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Abstract Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the hypothesis test results after categorizing the scale scores with cut-off points and to assess whether similar results would be obtained in that best represent the categories. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between March 15 and 20, 2023 via the Lime Survey. The questionnaire included questions about the sociodemographic and life characteristics of the participants and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Four groups (minimal, mild, moderate, severe depression) were formed using the cutoff points. Data analysis was performed with all participants and referred to as the conventional analysis group. Then, six subanalysis groups were determined to best represent the groups formed according to the BDI-II. In each BDI-II category, six subanalysis groups were created, including those between Q1–Q3 (IQR group), including those within ± 1 std, including those between 5p–95p (90% of the sample), including those between 2.5p–97.5p (95% of the sample). In addition, 100 different samples were randomly selected containing 50% of each group. Results Of the 1950 participants, 84.7% (n = 1652) were female and 15.3% (n = 298) were male. In terms of depression, it was observed that the significance varied in the analysis groups for sex (p = 0.039), medication use (p = 0.009) and age (p = 0.010) variables. However, these variables were not significant in some of the subanalysis groups. On the other hand, a p

Objective: It was aimed to investigate the relationship of stereoacuity with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and P100 latency in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with and without optic neuritis (ON). Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients diagnosed with clinically definite MS with and without a history of ON were included in this prospective study. Patients without ON were classified into relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and single-attack MS (SAMS) subgroups. There were 11 patients in the RRMS group with ON (ON-RRMS), 11 patients with RRMS and 7 patients with SAMS in the MS group without ON, and 16 healthy subjects in the control group. Stereoacuity was determined by the TNO and Titmus tests. RNFLT was measured by spectral domain-optical coherence tomography and P100 latency was measured in pattern visual evoked potential recordings. The results were analyzed with the SPSS 20 statistical program. P

Graph-based genome reference representations have seen significant development, motivated by the inadequacy of the current human genome reference to represent the diverse genetic information from different human populations and its inability to maintain the same level of accuracy for non-European ancestries. Here the authors present the case for iteratively augmenting tailored genome graphs for targeted populations and demonstrate this approach on the whole-genome samples of African ancestry.

To evaluate color discrimination ability (CDA), stereoscopic acuity (SA), and contrast sensitivity (CS) by considering age factor and educational level in healthy individuals. This study was design as a prospective study. The study included 43 binocular healthy individuals (31 males; mean age, 25.79±6.83 years) without a color vision deficiency who were aged between ≥18 years and ≤40 years and had an educational level of secondary education or higher. The following tests/system were used: the Farnsworth Munsell 100 (FM100) hue test for CDA; the TNO and Titmus tests for SA; the automatized ClearChart® 2 Digital Acuity System for CS. Total error score (TES), blue-yellow (b-y) local error score (LES) and red-green (r-g) LES of the FM100 hue test were 25.40±20.89, 14.26±12.09 and 10.53±10.13, respectively. Stereo test scores were 52.33±43.35 arcsec and 43.02±9.14 arcsec for the TNO and Titmus tests, respectively. The logCS score was 2.5±0 at low- and mid-spatial frequencies and 3.84±1.92 at high-spatial frequency. In the correlation analyses, TNO test score was positively correlated with TES, b-y LES, and r-g LES (r=0.339, p=0.021; r=0.309, p=0.036; and r=0.308, p=0.037, respectively). The Titmus test score was positively correlated with TES, b-y LES, and r-g LES (r=0.575, p [Med-Science 2022; 11(2.000): 859-63]

Context: Pterygium is a degenerative disease that consists of conjunctival epithelia and fibrovascular tissue. Some studies suggest that there is a defect in the regulation of apoptosis in the epithelial cell cycle characterized by the development of the disease. But, still this matter being debated. Aims: In this study, the clinical, histopathological data, and the expression of the cell cycle regulator Cyclin D1, anti-apoptotic BCL-2, tumor suppressor p53, and cell proliferation marker Ki-67 were searched in pterygium samples. Subjects and Methods: The study enrolled 62 cases of primary pterygium who underwent excision between 2014 and 2017. Recurrent and pseudo-pterygium cases were excluded from series. The clinical data were obtained from the patient files and the slides were reevaluated for the histopathological data. Slides of all were stained by Cyclin D1, BCL-2, and Ki-67 by the immunohistochemical method. For each immunohistochemical marker, first the staining was determined as negative or positive. Then if there is a staining, the hot zone (the area containing more positive cells) was determined and staining percentage (SP) was assessed by counting positive cells/100 epithelial cells). Results: Solar elastosis, edema, inflammation, and epithelial dysplasia were found statistically different between the control group and the patient group (P value

