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The study examined the evolution of the Kapampangan language over time through the use of historical texts, dictionaries, and linguistic tools, such as interview guides and word lists. Data were taken from 62 informants in 31 towns in the Kapampangan-speaking region; the provinces of Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Bataan were included in the study. Elders who were 60 years old and above, and young adults aged 17-30 years old were the main sources of information for the study. One criterion was that the participants must be native Kapampangans, meaning they were born, grew up, and currently live in the province where Kapampangan is spoken. It compared the collected data from the past to the present day. The study also examined the impact of industrial and technological advancements on language evolution. The study revealed that the Kapampangan language has been influenced by Tagalog due to its geographical proximity, and most of the younger generation has adopted this change, assimilating elements of Tagalog. In addition, social media and technological innovations have contributed to this trend.

This article aims to investigate the development of undergoer voice construction in Javanese from 10th century to 21st century. This research discusses the development of undergoer voice constructions by focusing on affix markers and the presence of agent arguments, especially agents in the form of first-person personal pronouns. The method employed in this research is a qualitative approach by utilizing corpus linguistic methods for data collection. The data sources used are taken from literary texts written include prose and poetry from the 10th to the 21st century. There are 12 texts that are used as data sources in this research. The literary works vary both temporally and regionally. The results claim that Javanese does not have completely the same type of construction as Filipino has the same type as Indonesian in respect to the presence of proclitic in the undergoer voice construction. The findings indicate that agents in the form of first and second-person personal pronouns are crucial in the study of undergoer voice construction in Austronesian languages as they determine the development of undergoer voice constructions. This study provides opportunities for similar research with data sources other than literary works to further strengthen conclusions regarding the disappearance of intransitive undergoer constructions in the Javanese language.

This study aims to trace the linguistic thinking of the author of a Romanian language textbook, used as a “Romanian as a second language” coursebook. The novelty lies in the fact that the work we have studied is the first of its kind in the history of Romanian language grammars and that its author is not a native speaker of Romanian, but a Frenchman, i.e., one of the declared beneficiaries of this particular type of book. It gathers multiple perspectives as it is a descriptive, synchronic but also diachronic grammar. At the same time, it is contrastive-typological research, but it also contains teaching methodology indications. Furthermore, it bears the marks of interculturality and alterity, as language facts are explained from the point of view of the foreigner who receives them, not of the native speaker who utters them.

This mini-review gives an overview of diachronic multimodality research, an approach that multimodality scholars have pursued only rarely so far. Acknowledging the comparably large share of case studies in this line of research, this paper sets out by surveying empirical contributions. Many of them also provide discussions of selected theoretical and methodological aspects, which are subsequently collated and complemented with concepts from a number of more extensive theoretical proposals. Identifying main developments in diachronic multimodality studies and avenues for future work, this review seeks to support its growth into a mature research strand with a solid theoretical basis, a versatile methodological toolbox, and a broad range of research objects.

Is there anything outstanding about the history of law in Poland? Is it particularly conducive to comparative research? In my attempt to answer these questions, I focussed on presenting two distinct comparative law methods: historical legal comparison and comparative legal history. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part elaborates on the characteristics of the respective methods and on the challenges of comparative legal history in a temporally diachronic perspective and why they are not so pronounced in historical legal comparison. In this part, I tried to document the claim that the existence of a comparative platform of similarities is a condition to obtain more reliable and better-documented results of comparative research. In the second part, I focussed on three cases visualising the possibilities for comparative legal research on the history of law in Poland. Regarding the pre-partition times, I analysed the comparative possibilities related to an analysis of the impact of the Roman law on the Old Polish legal culture. The other two examples concerned the history of law in post-partition Poland. First, I explored the potential triggered by the adoption of foreign laws in Poland in terms of comparative research. I used French commercial law to exemplify the problem. Then, I undertook to show the dormant potential of the particular situation of Poland divided into different legal areas for the development of the country’s own codes of law.

Variation is one of the most commonly used concepts in translatology. To one degree or another, it becomes obvious in an interlingual transfer of texts of various genres; however, first of all, one has to deal with it when translating pieces of fiction (broadly speaking). This becomes especially evident in cases when one and the same source text has several versions in another language (or in other languages). First of all, this applies to the Bible, which surpasses other literary masterpieces in the number of existing translations into different languages and also has the longest tradition of interlingual transfers. Such fact determines the relevance of the subject of this article. Despite a large number of studies on various aspects of the Holy Writ translations, a number of issues related to their variation cannot be considered fully investigated, which makes it possible to speak of the scientific novelty of this article. A few fragments of the versions created in different languages were used as the material for this research, and the method of comparative analysis was applied for their study. The research results lead to the following conclusions: a) the variation in different translations of the selected fragments may be caused by both objective and subjective factors; b) the availability of the so-called unclarities in the source text, which allow for different interpretations, leads to significant differences in their representation in the target language; c) the aiming for pragmatic adaptation of the content for a foreign cultural audience in a number of cases entails the replacement of realities, sometimes distorting the actualness shown in the original text; d) modern translations may reflect issues related to political correctness, an inclusive language, etc., which do not always correspond to the ideology of the source text.

The archaeological study of the Maltese Islands has received considerable scholarly attention in regard to its island settings and long-term human occupation. However, emphasis on the prehistoric periods of the archipelago runs the risk of creating a biased focus with limited engagement in successive periods. In the spirit of this edited volume, the present article seeks to provide a broader chronological view of two rural areas in the larger island of Malta: Ta’ Qali and ix-Xarolla. These two areas have offered some evidence, through intermittent discoveries from recent construction activities, of three broad periods of increased landscape manipulation and transformation during the Middle-Late Bronze Age, Roman, and Early Modern periods. In seeking to provide an islandscape-based narrative, this article seeks to show that the Maltese Islands experienced periods of more intense human occupation that would have inevitably impacted the agriculturally viable areas of Ta’ Qali and ix-Xarolla. Therefore, despite the Roman period focus of this edited volume, this article takes a long-term view of two rural areas to illustrate identifiable landscape uses and changes.

