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Purpose – This research should help determine whether development should focus on individual firms or will raising the national development level act like a rising tide and raise the performance of all corporations. Design/methodology/approach – The comparative data used in this study come from 150 Australian (ASX200 index listed) firms and 150 Sri Lankan (Colombo Stock Exchange listed) firms. The research questions are answered via a quantitative research design that uses primary and secondary data. Findings – The findings demonstrate that capital budgeting practices are more influenced by contingency features and sophistication in Australia and Sri Lanka. Also, Australian firms tend to use capital budget models with good-to-strong predictive power (except for ROE) and Sri Lankan firms tend to use capital-budget models with fair-to-poor predictive power. Further, the analysis of Australian firms yielded much stronger and more statistically significant results than the analysis of Sri Lankan firms. Practical implications – In complex real-world situations, reconciling the outputs of a multifaceted approach to capital budgeting methods is more likely to give the depth and width of input needed to achieve an optimal capital investment plan. Originality/value – The results of this study can provide rich information for stakeholders about new findings in capital budgeting (CB) practices and their contributions to firm performance in a comparative perspective.

The subject of the study is ESG factors (Environment, Social, Government) and their inclusion in the value of Russian companies. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the theoretical and methodological aspects of taking into account ESG factors when assessing the value of companies. The relevance of the study is determined by the influence of the ESG rating of companies on changes in their value. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a general scheme, which includes four stages: substantiation of key external and internal factors influencing ESG-assessments of the company’s value; analysis of the nature of the impact of key factors on ESG assessments; assessment of the impact of the ESG-factor on the elements of value creation (forecast period, discount factor, cash flows, post-forecast growth rates); building a financial model for assessing the value of companies taking into account ESG factors. Methods: general scientific methods (comparative analysis, generalization, formalization) and empirical (observation, comparison, modeling). The DCF (discounted cash flow) approach was proposed as the main method for assessing the value of a company, which allows not only to estimate the value of a company over a specific period of time, but also acts as a cost management tool. An analysis of scientific and theoretical points of view and methodological approaches to assessing the influence of ESG factors on the value of companies was carried out, significant factors influencing the ESG assessment of the company’s value were identified, and a financial model for assessing the value of the company taking into account ESG factors was proposed. The model for assessing the impact of ESG on cash flow generation elements was tested using the example of PJSC Polymetal. It is concluded that the ESG assessment of a company’s value is influenced by both external factors (international regulation, country specifics, industry specifics) and internal ones (specifics of the capital structure, specifics of production). The developed financial model for assessing the value of a company makes it possible to take into account ESG factors in the output forms of reporting: balance sheet, profit and loss statement, cash flow statement. The proposed model is addressed to top managers of the company for the purpose of using it in the process of assessing the degree of influence of ESG factors on the cost of equity capital, potential investors and appraisers.

Measles and rubella micro-array patches (MR-MAPs) are a promising innovation to address limitations of the current needle and syringe (N&S) presentation due to their single-dose presentation, ease of use, and improved thermostability. To direct and accelerate further research and interventions, an initial full value vaccine assessment (iFVVA) was initiated prior to MR-MAPs entering phase I trials to quantify their value and identify key data gaps and challenges. The iFVVA utilized a mixed-methods approach with rapid assessment of literature, stakeholder interviews and surveys, and quantitative data analyses to (i) assess global need for improved MR vaccines and how MR-MAPs could address MR problem statements; (ii) estimate costs and benefits of MR-MAPs; (iii) identify the best pathway from development to delivery; and (iv) identify outstanding areas of need where stakeholder intervention can be helpful. These analyses found that if MR-MAPs are broadly deployed, they can potentially reach an additional 80 million children compared to the N&S presentation between 2030–2040. MR-MAPs can avert up to 37 million measles cases, 400,000 measles deaths, and 26 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). MR-MAPs with the most optimal product characteristics of low price, controlled temperature chain (CTC) properties, and small cold chain volumes were shown to be cost saving for routine immunization (RI) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared to N&S. Uncertainties about price and future vaccine coverage impact the potential cost-effectiveness of introducing MR-MAPs in LMICs, indicating that it could be cost-effective in 16–81% of LMICs. Furthermore, this iFVVA highlighted the importance of upfront donor investment in manufacturing set-up and clinical studies and the critical influence of an appropriate price to ensure country and manufacturer financial sustainability. To ensure that MR-MAPs achieve the greatest public health benefit, MAP developers, vaccine manufacturers, donors, financiers, and policy- and decision-makers will need close collaboration and open communications.

