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ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the bioethical perspectives on mobile tracking device use. Methods: theoretical study based on action research, carried out with eight graduate students from a public university. A focus group was used, with a thematic content analysis methodology with a codebook structure, approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: from the analysis, there was a concern about using devices after the pandemic ended. Using or not the device, rights inherent to humans, legislation and effectiveness of methods deepen interpretations, moving participants from a personalistic conception of the topic to a vision focused on professional implications about the methods. Final considerations: the debate on the impact of using technological devices on health, especially those that imply restriction of rights that refer to individuals’ private life, involves a discussion of a professional nature, in addition to requirement for clear rules on the topic.

Purpose – Qualitative research that involves the use of human participants calls for the need to protect those participants to give their honest view during data collection. This is an important part of every primary data collection in qualitative studies using interviews. This paper aims to investigate all available ethical considerations that need to be observed by the researcher when conducting primary data collection through interview and to explore the theories that underpin the ethics in qualitative studies. Design/methodology/approach – This paper systemically reviewed existing qualitative data on ethics and gathered information that were analysed and presented on the topic area. Findings – The findings show that ethical considerations deal with the various approaches adopted by the researcher to make the participants feel safe to participate in any given researcher. During an interview process in qualitative research, the findings show that anonymity, voluntary participation, privacy, confidentiality, option to opt out and avoiding misuse of findings are ethical considerations that must be observed by the researcher. The outcome of the investigation also shows that deontology and utilitarianism, rights and virtue are the main theories that underpin ethical considerations in research. Originality/value – The rights of the research participants need to be respected in qualitative research to assist in gathering accurate information to achieve the objectives of study. This and other ethical principles such as anonymity, privacy, confidentiality, voluntary participation and option to opt out guide the researcher to systematically adhere to data collection approaches that yield valid results in qualitative data collection using interviews.

The enrichment of bioethical proposals built from and for Latin America has been increasing in recent decades. In order to contribute to this, our objective is to present a proposal for a bioethical interpretation from a philosophical approach based on the identification of central concepts of Mexican philosopher Juliana González Valenzuela. A dual bio-ontological foundation was identified: a) the “dialectic phenomenology of life,” which allows the synthesis between the biological and cultural aspects of human beings, as well as the overcoming of its contradictions; and b) the Homo humanus, which enables the existence of the bio-ethical being affirmed as an authentic being and one who seeks a good life (eu-bios and eu-zoein). Reflection on and critique of the implications that the bio-ontological foundation hypothetically couples to law and power led us to identify main arguments. However, the necessary link between the bio-ethical being and said disciplines was evidenced by virtue of their social and communitarian nature (zoon politikón, ζῷον πολῑτῐκόν).

Green hotels have grown in popularity due to customers' increased awareness of environmental issues. This study aims to construct and evaluate a model that combines the theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the theory of ethics to explain green hotel visitors' intentions and behavior. The study also considers the role of trust & subjective norms as a moderator. The framework of the study was evaluated using a quantitative method. Most of the respondents to the study, which was carried out in Noakhali, Bangladesh, were students at Noakhali Science and Technology University and their family members. The data was collected from 414 respondents and analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. The data collection took around two weeks, starting from December 3, 2021. According to the study's findings, the deontological (Moral obligation and justice) and teleological variables (perceived benefit and perceived risk) significantly influence green hotel visitors' intentions and actual behavior. Moreover, trust noticeably influences the relationship between subjective norm (SN) and Intention, and subjective norm affects the connection between attitude and intention. Therefore, hotel management can utilize this research to examine and understand visitors' intention and actual behavior to visit green hotels, which will assist them in attracting guests by portraying their services as eco-friendly. Furthermore, the findings may help hotel management formulate competitive marketing strategies, design effective promotional tools, and help generate an eco-conscious customer base.