Abstract While the loss of species is a well‐known phenomenon drawing much attention, the loss of traditional ecological knowledge is more insidious and goes unnoticed. India, a mega‐biodiverse country, is home to many indigenous communities known for their historical conservation strategies entwined in traditional beliefs. Using focus groups, questionnaire surveys, in‐depth interviews, and in‐class test, this study explores the differences in knowledge and attitudes towards conserving biodiversity amongst four stakeholder groups living around two national parks in the state of Uttarakhand. Forest officers highlight lack of documentation of traditional practices and its coverage in school curricula. School children's test results show lowest scores in biodiversity amongst all science subjects. Village elders' responses show alienation, with some having to change their traditional means of livelihood due to environmental degradation. General public showed interest, awareness and admiration for ancestral ways of living in co‐existence with nature. Along with its ethical, cultural and societal dimensions, biodiversity plays a critical role in sustaining ecosystems and supporting livelihoods. In times of environmental uncertainty when the experiences of the living past may not be directly applicable, its recognition as a tried and tested inventory could be a beneficial resource that needs capturing before it is lost forever.

Palatalization is a process through which non-palatal consonants acquire palatality, either through a shift in place of articulation from a non-palatal region to the hard palate or through the superimposition of palatal qualities on a non-palatal consonant. In both cases, there is a front, non-low vowel or a palatal glide that triggers the process. In this paper, I examine the palatalization phenomena in Bùlì using Feature Geometry within the non-linear generative phonological framework. I argue that both full and secondary palatalization occur in Buli. The paper further explains that, the long high front vowel /i:/, triggers the formation of a palato-alveolar affricate which is realized in the Central dialect of Bùlì, where the Northern and Central dialects retain the derived palatal stop.

Abstract Persian light verbs have changed in terms of frequency of use in the course of time. The study of frequency changes of various common light verbs in the long history of Persian language seems reasonable, but the study of light verbs in the course of a relatively short period (a century) for the purpose of showing syntactic changes, can be a matter of significance. The present study deals with such topic. A diachronic study of the use of Persian light verbs in different periods sheds light on the processes leading to the formation of light verbs. In fact, studying the frequency of a number of light verbs during a century can lead to the discovery of how they turned into light verbs. Our purpose in this study is to analyze five Persian light verbs dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take) and didan (see) in five periods during a century (1220-1320 AH). In this study, 15000 simple and complex predicates, extracted from newspaper texts, have carefully been analyzed. In each period, the number of complex predicates based on type and token has been identified. This study shows that the light verb dӑštan has been regarded as the main light verb in the periods under study. This study also shows that the verb didan hasn't been used as a light verb in the last three periods, while it has been commonly used as light verb in the primary periods and has turned into a lexical verb in the course of time. This study also shows that the frequency of the mentioned light verbs during five periods indicates fluctuation; however, it is possible to reach a reasonable conclusion through a well-disciplined procedure. Key words: light verb, frequency, diachronic, type, token, predicate, Persian Introduction It is quite evident that the concept ‘verb’ denotes action and state at any rate in most languages. If we consider, for instance, the verb didan in Persian in the sentence [Ali film rӑ did. / Ali saw the film.], we find that the simple verb [did/saw], based on its semantic features, involves different arguments; in fact, this verb requires an external argument as "seer" (Ali) and an internal argument as "seen" (the film). Of course, this characteristic indicates the verb valence. Then, considering the verb [did] (saw) in the sentence [Ali ӑsib did./Ali was hurt], we find that the verb [did] is accompanied by a preverbal element "noun" and involves just the external argument and has become void of semantic content to a great extent; that is, its meaning is conceptually lightened. In fact, the light verb [did] acts as a verb maker in the sentence and, at the same time, cannot assign theta role to an internal argument and consequently dose not demand an internal argument. LVs are defined as constructions with a limited or even no semantic content, Brugman (2001); they have ever been challenging for linguists and linguistics theories. From the time, the term "light verb" was brought forth for discussion by Jespersen (1940), it has mainly been considered as a specific category and, unlike other linguistic categories, does not have the so-called syntactic and semantic features. Grammarians and linguists have different opinions about complex predicates; some are definitely sure of their being existent in Persian language and have begun to define them; some have doubts about their existence, and some others, in addition to defining them, consider them as having various kinds. Many Persian grammarians have paid considerable attention to the verb construction and have divided them into simple, prefixal and compound verbs. Homayun Farox (1958, 469-470) names some verbs having various concepts other than their real meanings; these verbs are accompanied by other preverbal elements such as [nouns, adjectives, adverbs] to make new complex predicates. He, pointing out the complex predicates as [qasam xordan ‘swear’, qebteh xordan ‘envy’, zamin xordan ‘fall’, etc.], states that the basic meaning of the verbal element in these complex predicates isn't intended; the intention is just to make a new verb which does not have a spontaneous existence in Persian. He is also of the opinion that it is possible to change intransitive verbs into transitive ones and vice versa with such LVs. Materials & Method In this article, five Persian light verbs including dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take), didan (see) in five periods during a century (1841-1941). To this aim, we search certain Persian newspapers published between 1841- 1941. For the five periods we searched serial newspapers VAQAYE- ETFAGIYE (1831s), AKHTAR (1851s), TARBIYAT (1871s), SOORO-E ESRAFIL (1891s) and CHEHRE NEMA (1911s) respectively. Three thousand verbs were randomly extracted and recorded. Then, all light and lexical verbs were analyzed by a software called Ant Conc. First, simple light and lexical verbs are analyzed. Then complex predicates will be carefully analyzed. Table one compares the light verbs dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take), didan (see) with respect to their frequency during the five distinct periods. The light verb dӑštan (have) is the most frequent in all five periods. Its frequency is 104, 80, 120, 105, 107 times in the five periods respectively. dӑštan alone accounts for at least %56 of light verb uses in each period. In the first and second periods dӑštan is more frequent than other light verbs in complex predicates. The second rank in use is for ӑmadan whose frequency is 54, 26, 31, 20 and 21 respectively. The third light verb under study is the verb ӑvardan (bring), which, with respect to its usage frequency and rank, shows a decreasing trend as having 25%, 16%, 15%, 10% and 11% occurrences respectively from the first to the last period. The fourth light verb under study is the verb didan (see) which has been mainly used as a lexical verb. The last verb under study is the light verb is gereftan (take) with the occurrences of 6%, 10%, 11%, 16% and 13% respectively from the first to the last period, has almost changed to a light verb. The data in table (1) indicate that this verb has proved to be a lexical verb in the first and second periods, then from the third period onwards, it has formally changed into the light verb. Conclusion In this article, about 60 complex constructions consisting of the LVs dӑštan (have), ӑmadan (come), ӑvardan (bring), gereftan (take), didan (see) along with their preverbal elements, extracted from different newspapers, have been carefully investigated in the course of five periods in a century (1841-1941). This research shows fundamental differences among these light verbs in relation with their usage frequencies, in a way that the light verb dӑštan (have) accounted for having the highest usage frequencies within these five periods as a whole, devotes nearly two third of all the complex predicate constructions to itself. The next light verb standing the second rank, is the LV ӑmadan (come) which can be regarded as devoting more than %16 of all the light verbs to itself. Then the light verb ӑvardan (bring), which is regarded as devoting more than 14% of all the complex constructions to itself. The LV gereftan (take), devotes more than 12% of all complex construction to itself. The LV verb didan (see) has devoted only %.2 of usage to itself within the century under study; this shows that the LVs didan (see) hasn't been really recognized as formal light verb in the course of these periods under study.