In hillside watersheds, forests play a crucial role in protecting against soil erosion. Not only does forest vegetation cover serve as a biological measure to prevent soil erosion, it also generates income through sustainable management practices. However, there is a scarcity of research that evaluates and compares the profitability of perennial woody crops with that of other agricultural crops by integrating biological aspects within an economic analytical framework in Central Madagascar. In this study, we address this gap by combining a biological growth model that captures complex forest dynamics with economic management data to utilize the discounted cash flow method. We applied this approach to evaluate and compare the profitability of forest management and agricultural crop production in the hillside watershed areas of Central Madagascar, which have experienced severe human-induced soil erosion. Although our results showed that timber production is a profitable option, other agricultural crops generate much higher profits, indicating that financial subsidies alone may not be enough to shift land use toward perennial woody crops. In addition, growing fruit trees such as oranges and mangoes appears to be a much more financially attractive option for local farmers than annual agricultural crop production.

Abstract The objective of our paper is to analyze, how valuation practice deals with inflation especially for the terminal value, and how company value is influenced by assumptions set by practitioners. For that reason, we examine how vulnerable companies could be regarding struggles to pass on inflationary effects to their customers. We analyze the inflation rates assumed for the steady-state (terminal value) by comparing them to different estimators for the inflation rate expected at the valuation date (Survey of Professional Forecasters, inflation rates derived by comparing real and nominal rate of returns, inflation swaps). We quantify the implications of using different inflation rates for future cash flow development, terminal value and the company value at the valuation date, and compare nominal reported values with company values in a (hypothetical) world without inflation. Our sample consists of 263 valuation reports written by German auditors with valuation dates between 2000 to 2021. Most of the reports aim at determining the price per share to compensate minority shareholders during a squeeze-out. Our results question inter alia the preference for a constant company specific inflation rate of around 1% on average, and we quantify a number of value effects.

Keywords: Cost-benefit Analysis, Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Capital Amortization Schedule (CAS), Problems of Discounted Cash Flow (DCF). This paper introduces a new method, different from the discounted cash flow (DCF) method, for the first time, to estimate NPV and IRR. This method makes use of the capital amortization schedule (CAS). Accordingly, the present value (PV) of the closing balance (CB) in a CAS at a particular discount rate is the NPV at that rate and the interest rate that makes the CB zero is the IRR. CAS method also reveals that NPV represents the unutilised net cash flow (NCF) that remains as the CB in CAS. IRR is the only rate that fully utilize the NCF and makes the CB zero. The estimated NPV and IRR by CAS and DCF methods are perfectly matching in all cases of small or large-scale investments and under the financial and or economic analysis of investments. The CAS method is more transparent than the DCF method and provides a better insight into: a. evidence of reinvestment of intermediate income in some normal NCF and most non-normal NCF (NNCF) investments; b. elimination of the reinvestment income to get a unique IRR that resolves the problem of multiple IRR; and c. to identify the appropriate criterion between IRR and NPV, as NPV indicates the unutilised NCF whereas IRR indicates the return on invested capital (ROIC) by fully utilizing the NCF. The investors are comfortable to compare the IRR with the cost of capital in percentage term. As the modified IRR (MIRR) assumes reinvestment, MIRR might become redundant if there is no reinvestment and this is an incidental inference drawn.

The use of renewable energy sources has become strategic in the production of electricity worldwide due to global efforts to increase energy efficiency and achieve a net zero carbon footprint. Hybrid systems can maximize stability and reduce costs by combining multiple energy sources. A conventional metric, such as the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), that is appropriate for assessing the cost-effectiveness of an option may not be appropriate when evaluating the economic feasibility of hybrid systems. This study proposes a stochastic discounted cash flow model (DCF) to assess the economic viability of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) in Brazil. The objective is to determine the combinations that will provide the highest 50th percentile internal rate of return (IRR) and the lowest coefficient of variation (CV). Model variables include capital expenditures (CAPEX), operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, sectoral charges, taxes, and long-term energy production metrics. The results demonstrate that the synergies modeled contributed to the higher economic outcomes for the HRES obtained by combining both energy sources rather than opting for a stand-alone configuration. A wind-dominant combination of 60% wind was able to increase the 50th percentile of the IRR, while a solar-dominant combination of 65% solar minimized the CV.

