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Abstract Cyberchondria is a hybrid term signifying a state in which individuals compulsively search for health-related information online because of health distress or anxiety, further aggravating their worries. This study develops a Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS) to assess the current situation of university students. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted using 145 valid questionnaires. Subsequently, a nationwide survey was conducted at various universities in Taiwan, and 802 questionnaires were used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA led to the development of a CSS for college students with four constructs: increased anxiety (α = 0.91), obsessive-compulsive hypochondria (α = 0.87), perceived controllability (α = 0.88), and online physician-patient interaction (α = 0.86), with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92 and variance of 66.81%. The CFA indicated that item reliability ranged from 0.50 to 0.86, factor loadings ranged from 0.71 to 0.93, and the composite reliability for latent variables ranged from 0.83 to 0.90 (p

Abstract Background Quantifying the professional ethical challenges that nurses encounter is crucial for both theoretical insights and practical outcomes. The objective of this research is to assess the psychometric properties of the Chinese adaptation of the Moral Distress Scale for Healthcare Professionals (MD-APPS). Methods In 2024, a survey approach was utilized to engage with several tertiary-level healthcare institutions throughout China. A cohort of 448 nursing professionals who satisfied the specified selection benchmarks was consequently incorporated into the study. To evaluate the scale's reliability and validity, methods including the Content Validity Index (CVI), Factor Analysis—both Exploratory (EFA) and Confirmatory (CFA)—alongside assessments of internal consistency and test-retest reliability were employed. Results Expert evaluations yielded an I-CVI of 0.90, suggesting good content validity for the MD-APPS's Chinese adaptation. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed a bi-dimensional framework with 7 components, explaining 56.34% of the cumulative variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) outcomes displayed a χ-square/df ratio of 1.542. The estimate for Robust RMSEA was 0.054, and the SRMR was ascertained to be 0.041. Indices for both Robust TLI and Robust CFI surpassed the 0.9 threshold, indicating an acceptable fit; this aspect was supported by a P-value (Chi-square) of 0.094. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's α, was found to be 0.74, while the test-retest reliability over a two-week period reached 0.964. These findings provide initial evidence for the psychometric properties of the Chinese MD-APPS. Conclusion The Chinese adaptation of the MD-APPS demonstrates promising initial psychometric properties, suggesting its potential suitability for exploring nurses' professional ethical challenges within the Chinese cultural context. This scale may facilitate the identification of diverse elements influencing nurses' professional ethics and the assessment of the ethical climate in nursing practices. However, further validation studies are needed to fully establish its psychometric robustness across various healthcare settings in China.

This study examined the factors adapted from the Motivation for Reading Questionnaire. We considered eight dimensions (Self-Efficacy, Reading Challenge, Reading Curiosity, Reading Involvement, Importance of Reading, Recognition for Reading, Reading for Grades, and Social Reasons for Reading). In addition, we included some items based on the extensive reading, principles, and technology acceptance model. The study recruited 558 undergraduate students of English as a foreign language in Indonesia via Google Forms. The structure of the questionnaire was validated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. To determine the dependability of the instrument, internal consistency reliabilities of the instrument as a whole and per factor were calculated. We computed the average variance extracted and the Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio of Correlation to determine convergent and discriminant validities. The results led to the omission of six items with loading values < 0.50. The omissions included one item for Reading Involvement (0.42) and five items for Social Reasons for Reading (0.47; 0.43; n/s.; n/s.; and n/s.). Lastly, the study presented the significance of the results and directions for future studies.

Abstract Background Infectious diseases persistently pose global threats, and it is imperative to accelerate the professionalization of public health workforce. This study aimed to develop and validate the infectious disease control competency scale (IDCCS) for public health professionals to fill a theoretical gap and elevate practical capabilities by informing public health professionals’ development goals. Methods The initial item pool was generated through a literature review, and categorized into three dimensions (knowledge, practical skills, and leadership) based on the competency iceberg model and public health leadership framework. A two-round Delphi process was conducted to determine indicators within the scale. A pilot survey was utilized for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A formal survey was employed for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The weight value of each indicator was calculated using the analytic hierarchy process. Results An initial scale with three primary items, 14 secondary items, and 81 tertiary items was generated. Twenty experts participated in the two rounds of the Delphi process. Authority coefficients exceeded 0.9 in both rounds. Kendall's W was 0.29 and 0.19, respectively (both P

Abstract Objective To compile a scale of Chinese college students’ perception of teachers’ differential behavior and to provide a reference for college students to establish correct life values, promote college students’ physical and mental health, and reduce teachers’ differential treatment. Methods Open-ended questionnaires and expert interviews were used to conduct interviews and correspondence with 58 college students, ten psychologists, and six psychologists to form an initial questionnaire. Then, the scale’s exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability and validity test were conducted on 7053 college students from 18 universities in 6 provinces (municipalities directly under the Central Government). Results The Chinese college students’ perception of teachers’ differential behavior scale has two dimensions: teacher prejudice and preference. Each dimension includes three aspects: emotional feedback, behavior orientation, and opportunity privilege, and each aspect have a total of 4 items. The consistency test coefficients of each dimension and each factor of the prepared scale are all above 0.7, and the split-half reliability is above 0.6. Confirmatory factor analysis shows that the six-factor structural model fits well (χ 2/df = 4.287, RMSEA = 0.066, CFI = 0.950, TLI = 0.919). Using the generalized anxiety disorder scale and the patient health questionaire-9items as empirical criteria, each factor in the scale demonstrated significant correlations with both the GAD scale and the patient health questionaire-9items. Conclusions The Chinese college students’ perception of teachers’ differential behavior scale has a two-dimensional six-factor structure and has good reliability and validity. It can be used as an effective tool to measure Chinese college students’ perceived teacher differential behavior.

Background Graded diagnosis and treatment is one of the main goals of medical reform. In 2015, the General Office of the State Council issued the"Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Construction of Graded Diagnosis and Treatment System" (Guo Ban Fa[2015]No. 70), which stated that in 2017, the proportion of diagnosis and treatment in grassroots medical institutions was over 65.0%, but that proportion was 54.2% that year, and in recent years, it has shown an overall downward trend. Previous literature has mostly focused on the demand side (patients) for research, while as one of the suppliers of graded diagnosis and treatment, there have been few surveys on the willingness of general practitioners to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment. Objective This article aims to take Suzhou City as an example to investigate and study the willingness of general practitioners to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment, analyze its influencing factors, and provide suggestions to improve the willingness of general practitioners to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment, providing reference for formulating policies related to graded diagnosis and treatment. Methods In June 2022, a multi-stage convenient sampling method was adopted to select 1 451 general practitioners from 175 grassroots medical and health institutions (hereinafter referred to as grassroots institutions) in 4 counties and 6 districts of Suzhou City. A self-developed survey questionnaire was used to conduct the survey. The questionnaire includes the survey of general practitioners' basic situation (demography characteristics), survey of general practitioners' willingness to participate in hierarchical diagnosis and treatment (this part of the questionnaire is based on the expanded model of influencing factors of general practitioners' willingness to participate in hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, which is a fusion model of theory of planned behavior (TPB) and technology acceptance model (TAM) combined with Document retrieval and interview collection content). According to the survey results, use structural equation model SEM analysis to test the influencing factors of general practitioners' willingness to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment, expand the model's fit, and determine the model's fit effect. Exploratory factor analysis was used to calculate the weight (influence) of each influencing factor of general practitioners' willingness to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment, and to build a Relational model of influencing factors of general practitioners' willingness to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment. Results One thousand four hundred and fifty-one general practitioners participated in this questionnaire survey, and 1 302 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective rate of 89.73%. The expanded model of influencing factors on the willingness of general practitioners to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment is well fitted. In the influencing factors of general practitioners' willingness to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment, participation attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control jointly affect the willingness of general practitioners to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment, with weights of 46.22%, 9.75%, and 44.02%, respectively. Perceived benefits and perceived usefulness jointly explain participation attitudes, with weights of 15.14% and 31.08% respectively. Disposable resources and expected resistance jointly explain perceptual behavioral control, with weights of 27.07% and 16.95%, respectively. Conclusion The degree of recognition of the medical service capabilities of higher-level hospitals by general practitioners, the complexity of referral procedures, and the degree of openness of medical resources from higher-level hospitals to general practitioners have a significant impact on the willingness of general practitioners to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment. It is recommended to strengthen communication and interaction among personnel within the medical association at the administrative, organizational, and personal levels, and use information technology to simplify referral processes and procedures Encourage higher-level hospitals to provide targeted and quantitative access to medical resources such as outpatient number sources and ward beds for general practitioners, and take various measures to increase their willingness to participate in graded diagnosis and treatment.