This paper seeks to address the relation between semantics, pragmatics and the productivity of a low level lexico-grammatical construction, Have the N (body part/attitude) to ↔metapragmatic comment. The question posed is how semantics affects productivity, in the generative sense of extensibility of a construction (a form meaning pairing). The method identifies the specificity and variations of the Have the N (body part/attitude) to ↔metapragmatic comment construction within the pragmeme of politeness using the COHA. Hereafter, we consider how to measure the extensibility within the onomasiological frame based on the available pool of forms expressing an attitude/emotion, i.e., the coverage or attractivity of the Have the N to construction. The paper discusses the findings, namely, how to overcome methodological issues relating to a qualitative rather than quantitative approach to the constructional architecture and the relative productivity of constructions. The experimental small scale corpus study of Have the N to in the COHA suggests that a global view of constructional architecture at multiple levels should be pertinent to identifying the extensibility potential of the construction.

In Mediterranean hinterlands, land abandonment has led to the encroachment of woody vegetation prone to fire. The resulting alternation between vegetation closure and sudden opening modifies the composition of avifauna. We first conducted a stratified sampling of the avifauna in a grassland-to-forest gradient representing the closure of vegetation after abandonment (space-for-time substitution). We then conducted postfire diachronic sampling (up to 42 years) on stations belonging to this gradient. Mid-successional shrubland avifauna was the most radically modified after fire—ground-nesting species replacing shrub-nesting species—without significant change in species numbers. In the medium term, shrub-nesting birds widened their distribution in the landscape. While avifauna postfire successions in shrubland paralleled the spontaneous colonization of grasslands by woody vegetation, postfire forest successions were distinguished by the persistence of certain forest birds, resulting in assemblages of high diversity in which open-habitat birds coexisted with forest species. This temporary vegetation–avifauna mismatch results from both the reluctance of open-habitat birds to enter burned areas because of numerous snags, and the site fidelity of breeding birds. This inertia mitigates the short-term impact of fire. In the long term, spontaneous or postfire successions converge towards a homogeneous forest avifauna, to the detriment of open-habitat species of high conservation value.

Despite widespread interest and research among applied linguists to explore metadiscourse use, very little is known of how metadiscourse resources have evolved over time in response to the historically developing practices of academic communities. Motivated by such an ambition, the current research drew on a corpus of 874315 words taken from three leading journals of applied linguistics in order to trace the diachronic evolution of stance markers in methodology section of research articles from 1996 to 2016. Hyland’s (2005b) model of metadiscourse was adopted for the analysis of the selected corpus. The data were explored using concordance software AntConc (Anthony, 2011). Moreover, a Chi-Square statistical measure was run to determine statistical significances. The analysis revealed a significant decline in the overall frequency of stance markers in methodology section of RAs. Interestingly, this decrease was entirely due to the overall decline in the use of self-mentions. Approaching interactional dimension of academic writing from such a diachronic perspective, it might be argued that the very selective use of stance markers by academic writers over time means metadiscourse does not operate in vacuum and is sensitive to changes within disciplines and their academic practices.

The Sebkha of Oran, given its large size, is considered to be a remarkable feature of the west Algeria. The study of its evolution proved to be essential, following many interrogations specifically concerning its extension and its role in the ecological balance of the region. We aim to study the changes of the Sebkha over the last 20 years. To conduct the study, we used the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, which offers spatial and temporal, regular, and precise tracking of surfaces. The diachronic analysis, based on amplitude images captured between 1992 and 2011, demonstrated the possibility of mapping the sebkha at different dates in order to apprehend its evolution over this period. The results obtained reveal a southwesterly extension caused by the phenomenon of saline crystallization gradually and steadily gaining ground, which corresponds to the inclination of the basin and the main wind direction of the region.

This article examines the influence of formulations and lines of European medieval thought and culture during the two main processes of American political history: the American Wars of Independence and Between the States. In these moments of enormous significance, we can perceive a series of formulations alive since Middle Age centuries; principles with a no evident but relevant influence in mentality and perception during the conflicts. These are: federalism, constitutionalism, canon law, the concept of war, the reception of the work of Dante Alighieri and his ‘Divina Commedia’ and the reception of chivalric medieval culture and the Arthurian tradition.