Danny Boyle's film Yesterday (2019) is a contemporary morality play in which the main character, Jack Malik, a failing singer-songwriter, is magically sent to a different possible world in which the Beatles never existed. Possessing his memory of the Beatles’ catalogue in the new possible world, he is now in sole possession of an extremely valuable artifact. Recording and performing the songs of the Beatles and passing them off as his own, he becomes rich, famous, and deeply unhappy. Once he confesses his wrong-doing, however, he is redeemed and his life becomes wonderful. The presupposition that underlays the plot is that in claiming authorship of the songs of the Beatles in a world in which the Beatles never existed, he is acting immorally. But on what theoretical grounds can this intuitive judgment be justified? Can one plagiarize work for which there is no author in one's world? Saul Kripke, in Naming and Necessity, dubs terms that refer in all possible worlds to be “rigid designators” and considers the metaphysics necessary to support them. In this case, it is not reference but moral responsibility that is invariant under changes of possible world and so we must ask a similar question for “rigid obligators.” We argue that a virtue ethics approach is the only way to support the foundational moral intuition.

ABSTRACT Are presented results of experimental pig kidney xenotransplantation in Brazil, which aims to reduce the waiting list mortality due to shortage of organs. Recent clinical results obtained abroad are commented.

Telling Stories -Narrative ethicsThe paper attempts to give a systematic survey of different strands and intentions of “narrative ethics” both in philosophy and in theology, and makes a proposal for how to devel-op narrative ethics in the future. This proposal features three different dimensions of the term “moral vision,”, i.e. morally substantial ideas that are embedded in traditions (Moral Vision 1), the appropriation of these ideas by particular historical cultures or individuals (Moral Vision 2) and moral perception channelled by Moral Vision 2 (Moral Vision 3). Narrative ethics, the paper argues, can describe how (religious) traditions can inspire moral thinking and learning without falling prey to traditionalism. Theological ethics is about forming an ethical culture in which we remind each other of the stories that continue to inspire us and in which we tell each other of our moral world-view and commitments, our strong feelings about the good and the bad which are based in our individual and common lives and not derived from grammatical rules or ultimate principles.

Background: The value framework governing the health system can guide the policymaking. This study presents a set of values governing the health policies for adopting policies that are in harmony with the ideology of Iran. Methods: This study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, using the qualitative approach, Shams et al. framework was adopted to identify values. Identification of health-related national documents (nine documents) was performed purposefully. In the next phase, semi-structured interviews on individual experts in the health system were carried out. The key question was “What values and principles govern the health policy system?” Participants included 15 individuals. Both phases were analyzed based on qualitative content analysis. Results: In this study, a taxonomy of values governing policymaking is presented. Results show that equity in different dimensions, comprehensive health and a healthy human being, pioneering in health in the region, and accountability are the most important terminal vaqlues. Individual responsibility, government responsibility for health, endogenous and extrinsic economics, fair access, transparency, efficiency, quality and integrity in the supply, development and fair allocation of public health resources, and professional commitment are the most important instrumental values in Iran. Participants believed that, despite the many higher-order documents available, the health system policymaking was not based on a predetermined value. Conclusions: It is not enough to provide a set of values in upstream documents for implementation. It is necessary to specify the relative weight of the reference values in policymaking and their relation to each other in order to apply them in policymaking.

Introduction: Edmund D. Pellegrino, one of the leading representatives of virtue ethics in medicine, after a deep analysis of different concepts of medical ethics and bioethics, with their weaknesses and limitations, proposes the return to Aristotelian teleology. In his numerous works devoted to the philosophy of medicine, he makes comprehensively developed and well-presented assumptions and postulates on ethics in medical practice. Strongly embedded in the concept of human nature, referring to the Hippocratic heritage, Thomism and Christian values, theory of ethics is an extremely interesting proposition and seems well suited to the challenges of modern medicine. Objective: The aim of the article is to present a general outline of philosophical assumptions underlying Edmund D. Pellegrino’s medical ethics concept. This outstanding philosopher of medicine, whose contribution to the development of this scientific field is impressive, focuses mainly on a detailed description and indication of sources of medicine and doctor’s moral duties. Conclusions: The work will briefly present fundamental issues for his concept of medical ethics: the nature of medicine and the nature of the doctor–patient relationship, as well as the concept of a good/virtuous? person. Additionally, factors shaping the relationship between a doctor and a sick person, such as the act of medicine, the act of profession and the fact of illness, will also be covered. These factors play a significant role in understanding the nature of the doctor–patient relationship and allow to accurately determine the telos of medicine.