Purpose. To compare perioperative visual field (VF), balance functions (BF), and changes in the other ocular parameters in patients undergoing upper eyelid dermatochalasis (DC) surgery. Methods. One hundred and fifty-eight eyes of 79 patients who underwent DC surgery were included in the study. The VF, BF, intraocular pressure (IOP), pachymetry (PM), macular, and optic nerve measurements were recorded. Measurements were repeated at postoperative month 1. The preoperative and postoperative ocular measurements and the balance data were compared. Results. Nineteen of 79 (24.05%) patients were male and 60 of 79 (75.95%) were female, while the mean age of the patients was 58.65 ± 7.38 years. There were statistically significant differences in terms of VF and macular thickness between the preoperative and postoperative values. The improvements in mean defect, standard loss variance, and mean sensitivity values of global VF parameters in both eyes were statistically significant after surgery. Central macular thickness, mean macular thickness, and macular volume decreased significantly in all eyes after surgery (p

AIM: To investigate the association of serum glucocorticoid kinase gene-1 (SGK-1) DNA variants with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: We enrolled 32 eyes of 32 patients who were diagnosed with chronic CSC and composed 32 normal eyes as a control group. Peripheral blood was used for DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. SGK1 gene was sequenced by using BigDye® Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing KIT (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The SGK1 gene and its variants were investigated in CSC patient group and control group. RESULTS: We identified a new polymorphism M32V in two person in the patient group (Minor allele frequency (MAF)=0.009) on the region of 1-60 amino acids. The rs1057293 was located in the encoder region of the SGK 1 gene but not associated with CSC (P=0.68). An intrinsic rs1743966 is also not associated (P=0.28). CONCLUSIONS: The new polymorphism M32V is located on the region of 1-60 amino acids which is necessary for localization to the mitochondria in CSC patient. This mutation is probably important for the energy metabolism and plays an important role in the cellular response to hyperosmotic stress and other stress stimuli. Both rs1057293 and rs1743966 are not associated with CSC.

Pur po se: To evaluate the findings of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) patients. Ma te ri al and Met hod: A total of 40 eyes of 36 patients (8 females, 28 males) were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups as acute CSC when the complaints lasted less than six months and as chronic CSC for complaints of more than six months’ duration. Complete ophthalmologic examination was performed. Retinal thickness, pigment epithelium detachment (PED), and subretinal deposits were analyzed using OCT. Leakage points and serous retinal detachment were classified as hypoautofluorescence or hyperautofluorescence on FAF imaging. Re sults: The number of eyes with acute CSC was 21 (52.5%), and the number of eyes with chronic CSC was 19 (47.5%). The average retinal thickness was 422.14±99.6 microns in acute CSC eyes and 383.6±104.1 microns in chronic CSC eyes (p=0.240). We detected PED in 11 eyes and subretinal deposits in 21 eyes. The leakage points of all eyes showed hyperfluorescence in FFA. On FAF imaging, 33 leakage points demonstrated hypoautofluorescence and 7 leakage points showed hyperautofluorescence. The areas of serous retinal detachment were observed as hypoautofluorescence in 22 eyes and as hyperautofluorescence in 18 eyes. Dis cus si on: Subretinal deposits are detected mostly in chronic CSC and are observed as hyperautofluorescence on FAF imaging. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2013; 43: 94-8)

Aim. To asses both choroidal thickness differences among Alzheimer’s type dementia (ATD) patients, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and healthy control (C) subjects and choroidal thickness relationships with cognitive performance. Methods. A total of 246 eyes of 123 people (41 ATD, 38 MCI, and 44 healthy C subjects) were included in this study. Complete ophthalmological and neurological examination was performed in all subjects. Choroidal thicknesses (CT) were measured at seven locations: the fovea, 500-1500-3000 μm temporal and 500-1500-3000 μm nasal to the fovea by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Detailed neurological examination including mini mental state examination (MMSE) test which evaluates the cognitive function was applied to all participants. Results. The ages and genders of all participants were similar in all groups. Compared with healthy C subjects, the CT measurements at all regions were significantly thinner both in patients with ATD and in patients with MCI than in healthy C subjects (p