The notion of teacher commitment has grabbed much attention in the mainstream, and L2 teacher education as teaching has become more complex by recent sociocultural changes in educational practices. Consequently, several instruments have been developed to operationalize the construct. The instruments developed so far have addressed the construct generically. To be sure, this line of inquiry is still untouched in the ELT profession. The present exploratory mixed methods study attempted to develop a questionnaire to measure English language teachers’ commitment. In doing so, an initial 61-item questionnaire was developed conducting a comprehensive literature review and using interviews with domain experts and English language teachers. Then the trial instrument was administered to a sample of 352 teachers for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), reducing the instrument to 32 items. The subsequent Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) obtained from another sample of 577 individuals substantiated a seven-factor model as a robust and valid tool for measuring English language teacher commitment. The seven-factor model of teacher commitment included cognitive language teaching ability, language classroom environment, job satisfaction, opportunities for professional development, language teaching planning and support, language teaching self-image and beliefs, and language teaching exhaustion. ELTCQ can be used for measuring English teachers’ commitment. Researchers, administrators, and teacher trainers can use the questionnaire to improve the quality of in-service courses and examine teacher qualities for future professional predictions.

Abstract Background Given increases in China’s aging population, the growing demand for public health services and the shortage of human resources among nurses have become more prominent. Under such a background, “Internet + Nursing Services” have received more attention. Thus, exploring the barriers to and facilitators of nurses’ willingness to participate in “Internet + Nursing Services” and utilizing internet technology to increase the supply of nursing services has become a key issue. Objective This study aimed to develop a scale for assessing the barriers to and facilitators of nurses’ willingness to participate in “Internet + Nursing Services” and to test the validity and reliability of the scale. Methods A preliminary scale was developed based on a literature review, theoretical research, semistructured qualitative interviews, and two rounds of Delphi expert inquiry. A convenient sampling method was used for the questionnaire survey. A 5-point Likert scale was used to evaluate the importance of the items. The survey data of 659 clinical nurses obtained from February to March 2023 were used for item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and reliability and validity tests of the scale. The survey data of 538 clinical nurses obtained in April 2023 were used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the final scale. Results The final scale consists of 25 items and 4 dimensions (performance expectations, perceived risk, need for professional knowledge training, and nonprofessional knowledge training). The scale showed good structural validity and content validity: the Cronbach’s α coefficient of the scale was 0.955, the split-half reliability was 0.778, the test-retest reliability was 0.944, the kaiser-meyer-olkin(KMO) value was 0.960, and the cumulative variance contribution rate of the 4 common factors was 83.147%. The scale content validity index(S-CVI) was 0.914. The confirmatory factor analysis model had favorable fit indices: χ2/df = 4.234, RMSEA = 0.078, NFI = 0.940, IFI = 0.953, TLI = 0.947, and CFI = 0.953. Conclusion The scale for assessing the barriers to and facilitators of nurses’ willingness to participate in “Internet + Nursing Services” has good reliability and validity, and provides a reference for evaluating nurses’ willingness to participate in “Internet + Nursing Services”.

This work aims to examine the factor validity and sensitivity of the Scale for assessment of attitudes towards sport's inclusion of children and youth with intellectual disabilities. The study included 155 respondents from the general population over 18 years of age from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The working version of the Scale contained 29 items, and after content validity, the final version had 34 items. The items were subjected to the calculation of the internal consistency coefficient of Cronbach's alpha, as well as reliability assessment by calculating the inter-item statistics. Four rounds of factor analysis were conducted, and the three-factor model was retained, explaining 50.43% of the total variance. The set of 34 items reduced to 21 based on the obtained results. The internal reliability coefficient of = 0.90 indicates that the Scale has excellent reliability and internal agreement. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS = 0,058, df = 155, p = 0,200) show that the obtained distribution of the Scale does not deviate statistically significantly from the normal distribution. Results indicate that the Scale can be used in future research on the general population's attitudes towards the sport's inclusion of children and youth with intellectual disabilities

Studying public-private partnership practices in textbook publishing and distribution in Nepal offers insights into effective strategies for improving education quality through collaboration between government and private sectors. The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in enhancing education quality through improved textbook publishing and distribution mechanisms. The methodology employed in this study integrates descriptive and explanatory research approaches. It utilizes a structured questionnaire comprising 40 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale to evaluate different dimensions of PPPs concerning school textbook publication and distribution in Nepal. In this study, representatives from private organizations involved in textbook publishing and distribution in Nepal were interviewed. Sampling is conducted through random selection from a pool of 390 private organizations, aiming to ensure representation across various sectors. The model developed from this analysis had a strong explanatory power, with the identified independent variables explaining up to 48% of the variability in improving education quality through PPPs. The study concludes that emphasizing transparency, accountability, and effective communication within public-private partnerships significantly contributes to enhancing education quality through improved textbook publishing and distribution mechanisms, supported by strong correlations between these factors and overall education quality, as revealed by advanced statistical methods.

Objectives The purposes of this study were to recognize correlates with the inclination of Gen Z customers to build brand relationship in Metaverse, as well as to recognize and categorise factors influencing Gen Z’s inclination to build and maintain brand relationships. Material and methods The empirical part was based on quantitative research in a form of a survey in 2023. The assumption of the sample selection was to find Gen Z respondents who had conducted any activity in Metaverse. Quota sampling was employed. In total, 97 valid questionnaires were used in the analysis. The gathered data were subject to content analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results All the study participants declared leading an activity in Metaverse, mainly as gaming, education, or customer experience. Gen Zers are willing to engage in relationships with brands in a form of value co-creation, providing feedback, recommendation and brand advocacy or brand loyalty. EFA analysis allowed to identify 16 items combined in 5 categories: Inclination, Openness, Relatedness, Esteem, and Growth. Convergent validity for 5-item construct was tested and met required criteria. Conclusions This paper enhances our understanding of Gen Z consumers' inclination to build brand relationships in the Metaverse on both theoretical and empirical level. It responds to the need for further research in this emerging field, exploring less recognised factors and emphasizing the crucial role of the Metaverse in shaping consumer behaviour within virtual worlds. The study underscores the importance of utilizing the Metaverse for engaging customers and fostering stronger brand relationships, providing managerial insights to enhance customer experiences in virtual environments. Several limitations were addressed