Introduction: The ethics of treatment virtues is currently one of the major ethical trends that enjoys great interest, especially among representatives of medical professions. Medical education is mainly based on character training i.e. preparing students for fulfilling determined roles and attitudes. It is based to exemplarism, mentoring and underlines the importance of master– student relations. A characteristic feature of these types of professions is the fidelity to ethos and moral values cultivated for hundreds of years. Objective: The aim of this article is to present the role of compassion virtue in the work of medical professionals and to provide examples of applying knowledge from this field to clinical and educational practice. Conclusions: The theory of virtues applied to the field of medical ethics allowing for the creation of a catalogue of moral dispositions necessary for adequate fulfilment of professional duties by health care providers. One of the most favoured virtues is that of compassion. This moral disposition is considered, by some theoreticians of the medical and nursing principles, a key and fundamental attribute of a good doctor and nurse. The virtue of compassion due to its typical components i.e. the moral and intellectual dimension, ensures the realization of the goal of medical profession, as well as expectations and needs of a specific patient, undergoing the treatment process. The fully developed virtue of compassion helps to maintain the balance between overprotection and excessive identification with the patient's fate and lack of empathy and formalism. That way the virtue of compassion allows for pursuing medical goals by fulfilling all standards and guidelines in a caring and empathetic way.

Background: The article presents the mutual relations between the components of work ethic and the strategies of coping with stress used by employees of different branches. Material and Methods: Work ethic was presented as a syndrome of the following attitudes: perceiving work as a moral value, treating work as a central value in life, and the belief in the importance of hard work that leads to success. This ethic also consists of the following components: unwillingness to waste time, disapproval of spare time (anti-leisure), willingness to delay gratification, willingness to act honestly at work (morality/ethic), and being independent (self-reliance). Coping strategies were presented as 3 dimensions (obtained by application of factor analysis of the questionnaire scales COPE (Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced)): proactive cognitive operations, avoidance of action and seeking support. Results: The study conducted on 360 employees of different branches shows that the dimensions of the work ethic are moderately related to strategies emphasizing proactive cognitive operations and poorly related to seeking support and avoidance of action. At the same time, the relations between work ethic and avoidance of action are negative (higher work ethic is linked with lower tendency to avoid action). Conclusions: Predictors of proactive cognitive operations are unwillingness to waste time, treating work as a central value in life, willingness to act honestly at work (morality/ethic) and being independent (self-reliance). Med Pr 2017;68(6):711–724

This article uses empirical data from the anthropology of human rights and the ethics of everyday life to examine the relationship between dominant value frames, moral action, and the rise of ‘counter-humanities’ in the form of cultural identitarianism, racial and class-based nationalism, apocalyptic theologies, and nativist populism. This article focuses, in particular, on the emergence and growing power of the value frame of human rights in the post-Cold War period and argues that the more recent spread of violent movements based in forms of moral exclusion was an ironic consequence of the power of human rights. After considering, and then rejecting, the possibility that citizenship can stand in for ‘humanity’ as a more sustainable value frame, the article concludes with an argument for the promise of a post-utopian solidarity inspired by the humanism of Montaigne and More and the pluralism of Berlin.

