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Pittsburgh has changed considerably since deindustrialization, with a shift in industry from steel to medicine and from public to private infrastructure. Segregation patterns form in response to the economic statuses within a region. Exclusionary zoning codes have shaped segregation patterns in Pittsburgh. As these zones become increasingly obsolete with the decline of the steel industry and the subsequent rise in the white-collar economy, the potential for these zones to change increases. This study uses the Dissimilarity Index to measure changes in segregation levels in Pittsburgh’s twenty most segregated neighborhoods as measured in 1970, to 2020. Segregation levels have decreased in all neighborhoods evaluated except one. This reveals that overall, Pittsburgh is desegregating. The results of this study also indicate the effects of private infrastructure, decreasing population, and areas of concentrated poverty on the demographics of a city.

This book aims to show, in a nuanced and precise way, the effects of deindustrialization on a territory of eastern France. This can change the electoral behaviour of a population whose habits have been upset by the closure of businesses and the dislocation of the community they helped to forge. Another development contributes to these changes: the aging of the population and the departure of young people, which is accelerating after the 2000s. The old world also began to disintegrate under the influence of factors such as the entry into the consumer society and the weakening of religious practices.

ABSTRACT This article assumes the importance of the manufacturing industry to long-term growth and examines Brazil’s deindustrialization process since its economic opening. The manufacturing sector’s recovery is analyzed in light of the proposal to reindustrialize the economy in the ongoing global climate emergency. In line with the new-developmentalist literature, reindustrialization implies widening policy space to recover public and private investment in productive assets, providing financial conditions compatible with long-term returns. It assumes an active role in state intervention. In this sense, the New Brazilian Industry industrial policy should anchor long-term expectations to enhance productive investment committed to the green transition. This approach positions industrial policy as the anchor to build a sustainable development convention.

Germany has demonstrated throughout history that it can be reborn from its ashes, like the mythical phoenix bird. After two devastating world wars, the country had the ability, strength, and discipline to recover and become the undisputed leader of Europe. The advantages obtained by Germany in the last 20 years, such as ample trade, cheap energy and strong industry, made the country the strongest power in Europe and gave its political leaders a false sense of security and relaxation. In this article, I have identified several problems facing the German economy and I have emphasized the importance of taking urgent and radical measures to avoid a series of devastating long-term effects, including the risk of deindustrialization.

The article identifies new trends and challenges in the development of the world economy and energy in an era of global instability, including the economic problems of the United States of America, the trend towards dedollarization of the global economy and the transition to alternative payment systems, the deindustrialization of Europe, role of the Government in economy, risks undermining the long-term stability of oil supplies due to underinvestment and limited opportunities to increase new production capacities. The issues of the development of «green» energy are analyzed, while it is shown that hat reducing the causes of global warming solely to CO2 emissions resulting from human activities is not sufficiently substantiated. The possibilities and problems of the fuel and energy sector of Russia in the era of the transformation of the world energy markets and restructuring of Russian’s economy are revealed.

The article examines how deindustrialization as economic restructuring and housing regime changes evolved interconnectedly in Romania during the Great Transformation from state socialism to neoliberal capitalism. This article also explores how they acted as conditions for the emergence of a real-estate-development-driven housing regime (REDD-HR) alongside other factors. The analysis is from the perspective of the geographical political economy on the variegated pathways of these phenomena across borders and secondary statistical data collected by two research projects conducted in Romania in the past two years. In the Eastern semiperiphery of global capitalism or a country of the Global Easts with a socialist legacy, after 1990, the state restructured the economy by privatizing industry and public housing. During state socialism, the housing regime supported industrialization-based urbanization, whereas deindustrialization-cumprivatization in emerging capitalism facilitated the appearance of real estate development. On the one hand, the article enriches studies on deindustrialization by highlighting the role of housing in the transformation of industrial relations; on the other hand, the paper revisits housing studies by analyzing deindustrialization as a process with an impact on the changing housing regime. Altogether, deindustrialization-cum-privatization and the changing housing sector are analyzed as prerequisites of the REDD-HR.

