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Bactrocera melastomatos Drew & Hancock and Bactrocera umbrosa (Fabricius) are fruit flies of the subfamily Dacinae under the family Tephritidae [1]. B. melastomatos occurs in India (Andaman Island), Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java) [1] while B. umbrosa is distributed from southern Thailand and Malaysia to New Guinea and New Caledonia [2]. The adult male flies of B. melastomatos are attracted to Cue lure while the adult male flies of B. umbrosa are attracted to methyl eugenol [3]. Fruit flies of Bactrocera melastomatos infest Melastomataceae while those of B. umbrosa infest Moraceae. We compare the diversity of microbiota associated with the wild adult males of these two specialist fruit flies infesting different families of host plants. Targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region) was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Six bacterial phyla (Actinobacteria, Armatimonadetes, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria/Melainabacteria group, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria) were detected at 97% similarity clustering and 0.001% abundance filtering. Four phyla (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria) were present in all the specimens studied. Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in both B. melastomatos and B. umbrosa. Enterobacteriaceae was the predominant family in UM B. melastomatos and B. umbrosa, and Orbaceae was the predominant family in Awana B. melastomatos. Klebsiella was the predominant genus in B. umbrosa, Citrobacter in UM B. melastomatos, and Orbus in Awana B. melastomatos. Double Wolbachia infections were present in UM B. melastomatos. In general, the bacterial diversity and richness varied within and between the samples of B. melastomatos and B. umbrosa.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Dacus haikouensis Wang and Cheng 2002 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) was sequenced and annotated. The mitochondrial genome is 15,291 bp (GenBank No. MZ087939), containing 73.0% AT, which is the classical structure for insect mitogenome. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree confirmed that Dacus haikouedsis clustered with Dacus longicornis and Dacus conopsoides. The current study would enrich the mitogenomes of the fruit flies.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Bactrocera tuberculata (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) was sequenced and annotated. The mitochondrial genome is 15,273 bp (GenBank No. MT196006), containing 72.2% A + T (A 38.4%, C 16.9%, G 10.9%, and T 33.8%), which is the classical structure for insect mitogenome. All PCGs were started with ATN (ATA/ATG/ATT/ATC) and terminated with TAA except ND3, which ends with TAG. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree confirmed that B. tuberculata was closely related to Bactrocera diaphora and Bactrocera oleae. The current study would enrich the information about mitogenomes of the fruit flies.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the Bactrocera rubigina (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) was sequenced and annotated. The mitochondrial genome was 15,285 bp (GenBank No. MN714223), containing 73.1% of A + T with A 39.3%; C 16.9%; G10.1% and T 33.8%, respectively, which is the classical structure for insect mitogenome. All PCGs started with ATN and stopped with TAD. The phylogenetic tree in the current study confirms that B. rubigina clustered with other Bactrocera species, and this study would enrich the mitogenomes of the fruit flies.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Bactrocera proprediaphora (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) was sequenced and annotated. The mitochondrial genome is 15,829 bp (GenBank No. MN688227) long, containing 73.9% A + T (A 39.5%, C 16.3%, G 9.8%, and T 34.3%), which is the classical structure for insect mitogenome. All PCGs were started with ATN, except ND1 which started with TTG, and 13 PCGs were stopped using TAR (TAA/TAG) as the stop codon. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree confirmed that B. proprediaphora was closely related to B. diaphorus. The current study will enrich the mitogenomes of the fruit flies.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Bactrocera caudata (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) was sequenced and annotated. The mitochondrial genome is 15,311 bp (GenBank No. MT180970), containing 72.7% A + T (A 39.1%, C 17.0%, G 10.3%, and T 33.6%), which is the classical structure for insect mitogenome. All PCGs were started with ATN (ATA/ATG/ATT/ATC) and terminated with TAA except ND3, which ends with TAG. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree confirmed that Bactrocera caudata was closely related to Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera correcta. The current study would enrich the mitogenomes of the fruit flies.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the Bactrocera cheni (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) are sequenced and annotated. The mitochondrial genome is 15,945 bp (GenBank No. MN883026), with A + T% for the whole sequence = 73.0% (38.9% A, 16.4% C, 10.6% G, and 34.1% T), which is the classical structure for insect mitogenome. All PCGs started with ATN except ATP8; 9 PCGs use TAA as the stop codon, and others use TAG as the stop codon. The phylogenetic tree confirms that B. cheni and B. tsuneonis are not clade into one branch with strongly supported. And Pairwise Identity is 80.0% between B. cheni and B. tsuneonis. Based this study, we supported that B. cheni and B. tsuneonis are two different species clearly.

Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the important pest in horticultural plants which can cause quantitative and qualitative losses of production. One of the potential natural enemies to control the fruit flies is parasitoid. The aim of this research was to study the diversity of fruit flies and its parasitoids in Mekarsari Fruit Garden. The research was carried out in March to August 2017. Identification of fruit flies and parasitoids was conducted at Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Fruit flies were collected by setting Steiner traps and collecting infested fruits. In each sampling point, two traps were installed useing two different attractants, i.e. methyl eugenol (ME) and cue lure (CL). Steiner traps were set up for six weeks and the trapped fruit flies were taken every week. Collected fruits were 1 kg for each fruits species, within 1-6 timed depend on fruit existence. Based on ME attractants, 4 species of fruit flies were identified, i.e. Bactrocera (B.) carambolae, B. (B.) umbrosa, B. (B.) dorsalis, and B. (B.) occipitalis, while 6 species were attracted by CL, i.e. B. (B.) albistrigata, B. (Z.) calumniata, B. (Z.) caudata, B. (Z.) cucurbitae, B. (Z.) tau, and D. (C.) longicornis. Three parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were found from rotting fruits, i.e. Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), Fopius arisanus (Sonan), and F. vandenboschi Fullaway.

To examine how nutritional quality and resident gut bacteria interplay in improving the fitness of an oligophagous fruit fly, Bactrocera minax, artificial sucrose diets and full diets (sucrose, tryptone and yeast extract) were fed to flies with and without antibiotic supplementation. Furthermore, Klebsiella oxytoca and Citrobacter freundii were supplemented to sucrose-only diets. Flies were maintained in the laboratory and the fitness parameters, male and female longevity, number of copulations and female fecundity, were recorded. Full diet without bacterial depletion significantly increased fecundity and copulation. In the absence of gut bacteria, flies fed with full diets had significantly decreased mean fecundity and copulation rate. Flies that were fed with sucrose diet had a very low copulation rate and produced no eggs. Diet type and the presence of bacteria did not have any effect on the average longevity of male and female flies. Bacterial supplementation in sucrose diets did not improve any of the measured parameters. The results demonstrate that gut bacteria interact with diet to influence mating and reproduction in B. minax. Symbiotic bacteria significantly and positively impact reproduction in B. minax; however, their impact can only be fully realized when the flies are fed with a nutritionally complete diet.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the Bactrocera ruiliensis (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) is sequenced and annotated. The mitochondrial genome is 15,870 bp (GenBank No. MN477221) and has an A + T content of 73.3% (A 39.2%; C 16.2%; G 10.3%, and T 34.4%), which is the classical structure for insect mitogenome. All PCGs started with ATN, except ATP8, which is started with TTG; 12 PCGs use TAR (TAA/TAG) as the stop codon, except COX1, which ends with single T––. The phylogenetic tree confirms that B. ruiliensis clustered with other Bactrocera species. This study enriches the mitogenomes of the fruit flies.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the fruit fly species Dacus trimacula (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) are sequenced and annotated. The mitochondrial genome is 15,851 bp (GenBank No. MK940811) has an A + T content of 72.8% (A 39.2%; C 17.0%; G 10.2%, and T 33.6%), which is the classical structure for insect mitogenome. All PCGs started with ATN and stopped with TAN. The phylogenetic tree confirms that D. trimacula clustered with D. longicornis as the sister group to Zeugodacus. This study enriches the mitogenomes of the fruit flies.

A pictorial key for 13 species of fruit flies under 2 genera namely Bactrocera and Dacus of subfamily Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) is presented in this paper based on actual photographs of fruit flies collected from north western Himalaya of India during 2009-2010. Among these, Bactrocera diversa (Coquillett), Bactrocera scutellaris (Bezzi), Bactrocera tau (Walker), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) and Dacus ciliatus Loew are the pests of agricultural and horticultural ecosystems. Bactrocera latifrons, Bactrocera nigrofemoralis White and Tsuruta, Dacus longicornis Wiedemann and Dacus sphaeroidalis (Bezzi) are the new records from the region of which host range has yet to be investigated. The pictorial keysdeveloped for these species will help the researchers for their easy and accurate identification.