Purpose. To evaluate the repeatability of measurement of central corneal thickness (CCT) by spectral domain optical coherence (SD-OCT) in premature infants and compare it to CCT measurement by ultrasonic pachymetry (USP). Methods. Three CCT measurements of the left eyes of 50 premature infants were obtained by SD-OCT using the iVue system. 10 CCT measurements of each 28 left eyes of 28 infants were obtained by USP using the Pacscan 300P system. Bland-Altman plots were developed and the limit of agreement (LoA) was determined to compare the mean of the SD-OCT and USP measurements. Results. No statistically significant difference was found among the 3 CCT measurements by SD-OCT. Both USP and SD-OCT have been performed for only left eyes of 28 of the 50 babies. Those results have been compared with each other. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean CCT measurements by SD-OCT and USP (p

Purpose. To examine the macular findings obtained with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) in infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Materials and Methods. The macular SD OCT images of 190 premature infants were analyzed. Data regarding central foveal thickness (CFT), cystoid macular edema (CME), and cyst grading were compared. The relationships of CFT with gestational age and birth weight were investigated. Results. The results were obtained from 358 eyes of 179 infants (81 females and 98 males) of a mean gestational age of 30.9±2.7 weeks and a mean birth weight of 1609±477 g. ROP was diagnosed in 126 eyes and CME in 139 eyes. A significantly greater percentage of eyes with ROP were found to have CME (54%) compared to eyes without ROP (31%; P=0.001). The incidence of CME was 46.3% for stage 1 ROP, 57.1% for stage 2, and 87.5% for stage 3. There was a weakly inverse correlation between CFT, gestational age, and birth weight (P=0.025, r=-0.227; P=0.002, r=-0.182, resp., Spearman correlation test). Conclusions. High-quality SD OCT images can be obtained from premature infants using the iVue system. Severity and frequency of CME in premature infants increase as stage of ROP increases.

BackgroundIn recent years, there is aroused interest in expressing complex systems as networks of interacting nodes. Using descriptors from graph theory, it has been possible to classify many diverse systems derived from social and physical sciences alike. In particular, folded proteins as examples of self-assembled complex molecules have also been investigated intensely using these tools. However, we need to develop additional measures to classify different systems, in order to dissect the underlying hierarchy.Methodology and principal findingsIn this study, a general analytical relation for the dependence of nearest neighbor degree correlations on degree is derived. Dependence of local clustering on degree is shown to be the sole determining factor of assortative versus disassortative mixing in networks. The characteristics of networks constructed from spatial atomic/molecular systems exemplified by self-organized residue networks built from folded protein structures and block copolymers, atomic clusters and well-compressed polymeric melts are studied. Distributions of statistical properties of the networks are presented. For these densely-packed systems, assortative mixing in the network construction is found to apply, and conditions are derived for a simple linear dependence.ConclusionsOur analyses (i) reveal patterns that are common to close-packed clusters of atoms/molecules, (ii) identify the type of surface effects prominent in different close-packed systems, and (iii) associate fingerprints that may be used to classify networks with varying types of correlations.

Berna Dogan,1 Muhammet Kazim Erol,1 Devrim Toslak,1 Deniz Turgut Coban,1 Mehmet Bulut,1 Ayse Cengiz,1 Esin Sogutlu Sari2 1Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Eye Clinic, Antalya, Turkey; 2Balikesir University Medicine Faculty, Eye Clinic, Balikesir, Turkey Abstract: Bone marrow-derived multiple myeloma is a type of plasma cell tumor that may be associated with ocular complications. A 52-year-old male patient was admitted to our eye clinic with the complaint of sudden visual loss and a visual acuity of 20/50 in the right eye and 20/800 in the left eye. Fundus examination revealed common flame-shaped hemorrhages, venous dilatation and tortuosity, Roth spots, serous macular detachment, and yellow macular deposits in both eyes. Evaluation with fundus fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography resulted in suspicion of hyperviscosity retinopathy and referral to the hematology clinic. After hematology consultation confirmed a diagnosis of multiple myeloma, chemotherapy and plasmapheresis were initiated. Four months after presentation, best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes and improvement in hyperviscosity retinopathy, serous macular detachment, and yellow macular deposits was observed. Keywords: serous macular detachment, yellow macular deposit, prominent middle limiting membrane, multiple myeloma