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The synthesis and single-crystal X-ray structures of three N,N,N′-trisubstituted thioureas are reported, namely N,N,N′-tribenzylthiourea, C22H22N2S (1), N-methyl-N,N′-diphenylthiourea, C14H14N2S (2), and N,N-di-n-butyl-N′-phenylthiourea, C15H24N2S (3). The influence of the different substituents on the thioureas is clear from the delocalization of the thiourea C—N and C=S bonds, while the crystal structures show infinite chains of N,N,N′-tribenzylthiourea (1), hydrogen-bonded pairs of N-methyl-N,N′-diphenylthiourea (2) and hexamer ring assemblies of N,N-di-n-butyl-N′-phenylthiourea (3) molecules. The above-mentioned compounds were synthesized via a mild, general procedure, readily accessible precursors and with a high yield, providing straightforward access to a whole library of thioureas.

The development of delivery systems for the immobilization of nucleic acid cargo molecules is of prime importance due to the need for safe administration of DNA or RNA type of antigens and adjuvants in vaccines. Nanoparticles (NP) in the size range of 20–200 nm have attractive properties as vaccine carriers because they achieve passive targeting of immune cells and can enhance the immune response of a weakly immunogenic antigen via their size. We prepared high capacity 50 nm diameter silica@zirconia NPs with monoclinic/cubic zirconia shell by a green, cheap and up-scalable sol–gel method. We studied the behavior of the particles upon water dialysis and found that the ageing of the zirconia shell is a major determinant of the colloidal stability after transfer into the water due to physisorption of the zirconia starting material on the surface. We determined the optimum conditions for adsorption of DNA building blocks, deoxynucleoside monophosphates (dNMP), the colloidal stability of the resulting NPs and its time dependence. The ligand adsorption was favored by acidic pH, while colloidal stability required neutral-alkaline pH; thus, the optimal pH for the preparation of nucleic acid-modified particles is between 7.0–7.5. The developed silica@zirconia NPs bind as high as 207 mg dNMPs on 1 g of nanocarrier at neutral-physiological pH while maintaining good colloidal stability. We studied the influence of biological buffers and found that while phosphate buffers decrease the loading dramatically, other commonly used buffers, such as HEPES, are compatible with the nanoplatform. We propose the prepared silica@zirconia NPs as promising carriers for nucleic acid-type drug cargos.