Despite the continuously growing body of research on metadiscourse markers in different genres and through various perspectives for over 20 years, very little is known of how these features have evolved over time in response to the historically developing practices of academic communities. Motivated by such an ambition, the current research drew on a corpus of 4.3 million words taken from three leading journals of applied linguistics in order to trace the diachronic evolution of stance markers of research articles from 1996 to 2016. Hyland’s model of metadiscourse was adopted for the analysis of the selected corpus. The data were explored using concordance software AntConc. Moreover, a Chi-Square statistical measure was run to determine statistical significances. The analysis revealed a significant decline in the overall frequency of stance markers, with devices in all categories, except self-mention which increased dramatically over the past 20 years. The paper has been concluded by offering some suggestions for teaching academic writing.

Malay is one of languages that has many speakers. One area of Malay language speakers is Riau. Riau Malay language has few differences in the lexicons, so that it can be said as a sub-dialect. Therefore, it is important to study further about the communication language of Riau Malay, especially Riau Malay coastal dialect used in Tembilahan Sub-district by using diachronic study. This study aims to describe the reflexes of Malay protol-anguage phonemes of Riau Malay coastal dialect in Tembilahan Sub-district which is then followed by making the rules of changing Malay proto-language phonemes of Riau Malay coastal dialect in Tembilahan Sub-district and the rules for retention forms of its phonemes. The method used in this study is a qualitative deductive method that applies top-down reconstruction technique. The results obtained in this study are that Riau Malay coastal dialect used in Tembilahan Sub-district has some innovation rules, both in the forms of primary innovations and secondary innovations. The primary innovations have three types of innovations, namely substitution, split, and merger, while secondary innovations, consisting of lenition, fortition, metathesis, syncope, prothesis, and paragoge. Abstrak Bahasa Melayu merupakan salah satu bahasa dunia yang memiliki banyak pengguna. Salah satu daerah pengguna bahasa melayu adalah Riau. Bahasa Melayu Riau memiliki sedikit perbedaan-perbedaan dalam leksikonnya sehingga bisa dikatakan sebagai subdialek. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih jauh mengenai bahasa komunikasi Melayu Riau, tepatnya bahasa Melayu Riau dialek Pesisir yang digunakan di Kecamatan Tembilahan dengan menggunakan kajian diakronis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran refleks fonem-fonem protobahasa Melayu pada bahasa Melayu Riau dialek Pesisir di Kecamatan Tembilahan yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan membuat kaidah-kaidah perubahan fonem-fonem protobahasa Melayu pada bahasa Melayu Riau dialek Pesisir di Kecamatan Tembilahan berikut kaidah retensi fonem-fonemnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deduktif kualitatif yang menerapkan teknik rekonstruksi dari atas ke bawah (top-down reconstruction). Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat kaidah inovasi-inovasi Melayu Riau dialek pesisir yang digunakan di Kecamatan Tembilahan, baik yang berupa inovasi primer maupun inovasi sekunder. Adapun inovasi primer, memiliki tiga jenis inovasi, yaitu substitusi, split, dan merger, sedangkan inovasi sekunder, terdiri atas lenisi, fortisi, metatesis, sinkope, protesis, dan paragog.

Conceptual system developed in optimal control theory for technical purposes is used as a philosophical instrument applied to cyclic information processes, which are expected to be the basis of noosphere. Noosphere was perceived by the founding fathers of this concept, Vernadsky, Teilhard de Chardin, e.a. as an outgrowth of the evolutionary process, which begins with cosmogenesis and proceeds through geosphere and biosphere. We attempt to apply the optimal control concepts to all three levels – geospheric, biospheric, and noospheric – due to their having a common structure of information processes (or entropic processes considered as proto-information). These processes include homeostasis, accumulation and expenditure of information, formation of hierarchical information structures, evolution involving the breaks of homeostasis etc. In noosphere, controlled system may have the same informational capabilities as controlling system, so that the term “dialog” is more adequate; in this case, we extend optimal control description to game theory. The cyclic, feedback logic of optimal control seems better adapted to noospheric processes than usual causeeffect logic. This second part of the paper proceeds from the geo- and biospheric levels discussed in the first part to the noospheric level. The basic structure at this level is the fusion of natural matter/energy cycles characteristic for geosphere with anthropogenic information cycles, which extend information accumulation and adaptation inherited from biospheric level into reflective realm. The basic type of informational interaction between these structures is construed in perspective of game theory between reflective players. Its essential feature is the interaction between reflective images that each player forms of other players and of oneself. We describe the nontrivial information flows that can arise in a distributed global system of such structures, including complex interactions between collective and individual levels and paradoxes. We analyze the role of science as the carrier of the “rational model”, on which this entire system is based, and the impact on this model of the sociobiological background of science inherited from the biospheric level. We also discuss the role of natural language as an alternative noospheric structure capable of supporting the irrational components of the noosphere. City is discussed as an example of an emerging structure integrating the basic noospheric components, albeit in an inchoate form. Finally, we consider the reflective identities (“I”), which may emerge in noosphere, and the relevant ethical issues.

The article deals with the phenomenon of enantiosemy – a kind of antonymy, combining opposite meanings in one word. In different studies, this category is considered as a special phenomenon of polysemy. Some types of enantiosemy like lexical, diachronic and phraseological are described, as well as problems are identified when translating this phenomenon from one language into another. As a result of the study, it was proved that in translation the meaning of the word is preserved, however the peculiarity of enantiosemy is lost.

The article presents the results of diachronic corpus analysis of the discursive representation of the frame 'local people' in the genre of travel notes. Based on the corpus of travelogue dating back to the end of the 19th century and the comparable in size corpus of travel blogs on travel, the means of discursive representation of reality in the studied genres were extracted using LancBox64 software and nominative and attributive lexemes that represent the frame 'local people' were defined and categorized in the diachronic corpus. Modeling of nominative clusters in texts that belong to one genre, but were written in different historical periods, was carried out using the tools of statistical analysis, which allowed extracting frequencies for lexical units, and identifying recurrent attributive word combination. The obtained data allowed us to systematize the means of discursive representation of the category under investigation in diachronic perspective, describe strategies of discursive representation, determine historical and cultural patterns of the discourse practice. Comparative analysis of quantitative data on means and items of local residents representation in each of the periods under study enabled us to establish dynamic changes that are manifested in peculiar nominative means that represent categories of social actors, evaluative attributive and verbal lexemes used for discursive construction of 'other' in the consciousness of Western people.