The objective of the article is to analyze the new stylized facts related to the Tunisian revolution (loss of competitiveness, deindustrialization and reallocation of employment between sectors) which affected private manufacturing industries, more particularly those located in the coastal region. Based on the regional growth model, we identify the determinants of the (decrease) increase of manufacturing employment in the Tunisian coastal region using an unbalanced panel of 14 sectors spread over 150 delegations of 12 coastal governorates. The results show that industrial specialization, the initial size of establishments, the initial size of delegations, the average salary, the proportion of the population aged 10 years and over with a primary level have a negative effect on employment growth. In contrast, industrial diversity is a factor in employment growth. A delegation endowed with a qualified workforce stimulates its growth. The results also show that a phenomenon of job reallocation determines the growth of sectors. Finally, a process of regional convergence was recorded in the delegations of the Center-East as well as a remarkable effect of the decentralization policies on the growth of the delegations of the governorate of Zaghouan and Manouba.

Abstract The objective of the article is to analyze the relation between the innovative capacity and the deindustrialization process. We use data from 80 countries from 1995 to 2016. In addition, we use a new dependent variable to measure the deindustrialization process, related to the quality of exports and industrial competitiveness. The results suggest that there is a direct relationship between the innovative capacity and the share of industry in GDP, the relative share of industrial employment, and the quality of industrial exports. In the estimates considering the income level, we found that the impact of the innovative process on the dependent variables decreases as the income level rises. Although the effects of innovative capacity on industrial muscle remain positive. The results suggest that low innovative capacity may affect the deindustrialization process of a given country. The estimated result for the dependent variable related to the quality of exports presented the same behavior as the variables reported in the literature. As a public policy implication, the results suggest that policymakers should adopt incentive policies to build innovative capacity according to their income level, so that industrial development can provide special and favorable conditions for sustained growth.

Under the international environmental constraints formed by the implementation of carbon emissions reductions, China is facing tremendous pressure to reduce emissions while promoting stable economic development. This study analyzes the effects of Chinese economic growth rate, urbanization level, and deindustrialization level on carbon dioxide emissions under different levels of carbon dioxide emissions based on a quantile regression model. The study finds that: (1) In the stage of large carbon emissions, that is, in the stage of extensive economic development, the economic growth rate and carbon emissions have a positive linear curve relationship. (2) When carbon emissions remain at a normal level or even lower than usual, that is, energy resources have not yet been developed under the current economic backwardness or carbon emissions have been effectively controlled, the urbanization level and carbon dioxide emissions have a U-shaped curve relationship. (3) In most cases, the level of deindustrialization has an inverted U-shaped relationship with carbon emissions. (4) When carbon emissions are too large, that is, at the stage of extensive industrial development, the increase of deindustrialization level reduces the effect of economic growth rate on carbon emissions. During periods of low carbon emissions, the increase of deindustrialization level weakens the inhibitory effect of urbanization level on carbon emissions. This research provides a theoretical basis for China to implement emission reduction measures based on its own economic and social stages.

The rise in global trade volumes since the early 90s has been welcomed by many under the notion that trade helps countries edge closer to their economic potential. A concerning observation, however, is that while Asia, Latin America, and Europe seem to have witnessed a discernible rise in per capita income during this period and moved closer to their economic potential, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) does not seem to have recorded as much success. Defining economic potential as maximum possible income from given resources and existing technology, the results presented here for a panel of 22 sub-Saharan countries observed between 1995 and 2021 confirm that the region’s ability to edge closer to its full potential was heavily undermined by its small and shrinking manufacturing sector, a result that is replicated by counterfactual methods. In policy senses against this background, SSA may need to reconsider its widespread deindustrialization model and rejuvenate manufacturing. This policy implication feeds into the broader discussion of premature deindustrialization in SSA and its economic consequences. Evidence suggests that reversing this trend through expanding manufacturing potentially lifts about 50% of the sampled countries (including Rwanda, Togo, Guinea, Niger, Sierra-Leone, Gambia, Benin, Uganda, and Mozambique) from low-income status to middle-income status.

This paper intends to delve deeply into the current understanding of the ways in which the transition from a central-based economy to an economy relying on free competition has led to changes in the big urban centers, bringing about a change in the relationships with the suburban areas. The authors take into account the high population density, the lack of space, and the elevated price of land within the big cities, which leads to urban functions migrating beyond the administrative boundaries, thus favoring the process of suburbanization. Given the context, commercial forces shift, migrating from the center to the urban peripheries or even outside them. This research is based on a comprehensive process of participative investigation (2012–2022) in Bucharest, Romania’s capital city. The research relies on field investigation, statistical and quantitative analyses and bibliographical sources. The conclusions rely primarily on the idea that political changes cannot be separated from economic, cultural and environmental ones, highlighting globalizing flows and the development of big cities. Industrial activities, strongly developed within a central-based economy, have significantly declined, which is partly compensated for by the development of the tertiary sector and, in particular, of commercial services leading to a functional reconversion of the urban peripheries and of suburban areas. The conclusions suggest that it is very important to be highly careful regarding the dilemmas and challenges ensuing from uncontrolled urban growth; therefore, several measures of urban planning should be taken with a view to achieving a better cooperation between urban stakeholders and those from the metropolitan areas so as to attain some common objectives in infrastructure in order to reach an integrated regional development.