Background: Values are at the heart of discussions related to policy-making and any kind of reforms in health systems. Despite wide recognition of its importance, the concept of value is still vague and the policy-making processes remain astray with respect to values. This study aims to provide a model of value-based policy-making and to explain the concept value and how it affects policy-making. Methods: The main question of the current study is to explain the concept of value-based policy-making and developing a model, based on the explained concept. In this line, critical review method and Carnwell and Daly approach and using particular keywords related to stewardship, and searching databases were used. In the initial search, 739 studies were obtained, of which using targeted sampling method, 11 studies were finally selected. Then, in order to design and explain different aspects of the value concept in the health system and to develop a model, selected studies were criticized, and finally, the conceptual model of value is designed and explained. Results: The concept of value and its effects, dimensions and its relation to principles, evidence and criteria were determined at different stages of the policy-making process. It was also revealed that value-based policy-making in a health system is contingent upon the realization of terminal values. Conclusions: In the process of selecting the best policy option, it is necessary to identify the relationship between terminal, instrumental, criterion, and evidence to avoid deviating from the reference value framework in any country and to avoid blindly imitating other experiences in other countries.

Introduction: The ethics of treatment virtues is currently one of the major ethical trends that enjoys great interest, especially among representatives of medical professions. Medical education is mainly based on character training i.e. preparing students for fulfilling determined roles and attitudes. It is based to exemplarism, mentoring and underlines the importance of master– student relations. A characteristic feature of these types of professions is the fidelity to ethos and moral values cultivated for hundreds of years. Objective: The aim of this article is to present the role of compassion virtue in the work of medical professionals and to provide examples of applying knowledge from this field to clinical and educational practice. Conclusions: The theory of virtues applied to the field of medical ethics allowing for the creation of a catalogue of moral dispositions necessary for adequate fulfilment of professional duties by health care providers. One of the most favoured virtues is that of compassion. This moral disposition is considered, by some theoreticians of the medical and nursing principles, a key and fundamental attribute of a good doctor and nurse. The virtue of compassion due to its typical components i.e. the moral and intellectual dimension, ensures the realization of the goal of medical profession, as well as expectations and needs of a specific patient, undergoing the treatment process. The fully developed virtue of compassion helps to maintain the balance between overprotection and excessive identification with the patient's fate and lack of empathy and formalism. That way the virtue of compassion allows for pursuing medical goals by fulfilling all standards and guidelines in a caring and empathetic way.

Introduction: Edmund D. Pellegrino, one of the leading representatives of virtue ethics in medicine, after a deep analysis of different concepts of medical ethics and bioethics, with their weaknesses and limitations, proposes the return to Aristotelian teleology. In his numerous works devoted to the philosophy of medicine, he makes comprehensively developed and well-presented assumptions and postulates on ethics in medical practice. Strongly embedded in the concept of human nature, referring to the Hippocratic heritage, Thomism and Christian values, theory of ethics is an extremely interesting proposition and seems well suited to the challenges of modern medicine. Objective: The aim of the article is to present a general outline of philosophical assumptions underlying Edmund D. Pellegrino’s medical ethics concept. This outstanding philosopher of medicine, whose contribution to the development of this scientific field is impressive, focuses mainly on a detailed description and indication of sources of medicine and doctor’s moral duties. Conclusions: The work will briefly present fundamental issues for his concept of medical ethics: the nature of medicine and the nature of the doctor–patient relationship, as well as the concept of a good/virtuous? person. Additionally, factors shaping the relationship between a doctor and a sick person, such as the act of medicine, the act of profession and the fact of illness, will also be covered. These factors play a significant role in understanding the nature of the doctor–patient relationship and allow to accurately determine the telos of medicine.