The composition of the Sinai pericope presents the reader with several literary problems, with specific reference to the incoherence of the text caused by textual irregularities in the sense of time, genre and theological issues. The chronological issues have led to the proposal that the legal codes (The Decalogue and Covenant Code) were interpolated into a broader narrative framework. Several scholars have attempted to unravel the Sinai pericope with diachronic or synchronic tools. This article investigates several solutions in order to understand Eckart Otto’s contribution to the current debate. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article engages literary criticism and hermeneutics to evaluate Eckart Otto’s solution in the broader framework of the history of research.

Hunting sustainability in Amazonian ecosystems is a key challenge for modern stakeholders. Predictive models have evolved from first mostly biological data-based to more recent modeling including human behavior. We analyze here the hunting data collected in French Guiana through a panel of indices aiming at drawing the puzzle of parameters influencing hunting activity and impact in various socio ecological conditions across the country. Data were collected from five different study sites differing in cultural origins and remoteness from market economy, and over a 10 years period. Most indices show an impact on wildlife populations, and using a full set of indicators allowed us to better understand some underlying mechanisms that lead to a community's hunting profile. The results showed that there are noticeable differences between the study sites in the practices and the ways hunters face the changes in environment and resources availability.

Understanding disability remains a challenge. Although the international community has largely embraced the idea that disability is the product of social and environmental practices, society still lacks good conceptual frameworks. In an era when the rights of persons with disabilities have been enshrined in international and national laws, such frameworks have become a necessity. Within the province of Quebec, Canada, the Disability Creation Process (DCP) model has served such a role. Furthermore, recent efforts to enrich the model enhance the applicability of this powerful tool to a broader range of contexts. As a result, the DCP model could be used more widely than it is today. In this paper we provide the foundations of the approach encapsulated by the model and explain how its usage guides policy development and service delivery within the province of Quebec. We also highlight its forward-looking capacities.

In Burkina Faso, vegetation dynamic has been more influenced by human activities. Actually, the interest is focus on protected areas, which are more green areas and the last habitat for biodiversity. Conservation and restoration require a thorough understanding of the dynamic of each protected area and its surrounding zones. This study aim to analyze Comoé-léraba protected area vegetation spatial and temporal changed. For this study, we use satellite images taking account a period of twenty years (1990-2000-2009). Then the diachronic analysis considers globally and separately the land cover situation inside the protected zone and outside in the surrounding zone. As results, the diachronic study of Comoé-Léraba vegetation revealed significant changes. Some plant communities have remained intact; others were restored inside the protected area and against others suffered a severe deterioration. The vegetation degradation occurs, around and close to the protected area. During the twenty years 14.28 % of the natural vegetation has been loss, versus expanding fields and settlements. Beyond the obtained maps, an important data based is available. These results are important scientific stools which can support policy, conservationists and researchers for improving strategies of conservation in Comoé-Léraba zone.

Urban Space is not just a simple, physical configuration. Instead, it is a transformation of human experiences with the different synchronic architectural characteristic that needs a critical examination to segregate discrete layers of structural elements. As a result, the traditional urban space is a unique existence of reality; it is a product of prolonged interaction between society and architecture. Neglecting any part in the public space perception process is leading to crash the binary equation letting the meaning paralyzed without being able to represent any society or potentially keep the sense. There are many examples of worn-out urban spaces some of them was a result of ignorance and absent of realization of the interaction between Society and architecture.The Iraqi municipality demolished that relationship by importing different layers that are not compatible with the original one or as a result of inserting new means of technology in the heart of the historic cities. The other example from Erbil, a city north of Iraq, where the municipality determinable removed the old fabric to insert a well-defined rectangle space, somehow to create an urban public space, that procedure juxtaposed by form a barrier to isolate the old Souk from the other part of the old city. Both cities suffered from a misunderstanding of the urban binary equation between space and architecture as a tool to understand the context.

This paper discusses the evolution of the Chinese verb 断 (duàn ‘break’), exploring how the lexicon has transformed from being a substantive transitive verb in the past to the various functions it fulfils in contemporary Chinese: i.e. a resultative complement, an adjective, an adverb and a noun. Findings reveal that duàn was initially transitive and its intransitive function was derived during the Spring and Autumn period (772–476 BC). The two functions co-existed for the rest of the Pre-Qin period (before 221 BC). Duàn’s transition into a resultative complement began during the Eastern Han dynasty (AD 25–220), and its noun function was shaped in the Warring State period (475–221 BC). Finally, Duàn’s adjective and adverb functions are noted to begin in Middle Chinese (AD 420–1279). Although some of these transitions took place more or less simultaneously during overlapping periods, they developed via two separate paths: the process by which duàn developed into a resultative complement, an adverb, and an adjective is that of grammaticalization, while on the other hand, the process by which duàn developed into a noun is that of lexicalization. Essentially, it is the intransitive function that is subject to grammaticalization and it is the transitive function that is subject to lexicalization. In this paper it is therefore proposed that the above diachronic change is taken as a cline, and is put forward as follows: (a) grammaticalization and lexicalization are not distinct processes but rather happen to a lexeme more or less simultaneously; and (b) interrelationship between the two processes is orthogonal.