The objective of this research is to analyse and describe the valuation of start-up company using the Discounted Cash Flow Analysis. There are several combination of discount rates, including combination of beta, risk free rate and market return. There are several market returns applied in the calculation of the discount rate, such as gold price, crude oil, property price index and IDX composite. The object of research is PT. XYZ, which is a start-up company engaged in the field of software (System & Mobile Application). The results showed that PT. XYZ is a start-up that has a systematic risk (Beta) of 5.1 point, which is lower than the average beta of hi-tech start-up companies. The fair value of PT. XYZ is Rp 3,729,416,128,911. Using a confidence level of 95%, the deviation of company’s value is between Rp102,726,286,407 and Rp7,356,105,971,415. It is concluded that valuing the start-up using real and financial asset return as a benchmark will provide high fair value. The reason is the return in those assets are lower because of lower risk. The lower rate of return will make the value of the start-up company higher. Therefore, investors will request the start-up company to provide higher value.

In recent years, energy debates are increasingly focused on the energy transition, the Kingdom of Morocco has shown a growing preference for Liquid Natural Gaz (LNG) to ensure energy efficiency. Therefore, Morocco is projecting to invest in its first natural gas for importing and storage capacity by 2030. In tune with developing a terminal site location and an optimum routing alternative for pipeline [1], this article comes as a follow up to establish a profitability study for the same importation terminal. It aims to investigate the financial viability of such a project.The profitability of an investment is generally the most important criterion for the decision-making. Even if the combined ecological and industrial benefits of natural Gaz can sometimes provide enough motivation to invest in importation terminal, a long-term profitability study is a compulsory in such expensive projects, it is systematically pursued to evaluate the economic impact of such an investment decision.After highlighting the multiple benefits of Natural Gaz, the first step is setting up the financial model to be adopted, which is in this case the net present value (NPV) and payback profitability criteria. Therefore, operating and financial assumptions are made based on the benchmark with other similar projects, and finally, the profitability study will allow us to measure the LNG terminal capacity to generate revenue.

Economic feasibility analysis is essential in the decision-making process regarding investment in photovoltaic projects. Project profitability must be measured based not only on the costs and revenues, but also on the climatic particularities of the different locations. Therefore, performing simulations of technical and economic performance of photovoltaic models is fundamental. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze deterministic and stochastic models of investments in two types of photovoltaic systems, one incorporated into the enterprise’s architecture (a BIPV system) and the other, a conventional one, in different Brazilian locations, covering the predominant climatic factors in the country. The methodological proposal consisted of choosing a city in Brazil with each predominant climate type and compiling its data on irradiation, monthly sunshine hours, and tariffs of the electric power concessionaire, to simulate the electrical generation performance of the proposed photovoltaic systems and their profitability. For the economic analysis, the cumulative probability of positive Net Present Value (NPV) returns was obtained through deterministic simulations in all municipalities. Only the municipality of Pau dos Ferros-RN was chosen to perform 10,000 stochastic simulations, and its cumulative probabilities of positive NPV returns were obtained. In both models of photovoltaic technology analyzed and simulation logics, 100% of the NPVs were positive, indicating profitable cash flows in all scenarios. However, some municipalities obtained better results than others when the climate types favored sunny weather. Moreover, although all cases returned positive NPVs, the conventional model proved to be more economically attractive than BIPV system.