Hukum merupakan sarana untuk mewujudkan kebahagiaan dan kesejahteraan dalam kehidupan bersama. Tujuan hukum tidak dapat dilepaskan dari tujuan akhir hidup bernegara dan bermasyarakat yang mendasarkan kepada nilai-nilai dan falsafah hidup masyarakat, yakni keadilan. Melalui hukum, individu atau masyarakat dapat menjalani hidup secara layak dan bermartabat. Dengan demikian, hukum yang dapat berperan adalah hukum yang senantiasa mengabdi kepada kepentingan keadilan, ketertiban, keteraturan, dan kedamaian guna menunjang terwujudnya masyarakat yang sejahtera. Permasalahan hukum di Indonesia dihadapkan kepada tantangan untuk mengembalikan hukum sebagai norma tertinggi. Upaya untuk mewujudkan supremasi hukum dipersulit oleh keadaan yang memperlihatkan kediktatoran dari badan legislatif, ketidaksesuaian produk hukum, peningkatan apatisme di dalam masyarakat, serta rendahnya kesejahteraan aparatur hukum. Dengan demikian, tema yang harus diperjuangkan dalam rangka mewujudkan hukum yang menjamin keadilan adalah memperjuangkan hukum dalam Negara Pancasila, memperjuangkan hukum yang responsif, memperjuangkan tata hukum yang hendak dibangun secara hierarkis, serta memperjuangkan negara hukum yang hendak dibangun untuk kesejahteraan dan kebahagiaan bangsa Indonesia. Abstract Law is a tool to enjoying happiness and social welfare in society. The purpose of law cannot be detached from the ultimate aim of living as a society which is based on values and philosophies that rooted in society, called justice. Thus, the main function of law are to serve the interest of justice, orders, and peace to support achievement of a welfare society. The challenge in Indonesia is how to restore the law as the highest norm. An attempt to enhance the rule of law facing difficulties by legislative dictatorship, incompatibility of laws, the increase of social apathy, and low level welfare of legal apparatus. Hence, the theme that should be fought for in order to achieve law and justice are the inclusion of law into Pancasila State, responsive law, hierarchical rule of law, and also create rule of law system to establish a welfare state of Indonesia.

This paper focuses on the psychological realism requirement which should be met by any ethical theory. Even if one should not make normative conclusions out of descriptive presumptions, there are still some limitations resulting from our nature about which one should remember when formulating moral ideals. One should not impose moral ideals which may require of people more than they would ever be able to bear. The paper’s aim is to emphasize how important it is to ethics to pay attention to the empirical research carried out within psychology which show that a large part of our thought and volitional processes is automatic or semi-automatic. This means that ethicists cannot exclusively concentrate on regulating reflective processes which underlie consciously made decisions. If ethics is to avoid marginalization, ethicists must also focus on those automatic processes which control human thinking and action, especially in the circumstances of a total “ego-depletion”, e.g. when we are tired, hungry, or under a strong influence of unstable emotions. The paper shows that virtue ethics is this kind of ethical approach which meets the psychological realism condition most successfully.

An international orientation has been a primary goal of media ethics, especially since the MacBride Report (1980), as can be seen in cases, issues and codes of ethics that have been adopted in different countries. But work in ethical theory has also been increasingly committed to an international perspective, and three examples of it (besides the classical Habermas’ discourse ethics) are discussed in this essay: feminist ethics of care, African communal ethics, and Confucian media ethics. All these theories emphasize, in their specific ways, three major ethical principles – truth, human dignity, non-violence – that emerge from a common protonorm, a kind of first belief that can be found in all religions, philosophies, and cultures: the sacredness of life. Given the dilemmas and moral issues that the media face in today’s volatile world, a commitment with these universal values will give communication education and practice long-term vitality.

Harith B. Asad Al-Muhasibi (165-243) has long been recognized by Islamic scholars as the real master of the first period of Islamic mysticism. Considering his ethical views in his works, Muhasibi, can be certainly mentioned as a moral philosopher. Al-Muhasibi’s most important work, Riaya lihuquq Alla, is perhaps the finest manual for the spiritual life which Islam has generated. This paper presents Muhasibi’s moral system based on his views

Stephen Stich is one of the most outstanding psychologist and philosophers in the both ethics and mind fields. He merged psychological and philosophical traditions into one and became the source of many studies in moral psychology and philosophy of mind. This article claimed that theory of mind, theory of world, and theology of every philosopher would construct their moral theory. By such a view, we will first analyze the meta-ethics of stich’s theory in both ontological and epistemological aspects and then try to find the metaphysical connections between his mind theory and ethics. Finally, we will mention how such a cognitive and non-dualistic approach can shape those aspects and give Stich a permission to overcome folk psychology and find his way into cognitive psychology and experimental approaches in constructing his ethical theory.