The present article sought to show what the neoliberal policies present in the Washington Consensus consisted of and what were some of the consequences of their implementation by the main Latin American economies, especially in the 1990s. In addition, it is emphasized that the implementation of such policies led some countries to deindustrialization. Regarding this process, it was shown that, although deindustrialization has been presented in a general way in all Latin American nations, three different types could be identified in Brazil, Mexico and Chile. Each of these nations presented different degrees of severity with respect to the impacts suffered in their respective manufacturing industries.

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of productivity in developed countries, including EU countries and Ukraine. Hypotheses about the identity of the deindustrialization factor as the main cause for productivity decrease for both the Ukrainian economy and the economic systems of developed countries are verified. Purpose of the article: To develop a comprehensive methodological approach to strategizing and state regulation of the business environment based on guidelines developed according to the results of a comparative analysis of the productivity of entrepreneurial activities and focused on maximizing the creation of added value, which is a criterion for increasing the productivity of entrepreneurial activities. Methods used: A review of the scientific literature, a comparative analysis of the productivity of entrepreneurial activity in developed countries and Ukraine, including time series analysis, calculating growth rates of per capita value-added, and factor analysis of key obstacles that hinder the growth of the productivity of innovative entrepreneurial activity. The contribution made to the theory and methodology of productivity includes the proposed definition of the economic category “productivity of entrepreneurial activity”; general methodological principles of forming a strategy for improving the productivity of entrepreneurial activities are established; taking into account the best international experience, the main principles of state regulation of the entrepreneurial environment are laid down; it is established that the purpose of the strategy for improving the productivity of entrepreneurial activity is to provide the state with favorable business conditions, i.e., to create a favorable entrepreneurial environment and make it possible to identify and use hidden assets of entrepreneurial structures to develop value-added chains, the growth of which is a criterion for increasing productivity.

The deindustrialization process of Romania, applied methodically and persistently after the 90s, seems not to be part of the natural path towards industry 4.0, but rather to be a systematic process of planned destruction and erasure of the post-December industry, on a new Valev Plan system conceived in the secret laboratories of the artisans of the new world configuration. The insistence with which there was a systematic and planned demolition of most of the large industrial capacities and platforms betrays obscure interests that can no longer be placed under the umbrella of classifying them as obsolete or non-performing, but rather as inconvenient for foreign markets and foreign capitals. To better understand the mechanisms that acted in order to reset Romania and return it to the status of a semi-agrarian colony, exporting raw materials, natural resources and cheap labor, materialized by the destruction of the heavy, petrochemical, food and car manufacturing industry, we will need to analyze in depth the essence of the manifestation framework of the processes that support globalism as an ideology and globalization as a supra-state and neo-colonialist policy of the great international power centers.

This article takes the first step in attempting to create a more accurate timeline of deindustrialization, which is generally understood as a process that begins and proceeds through the 1970s. I argue that this narrative of deindustrialization, which is very much tied to 1970s events, should be called into question, as the empirical evidence on corporate relocation tells a different story. The article tracks the regional movement of auto corporations out of Detroit and establishes a new timeline for corporate migration and deindustrialization, well before this generally accepted 1970s starting point. To do this it makes use of multiple collections housed in the Reuther Archives at Wayne State University and Moody’s Industrial Manual Reports. In questioning the established timeline of deindustrialization, the article highlights other aspects of the process itself.

The article summarizes the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of industrial restructuring as a necessary condition for sustainable development and inclusive economic growth. The irrationality of the approach of the "reformers" to the application of the recommendations of the "Washington Consensus", which led to the deindustrialization of the Ukrainian economy, is analyzed. The main reasons for the low efficiency of the implementation of nationwide targeted economic programs for the development of industry have been identified. The need for effective interaction in the industrial structure of large, medium and small businesses is indicated. The level of innovative development of the national economy is assessed. An analysis of the export potential was carried out; its predominantly raw material character was noted. Measures are proposed to improve the organizational mechanism for managing the state industrial policy.