El objetivo del presente artículo se centra en resumir en forma exhaustiva y concisa las diferentes metodologías de estimación de la volatilidad que se han propuesto para el enfoque de opciones reales (real options approach o ROA) y brindar, además, una explicación teórica y práctica para estimar una volatilidad no sesgada e incondicional para dicha metodología. Los resultados de la investigación sugieren que la utilización de los métodos actuales genera una marcada sobreestimación de la volatilidad, lo que se transmite en última instancia en la sobrevaloración de la opción real. De esta forma se apropia el uso del método de estimación insesgado para determinar su impacto en la toma de decisiones para un proyecto real del sector de petróleo y gas en Colombia, en el que se estimó su valor estratégico por medio del uso de las opciones reales y se comparó con el resultado estático obtenido por el método de flujos de caja descontados (discounted cash flow o DCF); como resultado se encontró que se genera un valor adicional no percibido por la metodología tradicional que está acorde con la respectiva volatilidad que generó el commodity. Se propone que para futuras investigaciones se mantenga la condición de insesgamiento pero que la estimación sea condicional a través de modelos econométricos, con el fin de emular las irregularidades y las características empíricas que se presentan en las series financieras mediante la utilización, por ejemplo, un apropiado sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales estocásticas, como condición necesaria para el comportamiento del precio y de la volatilidad del activo subyacente. || The aim of this paper is to summarize exhaustively and concisely, the different methodologies for estimating the volatility that has been proposed for the real options approach (ROA), and also provide a theoretical and practical explanation for estimating an unbiased volatility and unconditional for this methodology. The results of the research suggest that the use of the current methods generates a marked overestimation of the volatility, which is ultimately transmitted in the overvaluation of the real option. In this way, the application of the unbiased estimation method is used to determine its impact on decision-making for a real project in the oil and gas sector in Colombia, in which its strategic value was estimated through the use of real options, and it was compared with the static result obtained by the method of discounted cash flows (DCF); as a result it was found that, it is generated an additional value not perceived by the traditional methodology, that is consistent with the respective volatility that was generated by the commodity. It is proposed that for future research, unbiasedness condition is maintained, but that the estimate is conditional through econometric models, in order to emulate the irregularities and empirical characteristics presented in the financial series using, for example, an appropriate system of stochastic differential equations, as required condition for the performance of price, and the volatility of the underlying asset.

The article presents the results of research carried out in the framework of a comparative analysis of the most common, effective approaches and methods for assessing oil and gas companies. The conclusions about the need for a set of methods for evaluating mergers and acquisitions. The leading role in the article is given to the method of discounted cash flows, which allows to get the real value of oil and gas company, to take into account synergies and possible risks to the author developed the methodology for calculating the weighted average cost of capital as the discount rate

Objective: Magazine Luiza, founded in November 1957, a national retail icon, started in 2011 at B3, with exponential growth in the valuation of its shares. This case provides the following pedagogical objectives: a) to promote the problem analysis, to propose and inquire decisions regarding valuation; b) stimulate reflection between the theory that supports the evaluation purposes and the way it should be developed and applied; c) expand the ability to relate the valuation theoretical assumptions of valuation and their adequacy to reality. Methodology: The Financial Statements were extracted from the MGL company website, on Economática® and on B3 website. Professor Damodaran's database was also used. We highlight the data are real, however, on the other hand, the existence of Alpha Varejo and its proposed acquisition of Magazine Luiza is considered as a hypothetical situation. Results: From a behavioral point of view, it allows students and professors to have fair and discussions so that there is mutual respect for divergent opinions and ideas, allowing the exposure of their points of view. Estimating the company's value using the Discounted Cash Flow and Relative Valuation methods is a complex task and can be considered as an important decision-making process, especially for the company's shareholder. In the use of methods, there is the need to choose appropriate premises that best reflect the reality of the company. Study Contributions: The performance of the proposed activity, with undergraduate or graduate students in the business area in disciplines aimed to analyze the financial viability of companies and valuation, contributes to the training of these students with critical analysis development and stimulating discussion in ??finance area.

Valuations have always been time specific and, if properly undertaken, are supposed to give a true reflection of property market conditions at any given point in time. In periods of economic decline, when properties are leased or tend to exchange hands at rents or prices lower than their true market value, a need to capture the explicit growth rate associated with an instability in the property market arises. With the Nigerian economy currently facing its worst recession in years, the onus is on valuers to adopt contemporary methods of valuation which seek to mirror the true situation of the property market at any point in time; something which, hitherto, conventional methods of valuations have failed to do. This paper therefore takes a pilot survey of the types of investment valuation models currently adopted by valuers when carrying out valuations of reversionary properties in a recession. The study seeks to highlight the knowledge gap of valuers, both in practice and in the academia, concerning the use of the Equated yield and DCF explicit growth method of valuation, and hence enlighten them and the general public on its use as a more appropriate method of valuing properties during a downturn.

Environmental sustainability in real estate continues to be of interest, and various government incentives have emerged to encourage investment in sustainability efforts. In this detailed case study, we examine one incentive, the Federal National Mortgage Association's (Fannie Mae) Green Initiative and Green Globes certification, as applied to a newly constructed multifamily complex. Using a discounted cash flow model with several scenarios, the after-tax returns for the multifamily project are examined. In this case study, we analyze the initiative's impact on the project, showing the effects of the lower financing costs. The conclusion is that in addition to societal benefits, lower operating costs, and higher rents, the rate of return can be higher for properties that utilize Green Globe's special financing.