Enfermería precisa un cambio cualitativo en la práctica profesional, por ello se sugiere transitar de la profesionalización al profesionalismo en enfermería como camino para alcanzar la excelencia profesional y la calidad en el cuidado. La tesis se desarrolla a través de la argumentación dialéctica y desde una perspectiva cualitativa que pone en acción la reflexividad de las autoras. Esto con el propósito de exponer al colectivo enfermero la necesidad de transmitir entre generaciones de profesionales el hábito del profesionalismo como vía para el logro de la excelencia profesional y la satisfacción personal en la práctica del cuidado. El argumento presenta al cuidado como objeto de estudio de enfermería y la enfermería como profesión y disciplina desde una perspectiva histórica integrando el concepto de profesionalización en enfermería. A la vez expone el concepto de profesionalismo analizado desde la antropología filosófica y concretada desde la ética de los cuidados y del cuidado en enfermería. Esto para mostrarlo como ideal para cada profesional y como un hábito operativo que resulta de la integración de la teoría (conocimiento) y la práctica (“saber hacer” y “saber moral”) en el ejercicio de la profesión. Y para lograrlo se propone enseñar a usar la reflexividad a través de un modelo para la aplicación del principio universal de bonus integra causa o buena en todas las etapas para aprender a tomar decisiones con autonomía en la acción de cuidar en enfermería.A enfermagem precisa de uma mudança qualitativa na prática profissional, por isso, sugere-se transitar da profissionalização para o profissionalismo em enfermagem como caminho para atingir a excelência profissional e a qualidade no cuidado. A tese se desenvolve através da argumentação dialética e desde uma perspectiva qualitativa que aciona a reflexibilidade das autoras no intuito de expor ao coletivo enfermeiro a necessidade de exprimir às gerações o hábito do profissionalismo como caminho à conquista da excelência profissional e a satisfação pessoal na prática do cuidado. O argumento apresenta o cuidado como objeto de estudo de enfermagem e a enfermagem como profissão e disciplina desde uma perspectiva histórica integrando o conceito de profissionalização em enfermagem. Por sua vez, expõe o conceito de profissionalismo analisado desde a antropologia filosófica e concretizada desde a ética dos cuidados e do cuidado de enfermagem para mostrá-lo como ideal para cada profissional e como um hábito operativo que decorre da integração da teoria (conhecimento) e a prática (“saber fazer” e “saber moral”) na prática da profissão. Na procura desse objetivo, propõe-se ensinar a usar a reflexibilidade através de um modelo para aplicar o principio universal de “bônus íntegra causa” ou “boa em todas as etapas” para aprender a tomar decisões com autonomia na ação de cuidados de enfermagem.Nursing requires a qualitative change in the professional practice. Thereby, we suggest going from professionalization to professionalism in nursing as a means to reach professional excellence and health care quality. The dissertation goes further through a dialectic line of arguments and on the basis of qualitative perspective that triggers reflection in the authors with the aim of introducing nurses to the need of passing through the habit of professionalism as a way of achieving professional excellence and personal satisfaction in health care practices. The argument resembles care as the subject of nursing studies and nursing as a profession and discipline from a historical perspective that integrates the concept of professionalization in nursing. Similarly, it presents the concept of professionalism analyzed from the philosophical anthropology materialized in the ethics of care and disabled or ill persons in nursing practices with a view to showcase it as the ideal for each professional and as an operational habit derived from the integration of theory (knowledge) and practice (“savoir faire” and “moral knowledge”) in the practice of profession. The research proposes to teach how to use reflexivity through a model for applying the universal principle of bonus integra causa or good at all stages to learn how to make decisions with autonomy in nursing care actions.