Abstract Background The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in American adults increased from 37.6% in the 2011–12 period to 41.8% in 2017–2018. Environmental exposure, particularly to common compounds such as glyphosate, has drawn increasing attention as a potential risk factor. Methods We employed three cycles of data (2013–2018) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in a cross-sectional study to examine potential associations between urine glyphosate measurements and MetS incidence. We first created a MetS score using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria for MetS, with data drawn from the 2013–2018 NHANES cycles, and validated this score independently on an additional associated metric, the albumin-to-creatinine (ACR) ratio. The score was validated via a machine learning approach in predicting the ACR score via binary classification and then used in multivariable regression to test the association between quartile-categorized glyphosate exposure and the MetS score. Results In adjusted multivariable regressions, regressions between quartile-categorized glyphosate exposure and MetS score showed a significant inverted U-shaped or saturating dose‒response profile, often with the largest effect for exposures in quartile 3. Exploration of potential effect modification by sex, race, and age category revealed significant differences by race and age, with older people (aged > 65 years) and non-Hispanic African American participants showing larger effect sizes for all exposure quartiles. Conclusions We found that urinary glyphosate concentration is significantly associated with a statistical score designed to predict MetS status and that dose–response coefficient is nonlinear, with advanced age and non-Hispanic African American, Mexican American and other Hispanic participants exhibiting greater effect sizes.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), thus it is pursues to improve their performance to stay in the global competitive markets through adopting an efficient manufacturing systems, one of them is lean production (LP). LP is a continuous improvement philosophy that based on using various lean activities to improve enterprise performance by eliminating various type of waste. In this paper, a Lean Level Assessment Methodology is proposed which integrated Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) to identify level of importance of lean activities and assess the level of SMEs leanness concerning five dimensions of lean activities. SMEs lean activities have surveyed through a comprehensive literature review, where twenty six lean activities have identified as the most common SMEs activities that classifying into five lean dimensions. A questionnaire was developed to collect data related to the levels of adoption of these lean activities by SMEs using a triple Likert scale. EFA was used to extract the most influencing lean activities on SMEs leanness based on questionnaire data. FAHP was used to determine the weights and the level of importance of these lean activities, while FTOPSIS was employed to investigate and assess the level of SMEs’ leanness related to the five lean dimensions activities. The proposed methodology has applied in four Iraqi SMEs (A1, A2, A3, and A4) for producing healthy water and soft drink in Baghdad. The results have explained that only 19 lean activities are the most influencing on SMEs leanness. Efficient manager is an important lean activity that has 58.90% level of importance. Although the four Iraqi SMEs have approximately acceptable level of leanness related the five lean dimensions, there is variation in adoption these lean dimensions activities by SMEs. SMEs management should develop a continuous improvement strategy based on utilizing SMEs’ efforts and resources to improve activities of the weaker dimension for improving their competitiveness and ensuring sustainability in the rapidly changing business environment. One limitation of this paper is the difficulty in obtaining data related to lean activities and their performance through SMEs’ processes and activities.

Abstract Background The incidence of Post Stroke Depression (PSD) in the Rehabilitation Stage is high, which can bring serious physical and psychological disorders to patients. However, there is still a lack of targeted tools for screening PSD in the rehabilitation stage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the factor structure and reliability of a measurement instrument to screen for PSD in the rehabilitation stage. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 780 hospitalized stroke patients who were within the rehabilitation stage from May to August 2020. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to evaluate the factor structure of the newly developed Symptom Measurement of Post-Stroke Depression in the Rehabilitation Stage (SMPSD-RS). The reliability and validity of the SMPSD-RS were also verified using several statistical methods. Results EFA extracted a 24-item, five-factor (cognition, sleep, behavior, emotion, and obsession) model that can clinically explain the symptoms of PSD during the rehabilitation stage. A first-order CFA confirmed the EFA model with good model fit indices, and the second-order CFA further confirmed the five-factor structure model and showed acceptable model fit indices. Acceptable reliability and validity were also achieved by the corresponding indicators. Conclusion The SMPSD-RS was proven to have a stable factor structure and was confirmed to be reliable and valid for assessing PSD symptoms in stroke patients during the rehabilitation stage.

Abstract: Introduction: Healthcare decision-making is a critical yet understudied aspect of medical education. It holds significant importance among healthcare professionals and influences their overall behavior. We adapted and validated the Decision-Making Questionnaire, which measures factors affecting decision-making among obstetricians and gynecologists. Methods: We used a cross-sectional survey design to establish the construct validity of the DMQ. We established content validity using the Lawshe content validity ratio and conducted a survey to establish the construct validity. Results: Exploratory factor analysis (n = 150) revealed three factors, task-related, context-related, and individual-related, having eigenvalues greater than 1 and adequate alpha reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (n = 197) found adequate model fit indices. We assessed the reliability coefficient of the Decision-Making Questionnaire using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s Omega coefficient, which showed an acceptable range (0.86–0.90). Hence, the scale appears to be psychometrically sound and a practical measure for obstetricians and gynecologists. Discussion: The Decision-Making Questionnaire demonstrated convergent validity by positively correlating with the Team Decision-Making Questionnaire and divergent validity by showing correlations with the measure of professional quality of life. The scale is useful for practitioners and researchers to measure factors affecting decision-making in naturalistic settings.

Orientation: This study examines the application of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Sense of Coherence-29 (SOC-29) within the South African banking industry. It evaluates the appropriateness, efficacy and potential impact of these instruments and offers insights for enhancing employee resilience, improving organisational adaptability and advancing leadership practices in the sector. Research purpose: This study aims to address whether the SOC-29 and MLQ maintain their factor structures and psychometric properties when applied to banking employees. Motivation for the study: There has been limited research on the underlying constructs and measurements of the SOC-29 and MLQ. This evaluation’s findings will help enhance the accuracy and utility of both instruments. Research approach/design and method: A quantitative, positivistic, cross-sectional research design was employed to collect primary data from 150 employees working in South African banks. Main findings: The exploratory factor analysis identified a three-factor structure: F1 – Comprehensibility, F2 – Manageability and F3 – Meaningfulness, all showing improved goodness-of-fit indices. Manageability emerged as the most representative factor, while comprehensibility was the least representative. Practical/managerial implications: Understanding the applicability of the SOC-29 and the MLQ in a banking setting is crucial for HR professionals, organisational psychologists and management teams who seek to leverage these tools for employee assessment, development and organisational improvement. Contribution/value-add: Banks’ critical role in the economy, competitive nature and unique challenges make the study’s outcomes essential for empowering banking organisations to adopt a more scientific approach to employee assessment and development, leading to a well-supported workforce.

The present study aims to quantify women’s empowerment by constructing an index and attempts to investigate the potential drivers that accelerate women’s degree of empowerment using a capability-based approach. In the study, 416 married women from the Barak Valley region of Assam, India, serve as the primary sample. The index was developed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in SPSS software. EFA identifies eight domains of women empowerment in the Indian context: technological acquaintance, household decision-making, freedom of movement, economic independence, community and political participation, gender-based violence, leadership, and work-life balance. Then, linear multiple regression was performed using the index as regressand and socio-demographic and economic factors and self-reported capabilities as regressors in the STATA software. We find that besides traditional factors, spousal work status difference, spousal work regularity, parental asset ownership, the cultural orientation of the household head, membership in multiple community groups, pre-marital agency, and financial literacy play a significant role in determining women’s empowerment.

IntroductionThis study set out to create a scale of messages faculty use when communicating with students and provide initial validation evidence for that scale.MethodsThree studies were used to create and initially validate the scale. Study one used focus groups to have students generate a list of 65 messages. Study 2, a survey with exploratory factor analysis, yielded two factors: affirming (items) and disconfirming (items) messages. Study 3 confirmed the factor structure and provided initial construct validation based upon the relationship between messages and relational distance, motives to communicate, learner empowerment, and student motivation.ResultsWithdrawal mediates the relationship between faculty verbal messages and learner empowerment. Faculty verbal messages directly, without mediation, predict student motivation.DiscussionFaculty verbal messages matter inside and outside the classroom. Both affirming and discomfiting messages can have a positive effect on students’ learning/motivation as well as the instructor-student relationship.

This study examines the reliability and construct validity of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework among a sample of 1723 Italian future teachers through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The analysis initially suggested seven factors as per the original TPACK model, but further examination revealed five coherent factors: two distinct Technological Knowledge (TK) factors, a combined Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge factor, a merged Pedagogical Content Knowledge factor, and a distinct Content Knowledge domain. The goodness-of-fit values for the proposed model by EFA were TLI=0.916 and RMSEA=0.061 (90% CI [0.059, 0.062]). These findings affirm the construct validity of some of the putative domains of the TPACK model, while also suggesting that certain domains may need revising for more clarity or distinction on certain items and domains. This study provides valuable insights for the use of TPACK in an Italian and teacher training context.