Time, cost, and quality have been known as the project iron triangles and substantial factors in construction projects. Several studies have been conducted on time-cost-quality trade-off problems so far, however, none of them has considered the time value of money. In this paper, a multi-objective mathematical programming model is developed for time-cost-quality trade-off scheduling problems in construction projects considering the time value of money, since the time value of money, which is decreased during a long period of time, is a very important matter. Three objective functions of time, cost, and quality are taken into consideration. The cost objective function includes holding cost and negative cash flows. In this model, the net present value (NPV) of negative cash flow is calculated considering the costs of non-renewable (consumable) and renewable resources in each time period of executing activities, which can be mentioned as the other contribution of this study. Then, three metaheuristic algorithms including multi-objective grey wolf optimizer (MOGWO), non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) are applied, and their performance is evaluated using six metrics introduced in the literature. Finally, a bridge construction project is considered as a real case study. The findings show that considering the time value of money can prevent cost overrun in projects. Additionally, the results indicate that the MOGWO algorithm outperforms the NSGA-II and MOPSO algorithms.

Modern performance measures should provide an accurate assessment of the intrinsic value of the company, as well as the value for the owners (shareholders). The essence is maximizing the immanent or guaranteed value of the company. Free cash flow is a starting point for many valuation ratios, including discounted cash flow, price to cash flow (or its inverse, the free cash flow yield). The Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation reflects the ability of the company to generate cash in future. In knowledge economy the main goal of a company should be directed generating the value for the firm and owners. This implicated the rising importance of free cash flow methodologies that enable investors to efficiently value the companies. The aim of this paper is to present practical approach towards the discounted cash flow of the company (free cash flow to the firm and free cash flow to equity) as valuation method.

Policies that attempt to balance timber production with non-market values that forests provide are common across the United States. Such is the case in northern Maine, USA, where management of critical areas of mature softwood-dominated forest are regulated through the State’s primary wildlife management agency. We use a case study approach with qualitative and quantitative analyses to understand the persistent difficulties encountered by both forest and wildlife managers when implementing this policy. Interviews with foresters and wildlife biologists established the management parameters, and simulated management scenarios compared forest management outcomes with respect to both financial and wildlife habitat provision goals. The model results indicated that there are opportunities for comparable revenues within regulated habitat areas as without, although the returns varied due to legacy of previous management and species composition. More importantly, the interviews revealed that differing habitat metrics used by foresters and biologists are a barrier to communication and management planning, and thus also a barrier to effective policy implementation. We close with thoughts on the applicability of both the methods and results to other situations where an understanding of multiple-use forest policy implementation is desired.

The use of solar energy for power generation using the innovative solar chimney concept has been explored by many researchers mostly with the help of analytical models as well as CFD simulations while experimental studies for a pilot and bench scale facilities have been carried out. The efficiencies of these chimneys, however, are less than 1% (~0.07% for 50 kW pilot plant similar to Manzanares plant in Spain). In the present study, an effort has been made to make modifications in the chimney design to improve the efficiency of the chimney in terms of power generation. CFD simulations have been carried out for this modified design and the efficiency is seen to improve to 0.12% for a 50 kW chimney. Furthermore, a techno-economic feasibility analysis has been carried out for a conventional 5 MW solar power plant which can be installed on the western part of India, which receives good solar irradiation throughout the year. Two cases with and without government subsidies have been considered. It is observed that a high rate of return (~20.4%) is obtained for a selling price of electricity of Rs 5 per kWh with government subsidy, while a rate of return of ~19% is obtained for Rs 10 per kWh without government subsidy.

ABSTRACT This research analyzes the economic and financial feasibility of implementing a biodigester for confinement of beef cattle on a farm located in the State of São Paulo, through the approach of discounted cash flow. The anaerobic digestion technology arouses interest, due to its advantages with the generation of electricity and the pollution reduction of water resources, soil and air, from the biogas and bio-fertilizer production, high value-added products to cattle raising. It was verified that the treatment system of cattle manure with biodigesters generate biogas and fertilizer as revenue, with free cash flows that enable a return on investment in 3.8 years and return an IRR 26.40% and an MIRR of 10.69%; all above than the minimum rate of attractiveness which confirmed the economic and financial viability of the investment.