Gelişmekte olan ülkeler grubu içinde yer alan Türkiye’de, hizmetler, sanayi ve tarım sektörlerinin yarattığı istihdam ve katma değerde, 2001 yılı sonrası dönemde önemli değişimler meydana gelmiştir. Meydana gelen bu değişimler, gelir dağılımı üzerinde de önemli etkiler yaratmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2006 ve 2018 arasındaki dönemde, Türkiye’de gerçekleşen bu yapısal dönüşüm sürecini bölgesel düzeyde analiz etmek ve bu yapısal dönüşüm süreci ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında bulunan ilişkileri incelemektedir. Bu amaçla, ilk olarak, 2006 ile 2018 yılları arasındaki dönemde, Türkiye’de gerçekleşen istihdam değişiminin NUTS-1 düzeyinde sektörel bazlı analizi, shifts share (pay değişim analizi) yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise, panel veri yöntemi yardımıyla, gelir eşitsizliği ile sanayi ve hizmet istihdamı arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın ulaştığı ilk önemli sonuç, 2006 ile 2018 döneminde, Türkiye bölgelerinin sanayisizleşme sürecine eşlik eden hizmetleşme sürecine doğru bir yapısal dönüşüm geçirdiğidir. En fazla istihdam artışının hizmetler sektöründe yaşandığı bu dönemde, sanayi sektörü ikinci planda kalmıştır. Çalışmanın ulaştığı ikinci önemli sonuç, Türkiye’nin ilgili dönemde geçirdiği bu yapısal dönüşüm süreci ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında bulunan ilişki ile ilgilidir. 2006 ile 2018 yılları arasında, sanayi istihdamının gelir eşitsizliği verilerini belirleme gücünün zayıflamış, hizmet istihdamının ise kuvvetlenmiştir. Hizmet istihdamı, gelir eşitsizliğini artıran sonuçlara neden olmaktadır.

ABSTRACT This research seeks to understand the relationship between the rate of profit and the exchange rate and how this relationship can impact the productive structure. We construct a theoretical model in which the exchange rate influences the rate of profit, and we argue that although an overvalued exchange rate could benefit sectors with high imported input coefficients in the short term because it reduces costs, it negatively impacts the demand for their products and also reduces the aggregatedemand; hence, an overvalued exchange rate could shrink the profit rate of these sectors in the medium term. In the Brazilian case, these sectors are the high technological-content manufacturing sectors.

Over the past six years since the change of political power (in February 2014) and the new leadership of the country proclaimed the course towards Euro-Atlantic integration,Ukrainehas gone through the next and the largest crisis in its post-Soviet history. This crisis was the result of not only negative global (slowdown in global economic growth, falling demand and prices for traditional Ukrainian exports), but also regional (rupture of trade and economic ties withRussia) factors amid loss of part of the territory and military operations in the east countries. Such serious external and internal shocks greatly affected to the Ukrainian economy, which at the same time withstood and largely adapted to sharply changing conditions. However, it is not necessary to talk about any significant development of the country, about its structural and technological modernization, increasing competitiveness in this period. To achieve this goal, the new authorities ofUkrainewill need to make a lot of efforts, achieve consolidation of the entire Ukrainian society on the country’s strategic development, complete large-scale structural and institutional reforms, solve the Donbass problem and at least partially restore the destroyed humanitarian and economic ties withRussia.

Reindustrialization is gaining focus in developed countries and manufacturing is again becoming a priority in the economic policy documents of the European Union (EU). We investigate whether there is reindustrialization happening in the EU, and if so, whether the evolution of manufacturing is similar among the different member states. For this analysis, we selected two country groups, ten post-socialist member states (PS10) and the core fifteen members (EU15). We use a decomposition method to separate the effects of changing labor productivity in manufacturing, changing share of manufacturing in gross value added and changing aggregate labor productivity on the change in manufacturing’s share in employment between 2000 and 2017. We find deindustrialization in the EU15 group: a decrease in manufacturing employment share as well as manufacturing employment itself along with a stagnant share in total gross value added. Meanwhile the Post-socialist country group shows signs of reindustrialization: the share of manufacturing employment slightly increased along with an increasing employment, and a dynamically increasing gross value added share. We also find that after the global financial crisis the evolution of the manufacturing sector in the Post-socialist group is more similar to that in the EU15 group than it was before the crisis.