The main question of this article is whether it is possible in Kant's ethical theory that an ethical agent commits mistake in recognizing a right ethical judgment or not. In order to reply to this question, first the place of wrong ethical judgment in Kant's ethical theory is considered. Then, by referring to the two main ethical principles in Kant's theory, i.e. universality and autonomy, it is tried to show that these principles are united in Kant’s view and this unity constitutes the basis of his theory and makes him not to accept the possibility of wrong ethical judgment in his ethical theory.

It is widely acknowledged that public health practice raises ethical issues that require a different approach than traditional biomedical ethics. Several frameworks for public health ethics have been proposed, however, none of them provides a practice-oriented combination of the two necessary components: (1) A set of normative criteria based on an explicit ethical justification and (2) a structured methodological approach for applying the resulting normative criteria to concrete public health issues. Building on prior work in the field and integrating valuable elements of other approaches to public health ethics, we present a systematic ethical framework that shall guide professionals in planning, conducting, and evaluating public health interventions.Based on a coherentist model of ethical justification, the proposed framework contains (1) an explicit normative foundation with five substantive criteria and seven procedural conditions to guarantee a fair decision process, and (2) a six-step methodological approach for applying the criteria and conditions to the practice of public health and health policy. The framework explicitly ties together ethical analysis and empirical evidence, thus striving for evidence-based public health ethics. It shall provide normative guidance to those who analyze the ethical implications of public health practice including academic ethicists, health policy makers, health technology assessment bodies, and public health professionals.It will enable those who implement a public health intervention and those affected by it (i.e. the target population) to critically assess whether and how the required ethical considerations have been taken into account. Thereby, the framework can contribute to assuring the quality of ethical analysis in public health. Whether the presented framework will be able to achieve its goals has to be determined by evaluating its practical application.

The author re-examines Hare’s claim about universal prescriptivism as the most adequate ethical theory in the narrow sense. Validity of that standpoint is being verified in relation to some rival conceptions, and through the requirements which have to be satisfied in order that an ethical theory can be called adequate.

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The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of ethical precepts with feminine centrality in literary texts. To reach this goal the researchers have analyzed the text of 'A Doll's House" according to a number of ethical tenets and the response of the female heroin Nora to these tenets. Thus those parts of "A Doll's House" appropriate to this analysis were chosen and in order to judge the consistency of this view the opinion of 20 students were obtained about certain scenes and their opinion was reviewed. Our findings indicate that while there is considerable correlation among three theories , the cognitive and pragmatic approach was insufficient as an explanation whereas the more caring approach was more significant in interpreting feelings and affection. These views help to understand the development of the female heroin of the play

Objective: To study the knowledge on professional deontology amongst doctors in prisons. Materials and Method: Descriptive, transversal and multi-centre study. Labour, collegiate, social, demographic and deontological variables were collected. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed. A bivariate analysis was made by binary logistic regression models, attending to the odds ratio, and assuming a 95% confidence interval. Data was processed by SPSS v.20 software. Results: 118 doctors replied. 68 men (57.6%), with an average age of 51 years (50-53). 100 know about the Deontology Committee (84.7%), but just 77 (65.3%) know its functions properly. 42 (35.6%) know about the existence of the Deontological Code, and 37 (31.3%) have read and apply it. Those who made a correct definition of deontology do find more deontological issues in their daily work [23(46.9%) vs. 18(26.1%); OR: 2.506; IC95%: 1.153-5.451; p=0.020] and would denounce a colleague more often to the Medical Association [40(81.6%) vs. 42 (60.9%); OR: 2.857; IC95%: 1.197-6.819; p=0.018]. Older ones know more about the deontology commissions' functions [54(73%) vs. 23(52.3%); OR: 2.465; IC95%: 1.127-5.394; p=0.024] and have already denounced situations to the Medical Association [27(36.5% vs. 5(11.4%); OR: 4.481; IC95%: 1.577-12.733; p=0.005], but think that a different Care Ethics Committee is unnecessary [57(77%) vs. 42(95.5%); OR: 0.160; IC95%: 0.035- 0.729; p=0.018]. Conclusions: Prison doctors know little about what professional deontology really is. This knowledge increases with age in the profession and is associated with an increased perception of deontological issues in daily practice.