This study presents a novel approach to evaluating faculty performance in the College of Education at Rizal Technological University through the development and validation of an alternative evaluation scale. As educational landscapes evolve, there is a critical need to adapt evaluation methods to align with current pedagogical trends and institutional goals. This research addresses these necessities by employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates qualitative insights from Focus Group Discussions with quantitative data gathered via student surveys. Through rigorous exploratory factor analysis, the study identifies and validates four key dimensions of faculty performance namely, Pedagogical Engagement and Relevance, Supportive Teaching Environment, Active Learning Facilitation, and Classroom Climate and Dynamics. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients were employed to rigorously evaluate the reliability of each dimension, thereby ensuring consistent measurement. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating student perspectives to comprehensively evaluate teaching effectiveness and classroom dynamics. By capturing diverse aspects of faculty performance, including instructional strategies, student engagement facilitation, and classroom management practices, the developed scale provides a comprehensive tool for enhancing teaching quality and learning outcomes. The study's methodological rigor, anchored in measurement theory principles, enhances the validity and pertinency of the evaluation framework within the milieu of higher education. This research provides valuable insights and practical recommendations for educators, administrators, and policymakers aiming to create supportive and inclusive learning environments that enhance student success and faculty development.

This study scrutinizes India’s growing appeal as a tourist destination, accentuated by government initiatives and innovative tourism policies like the e-visa program, Incredible India Campaign 2.0 and digital advancements in the travel sector. With the diminishing impact of COVID-19, there is a noticeable surge in various forms of tourism – inbound, outbound and domestic. The primary focus is to understand the driving factors behind the choice of India as a destination for inbound tourists. This research delves into these motivations, providing a global perspective on India’s attractiveness. A mixed-method approach was employed, utilizing convenience sampling for data collection. The quantitative analysis was based on a survey, informed by a literature review, comprising 390 respondents from 10 diverse Indian destinations. Additionally, 25 qualitative interviews were conducted, aiming to enrich and triangulate the quantitative findings. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed five predominant motivations among inbound tourists: culinary interests, spiritual pursuits, budget-consciousness, cultural curiosity and natural allure. These findings were substantiated through thematic analysis. The outcomes have significant practical ramifications for destination managers and tourism policy developers in India. By understanding these key motivators, they can devise targeted strategies for enhancing the appeal of India to these specific tourist segments. This study not only aids in refining tourism promotion efforts but also contributes to the academic discourse on tourist motivation offering a fresh international perspective on India’s image as a tourist destination.

Abstract Over the last two decades, awe has attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers. The use of virtual reality has been identified as one of the most effective techniques for eliciting awe, in addition to more personalized methods for inducing emotion, such as autobiographical recall. However, previous measures of awe were unable to uncover the hidden structure of this experience. Awe experience scale (AWE-S) has been validated as a comprehensive measure of contingent awe in English, providing new opportunities for analysis. In this two-phases study, we investigated whether the latent structure of the experience of awe evoked by the autobiographical recall technique (Study 1) overlapped with that induced by exposing participants to a validated virtual reality awe-eliciting training (Study 2). The original English AWE-S structure held both in autobiographical recall induction and virtual reality-based elicitation. Despite evidence of overlap between English and Italian structures, low correlations were found between Italian trait measures used to test the concurrent validity of the AWE-S in the Italian sample and AWE-S state dimensions. This study highlights cultural differences in awe experience, trait, and state variations, and provides new insights into the standardized induction of this emotion through simulated environments.

Abstract Background Accurate assessment and enhancement of health-related skills among oncology patients are pivotal for optimizing cancer care. The Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13), a questionnaire designed to reflect an individual’s knowledge, skills, and confidence in self-healthcare management, has been validated across diverse countries and settings. Concerns have been raised regarding the cross-situational applicability, as patients with specific diseases and cultural backgrounds interpret questionnaire items differently. This study aimed to examine the structural validity and psychometric properties of the PAM-13 in an oncological patient cohort. Methods Baseline data from a longitudinal non-randomized controlled study involving cancer out-patients (n = 1,125) from Comprehensive Cancer Centres in Southern Germany were analysed. The German version of the PAM-13 was employed. With classical test and item response theory methods data quality, reliability, convergent and structural validity, as well as psychometric properties were assessed. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were employed to investigate the postulated unidimensionality of the underlying construct. With a partial credit model (PCM) we examined item fit, targeting, local independence and differential item functioning. Results Participants were predominantly female (73.0%) with a breast cancer diagnosis (41.3%). While items were generally well-accepted, ceiling effects were observed and a high mean PAM-13 score (69.7, SD = 14.2) was noted, potentially compromising responsiveness to interventions. Reliability was adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.81), person and item separation reliability were good to excellent (0.81 and 0.99, respectively). Explorations of the unidimensionality of the construct (EFA, CFA, PCM) yielded inconclusive results, hinting towards a two-factor solution. Item difficulty rankings deviated from the original. No differential item functioning was identified, and local independence was confirmed. Conclusions While the PAM-13 serves as a valuable instrument for comprehending and promoting health-related skills in cancer patients, the identification of ceiling effects, disordered item-difficulty rankings, and inconclusive findings regarding unidimensionality contribute to the expanding body of evidence, emphasizing the dependency of PAM-13’s validity and reliability on distinctive characteristics within the population under investigation. Future research should prioritize refining or adding PAM-13 items to better capture the specific health-related challenges within diverse populations, paving the way for more effective patient engagement strategies in oncology. Trial registration number DRKS00021779

Introduction/purpose: Human Resource Management (HRM) has evolved as a strategic function for an organization, contributing significantly towards organizational development, business growth and societal development. The current work fills the gap in the literature by unveiling the higher order motivational needs driving the satisfaction of human resource (HR) professionals in their job roles. Further, it intends to delve into the causal relationship of the underlying factors. Methods: A three stage detailed exploratory and mediation analysis is carried out. In the first stage, a focused group interview of 25 senior HR professionals was conducted. These professionals are all holding the role of Chief Human Resource Officers(CHROs) in their respective organizations. In the second stage, a large scale exploratory analysis is carried out based on the responses of 423 respondents. Stage three confirms the interrelationship among the underlying factors obtained through the EFA. Results: The results of the primary survey of 423 professionals reveal the three underlying factors such as identity, power and societal leadership (SL) that motivate HR professionals and drive their satisfaction in the job role. Further, it is observed that power mediates the interrelationship between identity and SL. Conclusion: The results of the survey strongly suggest that there exists a high degree of correlation between identity, power, and societal relationships when it comes to HR professionals.

Abstract Background We hypothesized that postural instability observed in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) can be classified as distinct subtypes based on comprehensive analyses of various evaluated parameters obtained from time-series of center of pressure (CoP) data during quiet standing. The aim of this study was to characterize the postural control patterns in PD patients by performing an exploratory factor analysis and subsequent cluster analysis using CoP time-series data during quiet standing. Methods 127 PD patients, 47 aged 65 years or older healthy older adults, and 71 healthy young adults participated in this study. Subjects maintain quiet standing for 30 s on a force platform and 23 variables were calculated from the measured CoP time-series data. Exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis with a Gaussian mixture model using factors were performed on each variable to classify subgroups based on differences in characteristics of postural instability in PD. Results The factor analysis identified five factors (magnitude of sway, medio-lateral frequency, anterio-posterior frequency, component of high frequency, and closed-loop control). Based on the five extracted factors, six distinct subtypes were identified, which can be considered as subtypes of distinct manifestations of postural disorders in PD patients. Factor loading scores for the clinical classifications (younger, older, and PD severity) overlapped, but the cluster classification scores were clearly separated. Conclusions The cluster categorization clearly identifies symptom-dependent differences in the characteristics of the CoP, suggesting that the detected clusters can be regarded as subtypes of distinct manifestations of postural disorders in patients with PD.