In the middle of the 20th century, economic theories predicted an evolution towards development that involved the tertiarization of the productive structure, with industry losing weight to the benefit of commerce and services. This model justified the deindustrialization of countries when, promoting globalization, large companies relocated production phases to third countries to take advantage of lower labor costs. Since the Great Recession and aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic and other economic factors, globalization seems to be entering a new phase in the third decade of the 21st century, in which Global Value Chains are changing to become even more regional and reshoring is a strategy increasingly employed by large European and North American companies. In the medium term, this global change will have a considerable impact on land systems on a global scale in what could be a new reindustrialization of the old continent. The article presents an investigation carried out on the impact of reshoring in leading European companies in six different industrial branches. The results of the research show how the relocation of the industry in the most developed countries is an incipient trend practiced by the leading European companies.

The conventional view of structural transformation is informed by three stylized facts of economic development: (i) all economies exhibit declining employment in agriculture, (ii) all economies exhibit a hump-shaped share of employment in industry, and (iii) all economies exhibit an increasing share of employment in services. In this paper, I show that this presumed path of structural transformation may no longer be the route to economic development in low-income economies. Classifying economies as either structurally developed, structurally developing, or structurally underdeveloped, I observe a different path of structural transformation in structurally underdeveloped economies in which workers are moving directly from agriculture to nonbusiness services, which as a sector does not have the same productivity gains as manufacturing. I also show that the mainstream approach is unable to explain the patterns of structural transformation observed in low-income developing economies. This suggests the need to rethink the theoretical premises behind much of the mainstream approach to structural transformation and to identify alternate causal mechanisms to explain the different types of structural transformation underway in the developing world.

This study aims to identify the causes of deindustrialization among ASEAN countries with years of analysis from 2000 to 2017. Secondary data in this study were obtained from CEIC and the analysis method used an econometric model approach to panel data. The variable used to describe deindustrialization in this study (dependent variable) is manufacturing value added (MANVASUR) and the share of manufacturing in GDP (MANSHA). The results of the analysis show that per capita income, population, and economic openness have a significant effect on manufacturing value added (MANVASUR), while the share of manufacturing in GDP (MANSHA) is influenced by the wealth of natural resources, population, and economic openness. The population and per capita income of ASEAN member countries are positively related to the added value of the industrial sector, while economic openness is negatively related. This means that the more open the economy of a country, on the contrary the value added of the industrial sector actually decreases. Economic openness and natural resource wealth of ASEAN countries are positively related to the contribution (share) of the industrial sector to GDP, while the population is negatively marked by contribution (share) industrial sector to GDP. That means, the fewer the population, the less human resources involved in industry and industry will involve a lot of technology (capital intensive).

Regional markets demonstrate a significant slowdown in economic growth and the Ural region is not an exception. The article examines the specificity of the Ural industrial markets. The methodological basis of the research is neoclassical economic theory looking at the dependence of output on the production factors applied in the context of the production function. The authors perform a quantitative research using the econometric tools and construct several regression models. We use the sales growth rate of the regional industrial market as a resulting indicator. Regressors (factors) are growth rates of salary; investments into fixed capital; own and raised funds allocated for investments into fixed capital; short-term and long-term financial investments. The authors describe the trends in the Ural industries. The results show that there is a correlation between growth rates of the industrial markets and growth rates of salary and own funds allocated for investments into fixed capital. The paper concludes about the necessity for the region to move to a new technological level. At the same time, it is also important to develop traditional industries. The region’s potential is high and, therefore, the synergy in the triad “industry–education–science” can stimulate its growth. In addition, at the moment there is an urgent need for cultivating conditions, especially institutional ones, to form a solid layer of medium-sized business in the Ural region.

Resumo O presente artigo aborda aspectos econômicos relevantes do aglomerado urbano que constitui a Macrometrópole Paulista (MMP). Primeiramente, identificamos as principais dinâmicas associadas à globalização e as suas manifestações em São Paulo. Em seguida, discutimos o acidentado percurso do desenvolvimento brasileiro nas últimas décadas, com ênfase nas pressões que pesam sobre a indústria nacional, o que significa caracterizar o contexto mais geral no qual a MMP está inscrita. Posteriormente, situamos a MMP na trajetória recente da economia brasileira e analisamos o seu desempenho industrial com os decorrentes impactos territoriais. Concluímos avaliando a economia paulista em face dos desafios contemporâneos, salientando o papel do Estado nacional na implementação de políticas regionais capazes de estimular um desenvolvimento mais equilibrado no conjunto do território do País.