Homeostasis is conventionally thought of merely as a synchronic (same time) servo-mechanism that maintains the status quo for organismal physiology. However, when seen from the perspective of developmental physiology, homeostasis is a robust, dynamic, intergenerational, diachronic (across-time) mechanism for the maintenance, perpetuation and modification of physiologic structure and function. The integral relationships generated by cell-cell signaling for the mechanisms of embryogenesis, physiology and repair provide the needed insight to the scale-free universality of the homeostatic principle, offering a novel opportunity for a Systems approach to Biology. Starting with the inception of life itself, with the advent of reproduction during meiosis and mitosis, moving forward both ontogenetically and phylogenetically through the evolutionary steps involved in adaptation to an ever-changing environment, Biology and Evolution Theory need no longer default to teleology.

Problems of anthropology of time in all difficult variety of its expression in diachronicsynchronic and spatial-time measurements in the light of modern representations about consciousness and mentality of the man, physical and anthropological space and time are analyzed. For explanation of essence of the man in the changed conditions of consciousness the hypothesis (using reconstructed doctrines F. Seassure, M. Bakhtin and K. Levi-Stros) is used.

This paper analyses the length and titling practices in the under-researched field of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Our corpus consisted of 360 articles published between 1995 and 2016 in three CAM journals. The length and frequency of Nominal, Verbal and Question titles were compared across genres and over time. A 40% overall title length increase was found. Our study confirms that title length is related to genre, research paper (RP) titles being significantly longer than reviews and case report titles. Moreover, RP titles were found to exhibit the greatest length increase over time. In this study, Nominal titles were the most frequent title type in the three genres and over the 20-year period analyzed, although they slightly decreased over time. In contrast, Verbal (full sentence) titles increased over time, especially in RP titles. Question titles were the only type that significantly increased over time, especially in review article titles. These findings were compared with those obtained by previous titleology research on conventional (CONV) medicine paper titles. We conclude that although CAM and CONV are divergent approaches to health care, their titling practices revealed more similarities than differences. These similarities may reflect a growing tendency towards practices associated with popular media to attract readership, such as use of Question and Verbal titles. This competition for attention could have serious implications for health care if the trend increases for clinicians to rely on the titles of relevant articles to make therapeutic decisions.

This study revolves around notes and critiques of Bikol lexicography. Based on a selection of six dictionaries, the structure and diachronic development of Bikol lexicography were analyzed. Half of the selected dictionaries were authored in full or part by Malcolm Mintz, a renowned Bikol expert. These enabled a linear analysis of changes in lexicography that have occurred within the span of four decades. The dictionaries studied include the earliest and most influential Bikol dictionary of Lisboa (1865). The study presents a preliminary description of lexicographic work done in Bikol and traces the shift in the paradigm of dictionary making from the Spanish era to the present.

Thanks to recent developments in metadiscourse studies, it is now increasingly accepted that metadiscourse practices are closely related to social activities, cognitive styles and epistemological beliefs of academic communities. Despite widespread interest and research among applied linguists to explore metadiscourse use, very little is known of how metadiscourse resources have evolved over time in response to the historically developing practices of academic communities. Motivated by such an ambition, the current research drew on a corpus of 4.3 million words taken from three leading journals of applied linguistics in order to trace the diachronic evolution of stance and engagement markers across four different sections of research articles (Introduction, Method, Result, Discussion/ Conclusion) from 1996 to 2016. Hyland’s (2005b) model of metadiscourse was adopted for the analysis of the selected corpus. The data were explored using concordance software AntConc (Anthony, 2011). Moreover, a Chi-Square statistical measure was run to determine statistical significances. The analysis revealed a significant decline in the overall frequency of metadiscourse resources in all sections of RAs. Interestingly, this decrease was entirely due to the overall decline in the use of stance markers particularly in result and method sections. It might be argued that, diachronic perspective on metadiscourse contributes to teachers and novice writers’ awareness of the malleability of academic writing and its sensitivity to context as well as providing access to current practices for the creation and delivery of teaching materials in EAP courses.

The present study deals with the evolution of the meaning of the word barbarian (“barbare”) through its diachronic treatment in the definitions of some recognized dictionaries of the French language. The objective of this semantic analysis, through time, is to question the roleof the discourses of certain dictionaries in the social adjustment the word’s meaning. To propose an answer, we have opted for the word “barbarian” which is very loaded at the socio-historical level and much invested at the level of its countless readings, in order to understand the dynamics of its discursive practices of meaning production, those of its new semantic loads, those of its stereotyping and those of its sustainability. This contribution tries to demonstrate that for the understanding of such a process, the word “barbarian” is an appropriate example.

This article aims to describe some perspectives on the evolution of Romanian literary language and we emphasize the important link that exists between language and society. We also present some Romanian grammars which are recognized in the history of linguistics as reference works.

New dialect emergence and focusing in language contact settings is difficult to capture and date in terms of global structural dialect stabilization. This paper explores whether diachronic power law frequency distributions can provide evidence of dialect evolution and new dialect focusing, by considering the quantitative frequency characteristics of three diachronic Indian English (IE) corpora (1970s–2008). The results demonstrate that IE consistently follows power law frequency distributions and the corpora are each best fit by Mandelbrot’s Law. Diachronic changes in the constants are interpreted as evidence of lexical and syntactic collocational focusing within the process of new dialect formation. Evidence of new dialect focusing is also visible through apparent time comparison of spoken and written data. Age and gender-separated sub-corpora of the most recent corpus show minimal deviation, providing apparent time evidence for emerging IE dialect stability. From these findings, we extend the interpretation of diachronic changes in the β coefficient—as indicative of changes in the degree of synthetic/analytic structure—so that β is also sensitive to grammaticalization and changes in collocational patterns.