Abstract Background Nurses work in close proximity to patients, and as such, they can have a direct impact on the control of infections; thus, it is important for nurses to be competent in infection control. However, the scales used to measure infection control performance in nurses are not suitable for measuring infection control competencies that reflect nurses’ expertise, clinical environment, and work. Thus, this study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measure to assess infection control competency of clinical nurses. Methods A concept analysis, using a hybrid model, was performed on the infection control competency of clinical nurses to confirm the components and develop 67 initial items. Ten experts evaluated the content validity of these items, and a Korean language expert and a Doctor of Nursing reviewed the questions to consolidate them into 59 items. Subsequently, 267 nurses working at a certified tertiary hospital in D City were surveyed to confirm the validity and reliability of the scale. Results As a result of the study, the final scale comprising seven factors and 33 questions was derived, and the cumulative explanatory power of these factors was 60.8%. To verify convergent and discriminant validity, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and the average variance extraction index, composite reliability values, and confidence interval of the correlation coefficient between factors were confirmed. Convergent and discriminant validities were verified by comparison with standard values. The Cronbach’s α for the entire scale in this study was 0.93. Consequently, the validity and reliability of the clinical nurses’ infection control competency measurement scale were verified. Conclusions The validity and reliability of the infection control competency measurement scale for clinical nurses (ICCS-CN) developed in this study was verified, and the scale can be effectively used to measure the infection control competency of clinical nurses. Measuring the infection control competency of clinical nurses will help reduce the harm caused by infection and ensure patient safety by decreasing infection rates in medical institutions.

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) imposes a huge burden on the healthcare systems and greatly declines the patient’s quality of life. However, there is a paucity of detailed data regarding information and supportive needs as well as sources and methods of obtaining information to control different aspects of the disease from the perspectives of the patients themselves. This study aimed to establish the IBD patients’ preferences of informational and supportive needs through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Methods IBD patients were recruited from different centers. Considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, 521 participants were filled a predefined questionnaire. This questionnaire was prepared through literature review of the recent well-known guidelines on the needs of IBD patients, which was further approved by the experts of IBD area in three rounds of Delphi consensus. It includes 56 items in four sections of informational needs (25), supportive needs (15), sources of information (7), and methods of obtaining information (9). Results In particular, EFA was used to apply data reduction and structure detection. Given that this study tries to identify patterns, structures as well as inter-relationships and classification of the variables, EFA was utilized to simplify presentation of the variables in a way that large amounts of observations transform into fewer ones. Accordingly, the EFA identified five factors out of 25 items in the information needs section, three factors out of 15 items in the supportive needs section, two factors out of 7 items in the information sources section, and two factors out of 9 items in the information presentation methods. Through the CFA, all 4 models were supported by Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA); Incremental Fit Index (IFI); Comparative Fit Index (CFI); Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI); and SRMR. These values were within acceptable ranges, indicating that the twelve factors achieved from EFA were validated. Conclusions This study introduced a reliable 12-factor model as an efficient tool to comprehensively identify preferences of IBD patients in informational and supportive needs along with sources and methods of obtaining information. An in-depth understanding of the needs of IBD patients facilitates informing and supporting health service provision. It also assists patients in a fundamental way to improve adaptation and increase the quality of life. We suggest that health care providers consider the use of this tool in clinical settings in order to precisely assess its efficacy.

The usability and security of information system applications significantly affect the users’ willingness to adopt the applications; online banking is one such service. The emergence of innovative technologies in all facets of our daily activities makes usable security critical to protect users’ privacy and personal information. The paper aims to investigate the usability and security of the online banking authentication process. The study is based on users’ perceptions of the login system of their respective banks' online banking services, using the attitude questionnaire statements related to usability and security aspects of the authentication process. The paper presents the results of 1190 survey responses in South Africa. The findings show that younger and inexperienced users are not satisfied with the usability of online banking authentication systems as they scored the system very low compared to the older and experienced users. Given the prevalence of online security breaches, improving the authentication process' usability will help create a secure online environment.

Abstract Background Fear of childbirth is a frequent health issue for pregnant women. The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) is a widely used instrument to measure the fear of childbirth during the antenatal period. The aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the W-DEQ (version A) in a sample of Greek pregnant women. Methods Low-risk pregnant women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy (N = 201) were invited to participate in the study and to complete a booklet of questionnaires including the Greek versions of W-DEQ-A, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed. Results The mean age of participants was 34.2 years (SD = 4.3 years). EFA yielded six factors (“Lack of self-efficacy”, “Lack of positive anticipation”, “Lack of feeling lonely”, “Concerns about delivery and losing control”, “Calmness”, and “Concern for the child”) of 33 items of W-DEQ-A. CFA confirmed the multidimensionality of the instrument. All Cronbach’s alpha were over 0.7, indicating acceptable reliability of the factors. All factors were significantly correlated with each other, and convergent validity was demonstrated by a significant association with stress, anxiety, and depression among low-risk pregnant women. Conclusion The Greek version of W-DEQ-A proved to be a valid and reliable instrument of fear of childbirth among Greek low-risk pregnant women.

The aim of this paper is to develop a reliable and valid transactional distance scale in a flexible learning environment from the perspectives of students of a higher education institution in the Philippines. To achieve this goal, the researcher assessed the construct validity and reliability of the scale by using the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Additionally, Cronbach alpha was used to test the internal consistency of the items. The model revealed three-factor structure anchored on Moore’s Transactional Distance theory namely structure, learner autonomy and dialogue. The model validates the previously extracted factors along with the items. The findings of this study revealed that the implementation of flexible learning in the Philippine context is a multidimensional construct and serves as a critical success factors. The proposed transactional distance scale in a flexible learning environment may serve to facilitate the implementation of flexible learning in higher education institutions thereby implementing flexible learning effectively and efficiently. Little literature and studies exist on the implementation of flexible learning anchored on transactional distance theory. Thus, this attempts to bridge this gap in the existing literature and studies. This three-factor model of flexible learning in a higher education institution anchored on Transactional Distance Theory would be a useful tool to assess the perception of students towards the implementation of flexible learning in a new normal environment.

Yujun He,1,2,&ast; Furui Miao,2,&ast; Cai He,1 Yushan Fan,2 Fangzhi Zhang,2 Pu Yang,3 Miaodong Wang,3 Jiujie He2 1Nancheng Branch Hospital, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning City, People’s Republic of China; 2Faculty of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Tui Na, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning City, People’s Republic of China; 3Graduate School of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning City, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Cai He, Nancheng Branch Hospital, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. 356 Nanmian Street, Xixiangtang District, Nanning City, 530011, People’s Republic of China, Email 578485231@qq.com Yushan Fan, Faculty of acupuncture, moxibustion and tui Na, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 179 Mingxiu East Road, Xi Xiang Tang District, Nanning City, 530001, People’s Republic of China, Email doctorfanyushan@163.comBackground: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most prevalent upper limb compressive neuropathy. A considerable number of clinical trials and meta-analyses have provided evidence supporting the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating CTS. Nevertheless, the ideal choice of acupoints remains ambiguous.Objective: A data mining analysis was conducted with the objective of determining the most effective acupoint combinations and selection for CTS.Methods: A search was conducted across seven Chinese and English electronic bibliographic databases spanning from their inception to March 2023. Selected were clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of acupuncture therapy for CTS, with or without randomised controlled methods. Data extraction mainly included acupoint prescriptions. Information such as first author, study design and study setting were also extracted. The principal outcomes comprised the clinical manifestations linked to CTS. Statistical descriptions were generated using Excel 2019. The analysis of association rules was conducted using SPSS Modeler 18.0. Using SPSS Statistics 26.0, exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis were conducted.Results: 142 trials (including 86 RCTs and 56 non RCTs) were identified, and 193 groups of effective prescriptions involving 68 acupoints were extracted. The most frequently used acupoints were Da-ling (PC7), Nei-guan (PC6), He-gu (LI4), Wai-guan (TE5), and Yang-xi (LI5). The most frequently used meridians were the pericardial meridian and the large intestine meridian. The majority of special acupoints used were Five-shu points and Yuan-source points, with acupoints on the upper limbs being the most frequently used. The core acupoint groups were analyzed and 11 groups of association rules, 8 factors, and 5 effective cluster groups were obtained.Conclusion: The evidence-based acupoint selection and combinations of acupuncture therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome were provided by the findings of this study.Keywords: acupuncture, carpal tunnel syndrome, data mining, descriptive statistics, association rule analysis, exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis

Comprehensive concepts of AI literacy (AIL) and valid measures are essential for research (e.g., intervention studies) and practice (e.g., personnel selection/development) alike. To date, several scales have been published, sharing standard features but differing in some aspects. We first aim to briefly overview instruments identified from unsystematic literature research in February 2023. We identified four scales and one collection of items. We describe the instruments and compare them. We identified common themes and overlaps in the instruments and developmental procedure. We also found differences regarding scale development procedures and latent dimensions. Following this literature research, we came to the conclusion that the literature on AI literacy measurement was fragmented, and little effort was undertaken to integrate different AI literacy conceptualizations. The second focus of this study is to test the factorial structures of existing AIL measurement instruments and identify latent dimensions of AIL across all instruments. We used robust maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analysis to test factorial structures in a joint survey of all AIL items in an English-speaking online sample (N=219). We found general support for all instruments' factorial structures with minor deviations from the original factorial structures for some of the instruments. In a second analysis step, to address the issue of fragmented research on AI literacy conceptualization and measurement, we used principal axis exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation to identify latent dimensions across all items. We found four correlated latent dimensions of AIL, which were mostly interpretable as the abilities to use and interact with AI, to design/program AI (incl. in-depth technical knowledge), to perform complex cognitive operations regarding AI (e.g., ethical considerations), and a common factor for the abilities to detect AI/differentiate between AI and humans and manage persuasive influences of AI (i.e., persuasion literacy). Our findings sort the multitude of AIL instruments and reveal four latent core dimensions of AIL. Thus, they contribute importantly to the conceptual understanding of AIL that has been fragmented so far.

Employees’ competencies have been recognized for the success of the hotel business. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused rapid changes in the hotel workforce including human resource attributes and competency. The existing knowledge on hotel employees’ competencies in the post-COVID-19 era to reference for the hotel industry, particularly in Thailand is limited. Therefore, this study aims to explore the employee competency essential for hotel businesses in the post-pandemic era in Thailand. We started by reviewing the extant literature on employee competency in the hospitality industry and identified 10 domains of competency with 38 components. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to validate the employees’ competencies from 449 managerial and operational employees. The test of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) identified four sets of competencies with 33 components, including Adaptability and Sustainability (13 components), Self and Social Focus (10 components), Service and Communication (five components), and Ethical and Moral (five components). This paper reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic affects the global requirements of hotel employees’ competency, especially adaptability and sustainability competency. This paper provides useful information regarding preparation for the hotel and educational sector in today’s interconnected and rapidly changing world.

ABSTRACTObjective Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (complex trauma) describes a cluster of symptoms frequently associated with prolonged exposure to inescapable threats or abuse. For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia impacted by complex trauma, there may be compounding factors, such as experiences of historical trauma, loss and socio-economic deprivation stemming from colonisation. However, there is no culturally appropriate tool to assess complex trauma. This paper presents the psychometric evaluation of a preliminary version Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Complex Trauma and Strengths Questionnaire (ACTSQ).Methods Following 2 years of rigorous Aboriginal-led co-design, participants were recruited through community networks and partner health services in South Australia, Victoria, and Northern Territory (October 2020–May 2022). A trained interviewer contacted Aboriginal (n = 109) and Torres Strait Islander (n = 1) parents aged >16 years by phone to complete the ACTSQ. Underlying domain structures were investigated with exploratory factor analysis and reviewed by experts to refine. Reliability and inter-rater reliability were assessed using McDonald’s Omega and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).Results Forty-four items on five factors were retained. Factors were labelled complex trauma symptoms (16 items), grief, loss and disconnection (6 items), support and relationships (9 items), sense of self and strengths (7 items), and Cultural connections and resources (6 items). There were moderate correlations between factors, with the exception of factor 5. Omega was >0.75 for all factors. The inter-rater reliability for each factor was fair to good (ICC 0.5–0.7).Conclusions This study conducted a comprehensive psychometric validation that provides initial evidence towards the cultural validity of the ACTSQ to support assessment of complex trauma and strengths among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Future studies are required to replicate and further evaluate the psychometric properties of the ACTSQ using larger samples.

Workgroup methodology is often used to promote curricular learning. However, the intentionality in choosing a teaching strategy only sometimes has the best achievement in learning. This study aims to develop and validate an instrument (questionnaire) that is easy to apply and allows the professor to evaluate the effectiveness of the workgroup in learning (curricular) development. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted and three constructs were extracted: Practice, Motivation and Effectiveness. The correlation between the constructs indicates a good relationship and dependence between them. The results show that the instrument is valid and reliable, proving that it could be an essential tool to ascertain whether students see workgroup as a factor that promotes their learning and thus allow the professor to monitor and assess this method´s effectiveness in their teaching strategy. This study leads us to consider developing questionnaires to assess students' perceptions of other teaching–learning methodologies.

The evaluation of performance in serious video games is crucial when it comes to providing empirical evidence of the effectiveness of this type of educational tools. In turn, the design of psychometric tests demands specific procedures aimed at estimating validity levels. This paper presents the validation process of a psychometric test embedded in a video game, for the assessment of executive functions, understood as a set of cognitive processes associated with the functioning of the frontal lobes, including planning, inhibition, flexibility and monitoring. The sample consisted of 171 participants aged between 5 and 12 years (Mean=8.27; SD=1.589), students at elementary school. The analyses performed included Cronbach's Alpha and McDonald's Omega internal consistency indexes and an Exploratory Factor Analysis. The results indicate good levels of reliability and excellent fit indices for a two-factor model

The development of a Digital Intelligence Quotient (DQ) scale for primary school students is the basis for research on the DQ of primary school students, which helps to scientifically diagnose the level and the current average DQ among Chinese primary school students. This study developed and validated a scale applicable to the assessment of DQ in Chinese primary school students where, the initial scale was first constructed; Then 1109 valid datasets were collected through purposive sampling and divided into Sample A and Sample B; Sample A was subjected to exploratory factor analysis and Sample B was tested by confirmatory factor analysis; The final validated scale consists of 22 items in 7 dimensions: digital identity, digital use, digital safety, digital security, digital emotional intelligence, digital literacy and digital rights. The scale has high reliability and validity and thus can be used as a reliable instrument for assessing DQ in Chinese primary school students.

BackgroundThe older adult migrant population in China is on the rise, which presents challenges for the national public health service system. However, the heterogeneity of public health service utilization and its relationship with social integration among the older adult migrant population remains unclear. This study aims to explore the heterogeneity the public health service utilization and how it relates to their social integration.MethodsA total of 6,178 older adult migrants from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) in 2017 were included in this study. Exploratory factor analysis was used to categorize social integration into four dimensions. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify different sub-groups of public health service utilization. ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the characteristics of different sub-groups.ResultsThree potential classes of public health service utilization were identified: low utilization of basic public health services class (N = 3,264,52.756%), medium utilization of basic public health services class (N = 1,743,28.172%), and high utilization of basic public health services class (N = 1,180,19.072%). Gender, education, extent of mobility, and move alone or not, flow time were all predictors of the class of public health service utilization. There were significant differences in social integration across potential categories (p

Recent studies in Western cultures suggested emotion regulation goals have important implications for mental health. This study aimed to test the factor structure of Emotion Regulation Goals Scale (ERGS) in a Chinese cultural context. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were first used to examine the factor structure of the ERGS, and then reliability and validity tests were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the ERGS. Results showed that the original five-factor model demonstrated fit during both EFA and CFA, and was thus adopted for further psychometric analyses. Most of the five factors were significantly associated with emotion regulation tendencies and negative emotional outcomes (e.g., depression), except for the non-significant associations between pro-hedonic goals and expressive suppression, and pro-social and impression management goals with depression. The ERGS also showed good internal consistency and split-half reliability. However, the test-retest reliabilities varied substantially across the five factors. The pro-hedonic goal had a higher test-retest reliability, whereas the contra-hedonic, performance, pro-social, and impression management goals showed lower values, especially the latter two. In brief, the ERGS showed a promising five-factor structure in assessing emotion regulation goals in Chinese cultural context.