La désindustrialisation et les fermetures de sites de production industrielle sont principalement analysés par le biais des mutations des appareils productifs, ou par leurs effets sur les trajectoires individuelles des travailleur·se·s de l’industrie. Nous proposons dans cet article de questionner ces phénomènes en tant que facteur de vulnérabilité des populations et des territoires pris dans leur ensemble.En nous centrant sur la Picardie, qui fut l’une des régions les plus industrielles de France, nous chercherons à caractériser la désindustrialisation des espaces qui la compose en mobilisant des données issues de différentes sources. Nous mettrons ensuite ces indices de la désindustrialisation en lien avec des indicateurs de pauvreté et de dynamisme démographique afin de tenter une première caractérisation de la vulnérabilité des territoires.

Main development trends and complex of internal and external factors influencing on export potential of the industrial sector in the Republic of Belarus have been revealed and determined on the basis of the analysis of national and international statistical databases and method for expert assessment. Relevance of the research is to demonstrate that industry creates a significant part of commodity exports in the small open economy of the Republic of Belarus which has adopted a course to post-industrialization as a national strategy. Absolute figures of the Belarusian export of services are 3.4 times lower than values of the commodity export, 92.4 % of which is provided by manufacturing industry. It is in the sphere of industrial production that we should look for the reasons of long-term trend to reducing physical and cost volumes of Belarusian export, deterioration of its commodity and geographical structure, negative balance of trade and account of current operations. Main positions of the Belarusian commodity exports which form 70 % of its volume to non-CIS countries are raw materials exposed to unstable price environment in the world market, although the mining industry accounts for only 1.2 % while the manufacturing industry creates 85.6 % of the sector’s gross output. The study refutes the conclusion that problems associated with implementation of an export potential of domestic industry should be explained by the crisis of industrial production, proving that post-industrialization, accompanied by a reduction, curtailment or cross-border transfer of industrial production, is not so clear and does not bring the expected macroeconomic results. Reindustrialization, achievement of a breakthrough in the use of information technologies for a new quality of industrial production, which involves reorientation of IT-sector in Belarus operating on the basis of an outsourcing model from external to domestic market and solution of problems concerning system modernization of industry must become a national strategy aimed at the development and implementation of the industry’s export potential.

The paper explores deindustrialization as the main development problem in Serbia and examines the possibilities for a new industrial policy and its implementation. The aim of the paper is to re-examine the process of deindustrialization in Serbia (its causes and consequences), and to give useful suggestions related to Serbia's existing strategy of longterm industrial development until 2020 and to new industrial policies. Addressing the deindustrialization process is an issue of developmental and economic policy. A reindustrialization strategy or a new industrial policy could be one answer, and this has to be addressed if the share of industry in the GDP is to increase. Both qualitative and datagiven approaches have been applied to the analysis of deindustrialization and to the question of how to improve the conceptual framework for reindustrialization in Serbia. Also, some recommendations to the on-going national reindustrialization strategy, or the “smart specialization strategies” are made. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 47014]

This paper presents a theoretical-conceptual panorama that aims to correlate variables of deindustrialization, re-primarization of the export agenda with ducht disease. Systematic review methodology was used identifying and evaluating the databases studies integrated of Scientific Electronic Library Online and Periodicals Portal of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of the Ministry of Education, included in the systems up to the date of 02 March 2016, using the term "Dutch disease" and peer review as the selection criteria. Data collected allowed the identification of favorable arguments and negative arguments about Dutch disease presence in the Brazilian economy, as reported in the literature. Nevertheless, the results reveal that the databases used by the chains are distinct, which does not allow to state categorically whether there is or is not a Dutch disease in Brazil. As for the arguments favorable to the presence of the Dutch disease, there are theoretical lines that link the persistent appreciation of the national currency with the reprimarization of the export agenda, would trigger the deindustrialization of the economy. Regarding the arguments against the existence of the disease in Brazil, literature states that industrial jobs have remained stable, and the export pattern has not undergone any significant changes recently, the manufacturing industry maintained an average annual level of participation in the industry, Gross Domestic Product and the sectors of high and medium-high technology had significant growth.