The volatility of the global economy, changing business practices, and academic developments have created a need to re-examine Indian corporate capital budgeting practices. Our research is based on a sample of 77 Indian companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange. Results reveal that corporate practitioners largely follow the capital budgeting practices proposed by academic theory. Discounted cash flow techniques of net present value and internal rate of return and risk adjusted sensitivity analysis are most popular. Weighted average cost of capital as cost of capital is most favoured. Nevertheless, the theory-practice gap remains in adoption of specialised techniques of real options, modified internal rate of return (MIRR), and simulation. Non-financial criteria are also given due consideration in project selection.

The article presents the results of research carried out in the framework of a comparative analysis of the most common, effective approaches and methods for assessing oil and gas companies. The conclusions about the need for a set of methods for evaluating mergers and acquisitions. The leading role in the article is given to the method of discounted cash flows, which allows to get the real value of oil and gas company, to take into account synergies and possible risks to the author developed the methodology for calculating the weighted average cost of capital as the discount rate

The Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method is probably the most extended approach used in company valuation, its main drawbacks being probably the known extreme sensitivity to key variables such as Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and Free Cash Flow (FCF) estimations not unquestionably obtained. In this paper we propose an unbiased and systematic DCF method which allows us to value private equity by leveraging on stock markets evidences, based on a twofold approach: First, the use of the inverse method assesses the existence of a coherent WACC that positively compares with market observations; second, different FCF forecasting methods are benchmarked and shown to correspond with actual valuations. We use financial historical data including 42 companies in five sectors, extracted from Eikon-Reuters. Our results show that WACC and FCF forecasting are not coherent with market expectations along time, with sectors, or with market regions, when only historical and endogenous variables are taken into account. The best estimates are found when exogenous variables, operational normalization of input space, and data-driven linear techniques are considered (Root Mean Square Error of 6.51). Our method suggests that FCFs and their positive alignment with Market Capitalization and the subordinate enterprise value are the most influencing variables. The fine-tuning of the methods presented here, along with an exhaustive analysis using nonlinear machine-learning techniques, are developed and discussed in the companion paper.

The increasing demand for food and the need to reduce the environmental impacts of agricultural production in the face of population growth make conservation practices a valuable alternative to increase the sustainability of agriculture. The adoption of these practices, important for food production in emerging economies, increases the feasibility of production on small and intermediate farms in ways that improve social equity. The purpose of this study was to compare the economic feasibility of a no-till soybean monoculture and a no-till soybean/corn (on/off-season) rotation in Brazil. Unlike other studies, a discounted cash flow was combined with a direct cost system, in order to compare the results for farms of different sizes. The results indicate that the larger the farm is, the greater the optimization of production and fixed cost reduction for a set of investments in fixed assets. Although the net present value and internal rate of return were found to be negative for all treatments due to the need for high investment, areas of 60 and 90 hectares generated positive operational cash flow, representing positive profitability for small and intermediate-sized farms. The break-even point was over 100 ha, and the return on investment for 90 ha farms was 11.9% per year.

Investment projects in oil & gas sector are usually characterized by long payback periods and a considerable number of risks involved. Thus, valuation of E&P projects is a complicated task implying structuring and estimation uncertainty. This paper analyses and provides examples of application “modern asset pricing” for mitigating drawbacks of DCF-method in valuation E&P projects. Essay gives examples of evaluation of projects in the oil industry (based on historical figures) and the mega-project to develop the helium resources in the east of the Russian Federation. In the first case direct verification of two methods was performed - for assessing the adequacy of the results in comparison with the dynamics of actual figures. The audit shows that "modern asset pricing" method generally gives more accurate results (with actual verification) and doesn’t underestimate the project efficiency indicators - in opposite to the conventional discounting method, which is prone to excessive determinism. In the second case, we study complicated "super long" project whose evaluation with use of standard techniques under current organizational, economic and technological conditions often gives disappointing results, which is contrary to common sense and the successful experience of helium industry in other countries. An important result is the following: modeling of helium megaproject using the methods of "modern asset pricing" allows you to not only get a more adequate estimate of the economic efficiency, but also take a new view at the approaches to implementation.