Resumo A evolução tecnocientífica tem imposto desafios à sociedade e, particularmente, à medicina. Mudanças sociais nas relações médico-paciente e entre profissionais da saúde demandam novas formas de regulação dessas relações. O atual Código de Ética Médica adota o modelo principialista norte-americano como referencial ético, universalista, baseado na autonomia, em descompasso com a emergente bioética latino-americana, que tem como pressupostos teóricos a pluralidade dos sujeitos morais e a prática multi, inter e transdisciplinar, orientada para saúde pública e coletiva e defesa dos mais vulnerados. O texto reflete sobre aspectos históricos conformadores das profissões e seus códigos e as razões do descompasso da evolução da bioética no Brasil e da revisão do Código de Ética Médica. Igualmente, reflete sobre os desafios contemporâneos para o poder médico, que impõem ampliação do debate ético para elaboração de formatos mais democráticos dos códigos profissionais, tendo como eixo estruturante a Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos.

Resumo A obra “Principles of biomedical ethics”, de Tom L. Beauchamp e James F. Childress, embasadora do principialismo, é o livro mais estudado no campo da bioética, tendo participado decisivamente do processo de consolidação e expansão mundial da disciplina. Seus quatro princípios, contudo, advêm de teorias diferentes: o princípio da autonomia foi retirado da teoria kantiana (Kant); a beneficência, da teoria utilitarista (Mill); a justiça, da teoria da justiça (Rawls); e a não maleficência, da teoria da moralidade comum (Clouser e Gert). A partir da década de 1990, diversas críticas surgiram quanto à homogeneidade epistemológica da proposta. Foram então introduzidas transformações na obra, que são objeto deste estudo, especialmente a teoria da moralidade comum, incorporada como fundamentação do principialismo, da 4ª edição em diante. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a inclusão da referida teoria ao principialismo, analisando criticamente seu conteúdo a partir das quatro últimas edições do livro.

Objetivou-se discutir, pelo prisma da bioética social, como se configura a inserção das disciplinas de ética, deontologia e bioética no ensino da naturologia no Brasil. Sob abordagem qualitativo-descritiva e por meio de investigação documental e de campo, realizou-se o estudo em duas universidades brasileiras. Participaram seis docentes mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas que permitiram analisar os seis planos de ensino, três de cada curso. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo e resultaram em quatro categorias: 1) características gerais das disciplinas que envolvem o estudo da ética, bioética e deontologia; 2) bioética como disciplina no curso de naturologia: temas e referenciais de análise; 3) abordagens teóricas da ética estudadas na naturologia; 4) estudo da deontologia no ensino da naturologia. Considera-se necessário ampliar a carga horária das disciplinas de ética e bioética e assinala-se a necessidade da constante reflexão sobre a prática profissional voltada para a realidade social brasileira.

Resumo A bioética é vista por muitos médicos como disciplina que deve substanciar decisões e condutas em situações dilemáticas, indicando regras de ação racionais e universais. Nesse cenário, a perspectiva da ética das virtudes propõe substituição da pergunta de “como agir” para “como se constituir”; e, formando o próprio caráter, permitir que a pessoa seja capaz de tomar as decisões da vida, inclusive profissionais, de forma sábia e prudente. Neste ensaio, apresentar-se-á a perspectiva da ética aristotélica, seus autores contemporâneos e as respostas às principais críticas, explicitando vantagens que esse referencial oferece à deliberação médica – suas características valorativa, particularista e teleológica. Mais do que proclamar um paciente autônomo e um profissional que busca regras externamente estabelecidas, a ética das virtudes reconhece que paciente e profissional estão inseridos em comunidades, tradições e culturas, respeitando valores e virtudes, em busca do fim determinado de suas práticas e vidas.