U.S. labor markets have experienced transformative change over the past half century. Spurred on by global economic change, robotization, and the decline of labor unions, state labor markets have shifted away from an occupational regime dominated by the production of goods to one characterized by the provision of services. Prior studies have proposed that the deterioration of employment opportunities may be associated with the rise of substance use disorders and drug overdose deaths, yet no clear link between changes in labor market dynamics in the U.S. manufacturing sector and drug overdose deaths has been established. Using restricted-use vital registration records between 1999 and 2017 that comprise over 700,000 drug deaths, I test two questions: First, what is the association between manufacturing decline and drug and opioid overdose mortality rates? Second, how much of the increase in these drug-related outcomes can be predicted by manufacturing decline? The findings provide strong evidence that the restructuring of the U.S. labor market has played an important upstream role in the current drug crisis. Up to 92,000 overdose deaths for men and up to 44,000 overdose deaths for women are predicted by the decline of state-level manufacturing over this nearly two-decade period. These results persist in models that adjust for other social, economic, and policy trends changing at the same time. Critically, the findings signal the value of policy interventions that aim to reduce persistent economic precarity experienced by individuals and communities, especially the economic strain placed upon the middle class.

Milan is no longer an industrial city. This paper traces the story of a once industrial city that never truly was a place solely made of factories. The paper focuses on the final decades of the 20th-century, when, one by one, all the large factories closed, leaving a scar behind their disappearance, a social trauma that caused the disintegration of the working class, which had been an important component of Milan’s population till then. That event symbolizes the beginning of a drastic urban metamorphosis. This was a process that has left deep marks in the urban fabric itself, marks that the city of Milan only recently started to metabolize. This happened thanks to the development of a modern tertiary sector followed by urban regeneration and gentrification processes, mainly led by the interests of large real estates.

Before 1990, Romania went through a forced industrialized policy, but after this time, most of the industrial bussiness went bankrupt, and their sites and buildings were abandoned. Nowadays, most of the cities in Romania encounter the problem of abandoned industrial sites. This has become an interesting problem for the local authorities to overcomein the future. The aim of this paper is to study the process of deindustrialization of the country and suggest methods of regenerating the areas.

In light of the growing concern about the economic and social costs of high income inequality, the paper analyses wage inequality in Bulgaria in the context of the structural changes taking place in the economy. For this purpose, we first estimate wage inequality in the country over the period 2000-2016 by using the inequality decomposition method proposed by Pyatt, Chen and Fei (1980). Then, we analyse the differences in wages depending on economic activity, region and educational attainment. The results show that wages are the most significant source of income inequality in Bulgaria and that their contribution to overall inequality increases significantly during the analysed period. Furthermore, the growing role of the service sector at the expense of agriculture and industry is associated with increasing wage differences across economic sectors, regions and levels of education, which together shape the magnitude and the dynamics of wage inequality.

The aim of the article is to analyze the process of structural transformations of employment in Ukraine by spheres of economic activity in order to identify priority directions for the development of the labor market in the context of the world economic trends. In the article the analysis of the transformation of employment in Ukraine is carried out according to the methodology of M. Castells used in the book “The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture”. Based on the data of the State Statistics Committee and Eurostat, a comparative analysis of the transformation of employment by major groups of foreign economic activity is made, special attention being paid to the industrial and service sector. The obtained results testify to the narrowing of the domestic labor market and deformation of its structure, noncompliance of structural transformations of employment in Ukraine with modern world trends. This is manifested in a decrease in the percentage of employed in the industrial sector of the economy (due to its stagnation and decline), its growth in agriculture, and a much lower share of employment (in comparison with the EU countries) in the service sector. A decrease in the share of the employed in services to manufactures is revealed, which is a “trap” for the development of the Ukrainian industry. The share of people employed in the domestic service sector remains low, which indicates a low standard of living for the majority of the country’s population. The share of the employed in social services though is growing but significantly slower than in European countries. There substantiated the necessity of developing a strategy for a new social and economic policy aimed at the revival and innovation development of the industrial sector, modernization of the industrial and social infrastructure, and on this basis — ensuring a progressive structure of productive employment.

The aim of this research is to examine whether and to what extent the process of financialization has an impact on the process of deindustrialization in the European Union, employing a fixed-effect panel regression model. In this paper exogenous explanatory variable that indicates the level of financialization is presented by the value added of the finance sector as a percentage of total value added, and by the employment in the finance sector as a percentage of total employment. In a process of deindustrialization, the industrial activity is usually replaced by service activities. However, situations where the service sector has not been able to absorb the additional supply of labour and to produce additional values that would compensate the reduction in the industrial sector, could have led to higher unemployment and lower economic growth. In this paper, deindustrialization is measured by the value added of industry sector as a percentage of total value added, and by the employment in industry as a percentage of total employment. Using latest panel data from EUROSTAT and ILO for the period from 1995 to 2015 author detects the significant and negative impacts of the process of financialization on value added of industry sector, as well as on the employment in the industry sector. This supports the conclusion that the process of deindustrialization of the EU countries can be characterized as a financializationled process.