RTB Bor is planning to expand the capacity of mining and processing at the Cementacija Kraku Bugaresku site from the current 2.5 million tons per year to 5.5 million. The current processing technology - the classic flotation of the entire excavated ore, without the separation of oxide and sulfide ores, due to the low copper recovery from oxide ore, has achieved the modest financial results. This article discusses an alternative method of copper obtaining using the hydrometallurgical heap leaching and SX / EW extraction method from leach solutions, in terms of economics, i.e. comparative analysis of cash flow and discounted cash flow for both cases (scenarios). The analysis is performed in a software for strategic planning and design in mining - Whittle Fx , with the input techno-economic data for both cases [7]. Due to the frequent breakdowns and causing the accidental situations on the current infrastructure installations of the processing plants, pipeline for pulp-hydro transport from the site to the flotation plant, in conclusion, to emphasize the comparative advantages of hydrometallurgical processing are emphasized in the conclusion not only in terms of the economy but also the environmental protection. In the world, the world's largest copper producers have a tendency to make, besides copper is necessary and valuable metal, also the 'green' metal.

The aim of this paper is to explain the option approach that is not only a tool for evaluating future projects, but may represent a good tool for evaluating companies. Therefore, this study elaborates the call and put options, types of real options, option delay, growth options, custom caution option and the option of leaving. In introductory section companies' performance measures are stated. After that, non-value and value methods of company performance measurements are analyzed. In the following chapter benefits of option approach in company's assessment are discussed in detail.

This paper is a first attempt to examine the role played by the geography on agrarian firms’ valuations. The geography was evaluated through the physical proximity from agrarian companies to other companies and to some strategic points which ease their accessibility to external economic agents. To get our purpose, we developed an empirical application on a sample of non-listed agrarian Spanish companies located in the region of Murcia over the period 2010-2015. We applied Discount Cash Flow methodology for non-listed companies to get their valuations. With this information, we used spatial econometric techniques to analyse the spatial distribution of agrarian firms’ valuations and model the behavior of this variable. Our results supported the assertion that agrarian firms’ valuations are conditioned by the geography. We found that firms with similar valuations tend to be grouped together in the territory. In addition, we found significant effects on agrarian firms valuations derived from the geographical proximity among closer agrarian companies and from them to external agents and transport facilities.

Cementacija - Kraku Bugaresku is a complex of ore bodies in the southeastern part of the deposit Cerovo. It contains a substantial portion of ore with high content of oxides regarding to the total copper in the ore, and with the existing processing technology in the current period, the modest results in metal recovery were achieved. This work, through an analysis, gives a discussion of possible combination of processing using the conventional flotation processing with pyrometallurgical treatment and heap leaching with the hydrometallurgical extraction of metal by SX -EW, in terms of the economic viability of such method. This work firstly made a comparison of optimization results of potential open pits in the ore deposit (Whittle Fx), in both cases for the same input techno-economic data. The obtained potential open pits in the optimization process (pit shells) for Revenue Factor 1 (i.e. the selling price of Cu cathode ton of 5,000 $) are differ from each other by about 8 million tons of ore in favor of the combined processing method and the amount of Cu in the ore to 16,502.44 t, while had grade in the case of method combination is higher for 3.27 %. Discounted cash flow is higher by as much as 61.94 %, which expressed in monetary units is 47,905,712$.

The financial valuation of a drug that is still under development is required for various purposes. The risk-adjusted net present value (r-NPV) method, which recently emerged in the biotech industry, uses the development attrition rate as a discount factor to reflect risk during each development phase. The r-NPV method was developed to overcome the disadvantages of the prevailing discounted cash flow and real options methods and considers drug type, as well as the stage of development in its approach. Using this method, the current study examines technology values in the biopharmaceutical industry and matches the clinical development periods and success rates of these new drugs by analyzing datasets from ClinicalTrials.gov and MedTrack DB. It thus provides support for an empirical valuation model for experts in the field. Notably, there is limited research on the attrition rate and development period of new substance drugs and the research results are not consistently presented. In addition to new substance drugs, further research is necessary to deepen understanding of the attrition rate and development period of biologically-based drugs because of their inherent physical and developmental differences. Similarly, research on performance specifics within drug class models would enable refinement of the model.

