women develop PTSD at twice the rate of men, despite greater trauma exposure in men. Lipids and their metabolites (lipidome) regulate a myriad of key biological processes and pathways such as membrane integrity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in the brain by maintaining neuronal connectivity and homeostasis. In this study, we analyzed the lipidome of 40 adults with PTSD and 40 trauma-exposed non-PTSD individuals (n = 20/sex/condition; 19–39 years old). Plasma samples were analyzed for lipidomics using Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (QToF) mass spectrometry. Additionally, ~ 90 measures were collected, on sleep, and mental and physical health indices. Poorer sleep quality was associated with greater PTSD severity in both sexes. The lipidomics analysis identified a total of 348 quantifiable known lipid metabolites and 1951 lipid metabolites that are yet unknown; known metabolites were part of 13 lipid subclasses. After adjusting for BMI and sleep quality, in women with PTSD, only one lipid subclass, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was altered, whereas, in men with PTSD, 9 out of 13 subclasses were altered compared to non-PTSD women and men, respectively. Severe PTSD was associated with 22% and 5% of altered lipid metabolites in men and women, respectively. Of the changed metabolites, only 0.5% measures (2 PEs and cholesterol) were common between women and men with PTSD. Several sphingomyelins, PEs, ceramides, and triglycerides were increased in men with severe PTSD. The correlations between triglycerides and ceramide metabolites with cholesterol metabolites and systolic blood pressure were dependent upon sex and PTSD status. Alterations in triglycerides and ceramides are linked with cardiac health and metabolic function in humans. Thus, disturbed sleep and higher body mass may have contributed to changes in the lipidome found in PTSD.