The Cultural Contexts of the Polish Translations of V. Hugo’s Novel Les Misérables (Published in the Years 1862‑2012) The article discussed both extra– and intra‑textual cultural contexts of translation. Very important extra‑textual cultural context for Polish translations of V. Hugo’s Les Misérables has to do with the the way they have been published and whom for: initially in the press, then in a paper book as complete versions or truncated ones, as a paraphrase, finally, since 2000, as well as e‑books and audio‑books; for simple or rather intellectual readers. Recreating the chronology of series of published translations since the first one in 1862, we can observe the primary role of publishers and editors in relation to translators, the more they were among them well‑known writers – J.I. Kraszewski (publisher) and J. Iwaszkiewicz (editor). The first translation was collective, because of the publishing cycle serialized in press and the length of the original. But the names of translators were given, including in the first book released. In the next editions often the names of translators were omitted and sometimes the published text was a compilation of several translations. So first the translation of E. Sulicki and F. Faleński, the one by W. Limanowska coexist in 2000th years with the new one of K. Byczewska, first time published in 1956 in the PIW. Then we try to perceive the cultural intra‑textual contexts by analyzing how many culturally significant elements of the original have been translated in diachronico‑synchronic series of Polish translations. This analysis seems to confirm that the type of publishers has a major impact on cohesion (integral or abridged version), semantic and linguistic quality of those translations. The sign of intersection of extra- and intra‑textual factors is undoubtedly censorship interference in translations, at first with a predominance of the socio‑political one, until, in the Iskry edition of 1954, in which there is a noticeable censorship of the author’s convictions including religious and moral ones.

Satirical literary genres are continually faced with the question of efficacy: such literature is highly localized in place and time, and thrives on the pretense that their invective and ridicule will have an effect on the human targets and events they attack. These genres are supposed, in short, to do something. But such a pretense can really only be entertained at the time when the works were actually produced. For what kind of efficacy can exist for such literature in subsequent chronological eras when the targets of invective are barely known and certainly have no real significance for the lives of their readers? This paper discusses various works of the Greek iambus and Old Comedy in support of the argument first, that literary satire, more than any other genre or mode, relies on a continual tension between two perspectives—the synchronic (the work situated in its own time) and the diachronic (the work considered in posterity)—and next that understanding this tension is critical to an understanding of ‘meaning’ in satirical literature.

The paper focuses on diachronic lexical variation in a professional textual genre which has gained growing importance over time in the fi eld of museum public relations and art discourse: exhibition press announcements (EPAs). The aim of the analysis is to investigate the language of EPAs from a diachronic perspective in order to identify word frequencies showing large increases or decreases, or stability in word frequencies. Baker’s (2011) method to distinguish variation over time across multiple corpora was applied and particular attention was placed on the presence of “lockwords”, i.e. words “relatively static in terms of frequency” (Baker 2011: 66). The analysis is carried out on a corpus of EPAs dating from 1950 to 2009 issued by American and British museums. The study reports on a number of trends relating to linguistic and cultural change of EPAs, including the emergence of new criteria in assessing the value of artists and artworks despite a certain consistency in terms of subjects, the shift from one-item to multi-item exhibitions and the preference for more vivid and straight-forward descriptions. For instance, the frequency of the noun landscape has remained stable over time, suggesting that this subject is particularly consistent in art displays, quite a sort of classic, that never grows old, while the artist's career – a word showing a clear pattern of growth – has become particularly valuable over time for museum professionals in charge of exhibitions.

The study considered contemporary trends in meaningful interpretation of the process of socialization in the context of the developing society. It is shown that the procedural aspect of socialization is characterized by integrity and continuity, and mutual dependence of all its stages, legitimate succession stages of its development and at the same time - a manifestation of heterochrony and unevenness. Article substantiates the need of finding the principles of interpretation of fixing the heterogeneity, heterochronicity procedural and effective parameters of socialization, in a fast-changing social reality. As these principles are considered the principle of development, the principle of subjectivity, the principle heterarchy, system-diachronic principle. This work presents the rationale and reasoning discussed principles explain the process of socialization. Theoretical and empirical evidence indicate the manifestation of systemic cross-functional diachronic. The results can be applied to the development of certain issues and methodology of psychological practice is reflected in the development of programs of psycho-pedagogical support person at different stages and in different conditions of socialization.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-9-59

This article deals with the approach to exegesis of biblical narrative, especially in Exodus, in finding its theological significance for contemporary and relevant biblical interpretation. It shows that the historical-critical method is unable to span the divide between the original context and our contemporary context, and to provide the present relevance of Scripture. After arguing for the validity of a set canonical text, this article shows that biblical narrative in general, and the Exodus narratives in particular, are best explored theologically by means of a canonical approach. It shows that the theological significance translates more easily into life-application. It demonstrates how the Exodus narratives are employed canonically for its theological significance throughout the Bible. It concludes that the Church needs teachers who recognise their responsibility to accurately interpret their whole Scriptures, the Bible, with the necessary historical, linguistic (rhetorical) and theological considerations, and that this is best done in a canonical context - whether we use a synchronic or a diachronic approach.