Abstract The Kaizen continuous improvement principle encourages employees to use their knowledge to create better solutions. This knowledge, referred to as tacit, is strategically shared through socialization and made explicit through externalization. One department of a multinational metallurgical industry in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, has historically had a Kaizen involvement rate of less than 50%. This study set out to identify and analyze the barriers to knowledge sharing, considering the socialization-externalization interface, and how they relate to the company's current Kaizen participation rate. To this end, a literature review was conducted, followed by a documentary analysis of the company and the application of a questionnaire that served as a scale for exploratory factor analysis and validation of the model for the objectives set. The factor analysis confirmed the lack of application of meritocratic means, Ba context, and management involvement, and retained three organizational and three individual factors of barriers to knowledge sharing. It was found that the current rate of employee involvement in Kaizen contrasts with the effects of the socialization-externalization interface and the barriers to knowledge sharing. The method structured in this study has the potential to be applied in other companies and can be improved.

This study evaluates the concept and discriminant validity of an organizational sustainable development (OSD) questionnaire and discusses its practical implications. The OSD questionnaire measurement model is carefully validated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Data analysis with well-established statistical methods reveals seven OSD dimensions: Continuous Improvement and Learning, Environmental Stewardship, Social Responsibility, Governance and Ethics, Economic Viability, Integration and Alignment, and Stakeholder Engagement. Fortunately, the questionnaire has strong construct and discriminant validity, making it a reliable OSD assessment tool. Despite encouraging results, this study is limited to a certain group and culture. Future study must validate broad populations and investigate the complex interactions between OSD characteristics and outcomes. This research provides a thorough conceptual framework and a rigorously tested assessment method to improve our understanding of OSD and enable more detailed studies of sustainable organizational practices.

The cosmetics and personal care industry has emerged as one of the most prominent and fastest-growing markets, especially among millennials worldwide. The halal cosmetics industry is also important to today's young generation. They and social media technology have become an important part of consumer research. This study explores the factors determining the millennial generation's choice of halal cosmetics. This study used the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) method with 202 millennial respondents from Indonesia and Malaysia. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test result is 0.723%, indicating a middling sampling. The Bartlett test result shows a value of 1848,828 with a significance level of 0.0000 < 0.05, indicating a correlation between the variables. There are no statements with a score of less than 0.5 after the communalities checking. As a result, every statement can be used more thoroughly in this research. Based on the results, six main factors can increase the millennial generation's interest in making choices about halal cosmetics: social media campaign, influencer trustworthiness, halal awareness, brand curiosity in social media, cosmetics advertisement language, and brand trust and product quality.

Objective To explore the composition of symptom clusters in the acute phase of patients with hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage and to analyse their correlation with prognostic quality of life. Methods From July 2021 to June 2022, 396 patients with hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage hospitalised in neurosurgery departments of two tertiary care hospitals in Tangshan City were selected and surveyed using the General Information Questionnaire, the Memory Symptom Assessment Scale and the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale. An exploratory factor method was used to extract symptom clusters and Biased correlation analysis was applied to analyse the correlation between symptom clusters and quality of life. Results Symptoms with a higher incidence in the acute phase in patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage included loss of appetite (77.3%), low energy/weakness (74.0%), pain (72.9%), weight loss (71.5%), and feeling nervous (70.7%); symptoms with a higher degree of severity included loss of appetite (2.01±1.22), low energy/weakness (2.00±1.32), pain (1.97±1.30), vomiting/nausea (1.83±1.21), difficulty concentrating (1.81±1.30); symptoms with higher levels of distress included pain (2.27±1.53), vomiting/nausea (2.20±1.48), vomiting (1.98±1.59), low energy/weakness (1.96±1.30), dizziness (1.81±1.40). A total of six symptom clusters were extracted by the exploratory factor method, namely digestive symptom cluster, psychological symptom cluster, pain-fatigue related symptom cluster, physical-cognitive impairment symptom cluster, speech-swallowing disorder symptom cluster and pneumonia related symptom cluster, all of which were negatively correlated with prognostic quality of life with correlation coefficients of-0.261,-0.388,-0.335,-0.513,-0.304,-0.273. Conclusion The presence of six symptom clusters in the acute phase of hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage patients, all of which were negatively associated with prognosis of quality of life, suggests that medical staff should identify or predict symptom clusters in a timely and accurate manner and optimise symptom management strategies to improve patients ‘ prognosis of quality of life.

AbstractOrganizational bullying is one of the usually hidden phenomena in organizations, which manifests itself with behaviors such as insults, humiliation, offenses, threats, and other negative behaviors, and causes the victims to feel disgusted, and as a result, reduces the organizational performance and individual productivity of employees. Organizational bullying is usually done by managers or employees, and dealing with this phenomenon can help the productivity and mental health of employees, finding solutions to deal with it is essential in organizations. Based on this, the current research has been formed with a mixed color to analyze the solutions to deal with organizational bullying. In this research, first, using the qualitative method and thematic analysis approach, primary codes were identified and then the themes of the research concept were categorized. In this section, the results were obtained from semi-structured interviews with 20 employees of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade, the Ministry of Petroleum, the National Tax Administration, and the Central Bank. In the quantitative phase of the research, the identified solutions for better evaluation were distributed electronically using a questionnaire among the employees and managers of the mentioned organizations, and the results were evaluated using the exploratory factor analysis method through SPSS software, finally, the solutions were divided into 6 categories. They were categorized as managerial, specialized, confrontational, individual, organizational, and legal.IntroductionOne of the most important and common phenomena that are sometimes hidden from others in government organizations is organizational bullying. This phenomenon has been the subject of international studies for several decades due to its widespread and harmful nature at all levels of the organization. Human resources play a decisive role in the success or failure of the organization. Therefore, examining variables affecting human resources can be useful for government organizations in the long run. Organizational bullying is related to situations where the target of bullying is subjected to harassment, insult, and social isolation. Victims have a low level of job satisfaction and finally, as a last resort to cope with bullying, they intend to leave their jobs. Also, bullying behaviors in some victims lead to a decrease in their motivation and creativity and also people in this situation have a natural tendency to find ways to cope with bullying. According to the stated content, it can be concluded that bullying is a widespread organizational problem with destructive effects at the individual and organizational levels. Therefore, finding logical and stress-free strategies to cope with bullying in organizations can, in addition to helping the physical and mental health of employees, help the organization achieves its desired goals.Case StudyThe statistical population of the qualitative part of the research was determined by the managers and employees of government organizations, including the employees of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade, the Ministry of Petroleum, the National Tax Administration, and the Central Bank. The statistical population of the quantitative part of the research was also formed by the employees of government organizations of Tehran province.Materials and MethodsIn terms of research orientation, this research is fundamental-applied, in terms of research approach, it is hybrid, and in terms of research strategies, thematic analysis (qualitative)-correlation (quantitative). In the first stage of the research, to fill the void of previous research, by using the qualitative approach of theme analysis (theme network method), the strategies to cope with organizational bullying in Iran's government organizations were identified, as a result of interviews with 20 of managers and employees in different organizations and referring to The theoretical foundations in this field have been obtained. Based on this, the interviews were implemented, and then the initial coding was done. The sampling method in the qualitative part was a combination of targeted judgment methods and snowball method (non-probability methods). In the quantitative part, the research tool was a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. The number of sample people was determined based on the random sampling method, and the questionnaire was distributed electronically among the 157 employees of various government organizations. To analyze the findings, exploratory factor analysis was used to cluster strategies. The software used in this research was SPSS.Discussion and ResultsAfter studying the research literature, in the qualitative part, semi-structured interviews were conducted with some employees in the organizations mentioned in the previous section. From the 11th interview onwards, no new content was added, but despite this, the interviews continued until the 20th interview, when theoretical saturation was achieved in the 20th interview, and finally 21 indicators were extracted from the texts of the interviews, and these indicators were divided into 2 categories. Also In the quantitative section, after statistical analysis, the indicators were categorized into 6 clusters.ConclusionIn the qualitative part, the indicators were classified into two categories, individual strategies and organizational strategies based on their nature. In the quantitative part, after performing the statistical analysis process, the indicators were categorized based on 6 components, which are: managerial, specialized, confrontational, individual, organizational, and legal strategies. Management strategies are strategies that people in a management position can use as a tool to cope with the phenomenon of organizational bullying and control the conditions in the organization. Specialized strategies are strategies that are related to the scientific and communication field, and the victim uses his scientific and communication expertise to cope with it. confrontational strategies are strategies that, if used, can bring unpleasant consequences for the victim and somehow force him to bear irreparable costs. Individual strategies are strategies based on the victim and only involve him. Organizational strategies are strategies that are used at the level of the organization and have a collective nature and, of course, in individual cases, and finally, legal strategies are strategies that are related to the laws and legal foundations of organizational and professional behavior, and the victim is Being aware of them can help to cope with bullying.