Dentro do contexto controverso de comparações entre modelos de valuation, o presente trabalho investiga, baseado nas projeções dos analistas de mercado de capitais para empresas brasileiras, se existem diferenças entre os valores de uma empresa estimados pelo modelo de fluxo de caixa descontado (DCF) e pelo modelo de Ohlson (modelo de lucros residuais - RIV). Essa abordagem é inovadora à medida que trabalhos já realizados visando à comparação entre esses modelos consideram o valor da empresa calculado com base nas informações publicadas/divulgadas pela empresa e não com base na expectativa dos agentes de mercado (como por exemplo, o analista de mercado de capitais). Entretanto, a correta implementação dos modelos em análise deve ser realizada considerando-se as expectativas dos agentes de mercado. Adicionalmente, são realizadas regressões para verificar qual dos modelos (DCF ou OHLSON) explica melhor a relação preço/valor patrimonial (P/B) de uma empresa em períodos futuros. As conclusões obtidas foram: i) existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes para o valor estimado das empresas pelo fluxo de caixa descontado e pelo modelo de Ohlson (RIV) e ii) os índices P/B, calculados a partir das estimativas dos analistas (que utilizam o DCF), apresentam maior poder explicativo dos índices P/B futuros da empresa do que as estimativas do índice P/B feitas pelo modelo de Ohlson (RIV).This paper uses equity analysts' forecasts for Brazilian firms to analyze whether there are significant differences between the results from the estimation of equity value when applying the discounted cash flow model (DCF) and the residual income model (OHLSON). The approach used in this research is pioneer, considering that previous papers comparing valuation models in Brazil used researchers' assumptions, based on public information, to implement the valuation models. However, the correct implementation of these models relies on market expectations (i.e. equity analysts) to calculate equity values. Additionally, we evaluate what model (DCF or OHLSON) better explains the Price-to-Book relation for future periods. Conclusions are: i) there are statistically significant differences for estimates of equity value when using discounted cash flow models and residual income models, and ii) Price-to-Book ratios calculated through discounted cash flow models have higher explanatory power for future Price-to-Book ratios than the estimates of this ratio using residual income valuation models.

Na metodologia de avaliação de empresas com base no Fluxo de Caixa Descontado, têm-se os seguintes métodos: o Fluxo de Caixa Operacional Disponível, o Valor Presente Ajustado, o Fluxo de Caixa do Capital Próprio. Cada modelo tem suas características e fornece uma informação diferenciada, mas teoricamente devem proporcionar resultados financeiros equivalentes, se for empregada à mesma base de dados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se com o emprego da mesma base de dados, os três métodos indicados com base no Fluxo de Caixa Descontado, proporcionam resultados equivalentes ou se existem conflitos metodológicos entre os mesmos, com base em estudo de caso real. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os três valores e entre estes e o preço de venda da empresa em questão.

The present day theory and practice of assessment of enterprises is characterized by the existence of many different methods of assessment. One of its reasons is that the requirements for assessing of enterprises have considerably changed during the recent years. At the same time, the advancement in the science on enterprises has led to development of new assessing concepts and methods.

This paper presents an extended production inventory model in which the production rate at any instant depends on the demand and the inventory level. The effects of the time value of money are incorporated into the model. The demand rate is a linear function of time for the scheduling period. The proposed model can assist managers in economically controlling production systems under the condition of considering a discounted cash flow. A simple algorithm computing the optimal production-scheduling period is developed. Several particular cases of the model are briefly discussed. Through numerical example, sensitive analyses are carried out to examine the effect of the parameters. Results show that the discount rate parameter and the inventory holding cost have a significant impact on the proposed model.

This paper investigate Residual Earnings, Discounted cash flow and adjusted earnings methods for achieving fair value and comparing with value of companies on Initial public offering in Tehran stock exchange(TSE) . Research hypotheses have been tested by t-student, Wilcox on signed-rank and R-square (parametric or Nonparametric) Statistics. The conclusions of this research indicate, there isn’t a significant difference between fair value of companies based upon Residual earning procedure and average fair values of companies on Initial public offering, but there is a significant difference between estimated values by discounted cash flow and adjusted earning procedures comparison with average value of companies on initial public offering. Moreover, There isn’t a significant difference between fair values of companies based upon Residual earning and discounted cash flow and also discounted cash flow and adjusted earning procedures. In the other hand, there is a significant difference between fair value of companies based upon Residual earning and adjusted earning procedures.

Valuation is one of the main subjects in investment management which plays an important role in efficient capital allocation. Valuation has become an important subject since supreme leader addressed the 44th principal of constitutional law. Considering many problems which have arrised in valuation and stock pricing by Privatization Organization during resent years,it is essential to pay more attention in valuation of the different companies which are being privatized in the near future. In this article we surveyed different valuation methods which was presented by Iranian Board of Ministers along with addressing the different valuation methods such as Discounted Cash Flow(DCF),Economic Value Added(EVA),Ajusted Present Value(APV) and Gordon Model. Finally we proposed DCF showing an example.