Abstract: This article takes a multidisciplinary approach to African lexicographic practice. It has as its primary premise the assumption that without words there can be no dictionaries to compile and discuss. Owing to this fact, the article focuses on a specific strategy for collecting words which belong in a special category of their own, namely archaic or obsolete words. Such words are important because of the need to mark them as such in any general purpose dictionary. Most, if not all dictionaries of African languages seem not to have this category, giving the misleading impression that there are no such words in African languages. Apart from digging up archaic or what we have also referred to as artefact words, the article also argues that the words have a substantial and intrinsic etymological value. Thus they can be used in specialised etymological dictionaries of African languages or even in standard general dictionaries. The multidisciplinary aspect resides in the methodology proposed for the recovery of archaic words. It is considered necessary that disciplines such as oral literature, oral history, historical linguistics and to a limited extent theoretical linguistics and computational linguistics, and, symbolically, archaeology and lexicography itself, be brought to bear on the subject of inquiry. The article is also an attempt at working out a method which African lexicographers can employ as an instrument to dig up artefact words for etymological and other such purposes. Hopefully the method can be refined further.Keywords: ORATURE, MORPHOLEXICAL, DECONSTRUCTION, RECONSTRUCTION, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, LEXICOGRAPHY, AFRICAN LANGUAGES, DICTIONARIES, DIACHRONIC, SYNCHRONIC, HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS, PROVERBS, RIDDLES, IDIOMS, ORAL TRADITIONS, MNEMONIC, ETYMOLOGY, ARCHAIC, SHONA, DEVERBATIVE NOUNS, VERB ROOT, SEMANTIC, ARTEFACT WORDSOpsomming: Mondelinge literatuur en morfoleksikale dekonstruksie as leksikografiese argeologiese terreine: 'n Aantal implikasies vir woordeboeke van Afrikatale. Hierdie artikel het 'n multidissiplin?re benadering tot die leksikografiese praktyk in Afrikatale. Dit het as prim?re uitgangspunt die veronderstelling dat dit sonder woorde onmoontlik is om woordeboeke op te stel en te bespreek. Op grond van hierdie feit fokus die artikel op 'n spesifieke strategie vir die versameling van woorde wat tot 'n kategorie van hul eie behoort, naamlik arga?ese of verouderde woorde. Sulke woorde is belangrik vanwe? die noodsaaklikheid om hulle as sulks te merk in enige woordeboek vir algemene gebruik. Die meeste, indien nie alle woordeboeke van Afrikatale nie skyn nie hierdie kategorie te h? nie, wat die misleidende indruk wek dat daar nie sulke woorde in Afrikatale is nie. Behalwe om arga?ese, of waarna ons ook as artefakwoorde verwys het, op te diep, word daar ook in hierdie artikel geredeneer dat die woorde 'n wesenlike en werklike etimologiese waarde het. Daarom kan hulle in gespesialiseerde etimologiese woordeboeke van Afrikatale of selfs in algemene standaardwoordeboeke gegee word. Die multidissiplin?re aspek l? in die voorgestelde metodologie vir die terugvind van arga?ese woorde. Dit word as noodsaaklik beskou dat vakgebiede soos mondelinge literatuur, mondelinge geskiedenis, historiese linguistiek, in 'n beperkte mate teoretiese linguistiek en rekenaarlinguistiek, en, simbolies, argeologie en leksikografie self, aangewend word by die onderwerp van ondersoek. Hierdie artikel is ook 'n poging om 'n metode uit te werk wat leksikograwe van Afrikatale as 'n instrument kan gebruik om artefakwoorde op te diep vir etimologiese en ander doeleindes. Hopelik kan die metode verder verfyn word.Sleutelwoorde: MONDELINGE LITERATUUR, MORFOLEKSIKAAL, DEKONSTRUKSIE, ARGEOLOGIESE TERREINE, LEKSIKOGRAFIE, AFRIKATALE, WOORDEBOEKE, DIACHRONIES, SINCHRONIES, HISTORIESE LINGUISTIEK, SPREEKWOORDE, RAAISELS, IDIOME, MONDELINGE TRADISIES, MNEMONIESE WOORDE, ETIMOLOGIE, ARGA?ES, SJONA, DEVERBATIEWE SUBSTANTIEWE, WERKWOORDELIKE STAM, SEMANTIES, ARTEFAKWOORDE

Heterochrony is an enabling concept in evolution theory that metaphorically captures the mechanism of biologic change due to mechanisms of growth and development. The spatio-temporal patterns of morphogenesis are determined by cell-to-cell signaling mediated by specific soluble growth factors and their cognate receptors on nearby cells of different germline origins. Subsequently, down-stream production of second messengers generates patterns of form and function. Environmental upheavals such as Romer’s hypothesized drying up of bodies of water globally caused the vertebrate water-land transition. That transition caused physiologic stress, modifying cell-cell signaling to generate terrestrial adaptations of the skeleton, lung, skin, kidney and brain. These tissue-specific remodeling events occurred as a result of the duplication of the Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein Receptor (PTHrPR) gene, expressed in mesodermal fibroblasts in close proximity to ubiquitously expressed endodermal PTHrP, amplifying this signaling pathway. Examples of how and why PTHrPR amplification affected the ontogeny, phylogeny, physiology and pathophysiology of the lung are used to substantiate and further our understanding through insights to the heterochronic mechanisms of evolution, such as the fish swim bladder evolving into the vertebrate lung, interrelated by such functional homologies as surfactant and mechanotransduction. Instead of the conventional description of this phenomenon, lung evolution can now be understood as adaptive changes in the cellular-molecular signaling mechanisms underlying its ontogeny and phylogeny.

The Loire River is the longest river in France, where the building of bridges and their long-term maintenance have never been easy tasks, because of strong currents and frequent floods. At a distance of 500 km from its source, between La Charité-sur-Loire and La Chapelle-Montlinard, the remains of a medieval bridge were recently discovered. A multidisciplinary approach is used to reconstruct the long history of building maintenance and re-building of these bridges, which occurred several times, over eight centuries, after their destruction by natural causes or human activity. For this purpose, the study of archival literature (texts and maps) was combined with underwater archaeology, dendrochronology, building archaeology, and geomorphological landscape analyses. Although this is an ongoing research project, sufficient data have been collected to allow the presentation of a preliminary series of results.

The phonology of the Southern states of the USA (Southern American English) is a well-documented phenomenon that has witnessed considerable change in the last century. Recently, many Southern states in the Sun Belt have been facing rapid urban growth along with a large influx of inhabitants from the rest of the country, leading to a change of the geographical environment as well as dwindling of prototypical features of Southern phonology in large urban areas. This paper seeks to explore the interactions and effects of urban growth and development on the vernacular phonology of the South. We will be looking at how residents and speakers adapt to the change of their locale by analyzing the residents’ realization of a key linguistic variable, the diphthong /aɪ/, regarded as a prototypical feature of Southern speech laden with social as well as symbolic meaning. This investigation was conducted in the theoretical and methodological framework of the PAC Programme (Phonology of Contemporary English: usage, varieties and structure) and within the LVTI Project (Language, Urban Life, Work, Identity), based on recent sociolinguistic fieldwork data obtained in Middle Tennessee. The results show that varying degrees of Southern speech can index a sense of rootedness and attachment to a perceived vanishing American South.