Abstract The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is a two-stage (pre-intentional and post-intentional) behavioral change model that distinguishes between motivation and volition in behavior change process. This study aims to develop HAPA-based assessments for smoking cessation among current smokers. The HAPA-based measures were developed and the draft measures included nine constructs, namely, risk perception in smoking-induced cancer, risk perception in smoking-induced systemic disease, positive outcome expectancy, negative outcome expectancy, self-efficacy in quitting smoking, self-efficacy in maintaining, self-efficacy in re-initiating, quitting planning and coping planning in smoking cessation, with a total of 26 items. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in China in 2022. Principal Component Analysis was used for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Cronbach’s α coefficient was calculated to evaluate the internal consistency. Variables such as severity of smoking addiction were selected to evaluate the correlation between the HAPA scale and these variables. Of the 928 participants, 76.4% (709/928) were male and the median age was 35 years. Five factors were extracted by EFA. The factor loadings of each item were all greater than 0.60, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 90.15%. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of each HAPA-based subscales was 0.929–0.986. The HAPA-based measurements are comprehensive, reliable and valid in the assessment of smokers’ smoking cessation cognition, which can be used to guide the design and implementation of intervention and the development of theory.

Abstract Background By 2035, the number of newly diagnosed cancer cases will double and over 50% will be in older adults. Given this rapidly growing demographic, a need exists to understand how age influences oncology patients’ symptom burden. The study purposes were to evaluate for differences in the occurrence, severity, and distress of 38 symptoms in younger (

Sisi Zhang,1 Miao Yu,2 Yu Zhang,2 Conying Liang,2 Dayi Hu,1 Dao Wen Wang,1 Xiaoping Meng2 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiaoping Meng, Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, &num;1473 Gongnong Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130000, People’s Republic of China, Email xiopingmeng@126.comPurpose: This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the cardiac rehabilitation barriers scale to the Chinese, and examine its reliability and validity among the older population.Methods: An approach comprising translation, cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity examination in the Chinese version was conducted in two hospitals in Jilin, China. The t-tests were used to compare the sex differences between each item. Participants included Chinese individuals > 60 who were eligible for the cardiac rehabilitation program.Results: In total, 325 participants completed the questionnaire with an average age of 61.23 ± 9.68 years. The item-total correlations were 0.432 to 0.678. Factor analysis of CRBS-C (Kaiser Meyer Olkin = 0.867, Bartlett’s test p = 0.000) revealed four factors: logistical factors, comorbidities/functional status, perceived need/healthcare factors, and work/time conflict. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated a good model fit (χ 2/df = 1.84, RMSEA = 0.051, CFI = 0.953, TLI = 0.945, SRMR=0.046). Cronbach’s alpha was 0.88 for the scale, ranging from 0.801 to 0.88 for each item, which indicates the internal reliability was acceptable.Conclusion: The Chinese version of the CRRS has acceptable reliability and validity in the Chinese elderly population.Keywords: cardiac rehabilitation, internal reliability, cross-cultural adaptation, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis

Background: It is necessary to examine different dimensions of psychometrics in different sciences, and paying attention to the accuracy and precision of the results can lead to the construction of reliable and valid tools; In this article, exploratory factor analysis has been done using SPSS software, version 26. Methods: This research was a brief report that was conducted between 30 January 2023 to 10 October 2023. Reliability means reproducibility and continuity of results in the same conditions, and validity means matching the test with the purpose for which it was designed. Validity includes face, content, criterion and construct validity. To determine construct validity, various methods are used including: convergent validity, divergent validity, internal consistency and factor analysis. Factor analysis is a method that aims to simplify a complex set of data and allows researchers to find a specific pattern among many variables and complex relationships between them which includes exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to estimate hidden factors or variables and reduce the large number of variables. Results: exploratory factor analysis is a statistical method that is used by reducing the number of variables and exploring the underlying structure of a large set of variables with the aim of discovering factors or hidden variables, and its basic assumption is that any variable may be related to any factor. It tries to use factor loadings to discover the factorial structure of the data and by identifying the basic structures, grouping the factors by considering the common meaning of the variables. Conclusion: Reliability means repeatability and validity of the degree of accuracy of the results which are measured through different methods. Exploratory factor analysis uses construct validity measurement methods to simplify the data and provide more reliable and valid tools, so it is very important to pay attention to the accurate and correct measurement of the results in the validation of health system tools.

Abstract Background Interoceptive awareness is a multidimensional construct that refers to the sensation, interpretation, and integration of signals within the body. There is increasing evidence that problems with interoceptive awareness form an important component of mental health problems. The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness 2 (MAIA-2) is presently the most used self-report questionnaire to measure interoceptive awareness. The aim of the present study is to psychometrically evaluate the Dutch version of the MAIA-2. Method The psychometric properties of the MAIA-2-NL were examined in a non-clinical sample of 1054 participants aged between 18 and 83. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were investigated. Factor structure was examined by exploratory factor analysis (EFA), followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results Internal consistency was good, with McDonald’s omega (ω) ranging from 0.67 to 0.89. Test-retest reliability was moderate to good, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from 0.67 to 0.79. Factor analyses suggested a six-factor structure, combining the original subscales Noticing with Emotional awareness and Self-regulation with Body listening. However, a CFA based on the original eight factors showed a somewhat better fit than the CFA based on six factors. Conclusion The MAIA-2-NL is a reliable and valid instrument to measure interoceptive awareness in healthy Dutch adults. We recommend to maintain the original 37 items.

With the popularization of community’s micro-renewal and sustainability concept, the improvement of residents’ satisfaction and the reasonable allocation of resources have become the core elements in the effectiveness evaluation of community renewal. On the basis of fully satisfying the needs of users, building spatial forms through the emotional needs of users can effectively solve the problem of rational allocation of resources in community regeneration, so as to avoid the cost consumption of design trial and error. This paper explores the mapping relationships between residents’ emotional images and the spatial form of mobile exhibition halls in community’s art gallery under Kansei Engineering (KE). The aim is to validate the possibility of the above objectives in addressing the sustainability renewal of a community.First of all, relevant samples are collected and Web crawler technology is used to retrieve relevant Kansei words, and the most representative Kansei words relative to the samples in the exhibition hall are collected. Secondly, the data values corresponding to Kansei words are obtained by using Likert scale, and the Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to cluster Kansei words to obtain seven most representative emotional semantic words, namely, natural, bright, diverse, simple, fun and sustainable. Moreover, in combination with principal component analysis (PCA), three factors structures are obtained, namely the sense of clearness, sense of lucidity and sense of symbiosis. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to get the index weight ranking of each factor structure. The weights, in descending order, are as follows: symbiosis at 0.59, lucidity at 0.33, and clearness at 0.09.Finally, the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tool is used to map the emotional image of the user and the form of the exhibition hall’s components. This process culminates in the formulation of a comprehensive design solutions conprised of six components: background wall of no.3, vehicle placement of no.3, ceiling shape of no.4, lighting of no.4, corridor shape of no.1, front desk shape of no.2. Based on KE, assemblability and recyclable waste wood can, to a certain extent, the exhibition hall design model meets the emotional needs of residents in different communities through diversified exhibition hall assembly design. In addition, the material and assembly mode are also responsive to global sustainable development.