At the end of the 20th century, the economic structure was changed fundamentally in some countries. It was mostly related to the growth of global competition. One of the consequences of this process was the decline in manufacturing production in developed countries and in the post-Soviet countries. The purpose of this article is to define the meaning and consequences of the decline in manufacturing production in developed countries and in post-Soviet countries on the example of Ukraine. Methodology. This study is based on some general theoretical approaches such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, etc. Also, statistical analysis was used for discovering some economic trends. Structural analysis was helpful for examining shifts in economic structure. Correlation between different facts, which is crucial for the understanding of the transformation of manufacturing, was identified by applying the systems approach. The aim of the article is to reveal the impact of global competition on the state of manufacturing and to define the manufacturing development trend. Results of this research showed that the decline in the rate of profit causes the transformation of economic structure. Global competition made the production of some goods in developed countries less profitable due to the relatively high costs. The ability to transfer labour-intensive production to developing countries transformed economic structure in developed countries. It was the reason for a sharp decline in manufacturing production, which caused some economic and social problems. Post-Soviet countries had serious economic and social problems too. Liberalization of trade made these countries face with global competition. This competition revealed extremely weak competitive positions of a great range of products. There was a massive decline in manufacturing production in Ukraine. This study proves that the transformation of manufacturing is far from the end. First of all, it is related to the rising wages in developing countries. It makes labour-intensive production less profitable. The Factor Price Equalization Theorem shows that there is no further perspective to stay competitive using cheap labour force. That is why it is crucial to create favourable conditions for the development of innovations. By its nature, manufacturing is more diversified than other sectors, which gives more chances to produce innovations. Strong manufacturing basis is also beneficial for providing employment, better standards of living, and sustainable economic growth. Practical implications. Developed countries can apply new approaches to their economic policies because they already have a quite strong innovative basis. These approaches should take into account current trends, which are considered in this article. Ukraine, bearing in mind the deepening of its integration into the global economy, should substantially improve its competitive positions. That is why it is important to launch a long-term strategic program, which is relevant to Ukrainian specific conditions. Value of the study is in distinguishing of different nature of the same process in developed countries and in Ukraine. It helps to define some perspectives of economic development. The results of the study can be used for creating economic programs.

Abstract This work analyzes the phenomenon of premature deindustrialization for Colombia and for other seven Latin American countries. Through a Koyck transformation model for the Colombian case, and a panel data fixed effects model for the complete sample of eight Latin American countries, this work documents that the fall in the average effective tariff in the region is the main economic explanation of the premature reduction in the manufacturing share. Also, it provides evidence that relates negative performance of manufacturing to foreign investment flows and to Dutch disease. On the other hand, taking into account the importance of manufacturing on productive sophistication and economic development, this work applies product space methodology in order to determine strategic manufacturing sectors for the establishment of a selective industrial policy for the Colombian case. As a result, the sectors that must be encouraged by the Colombian State are manufactured intermediate goods, mainly goods in the chemical industry.

Deindustrialization is a natural process in the developed countries, which takes place under the influence of external and internal factors and occurs as a result of economic growth. It is marked by the decline in the share of industry in GDP and employment with a simultaneous increased importance of the service sector. Considering the complexity of the concept, there are many theoretical approaches of deindustrialisation. In this paper the analysis of deindustrialization in the EU was conducted. The research results indicate the existence of relative deindustrialization in the EU, which is characterized by reduced share of agriculture and industry and increased share of the service sector in GDP. Also, it was found that the decrease in employment in the industry was not created as a result of a decrease in industrial production. The EU economy, including the industrial sector, is heavily influenced by the globalization process, while the process of deindustrialization is significantly impacted by the increased volume of foreign direct investment. In key strategic documents European industry is recognized as the main "engine" of the recovery of the European economy. Therefore, the highest priority is the creation of conditions for the process of reindustrialization, i.e. the development of industry in the variable circumstances, with an emphasis on strengthening and improving the industrial foundation and implementation of new solutions based on innovation, research and new technologies.

My goal in this article is to analyze the process of deindustrialization from the aspect of the labor market. Accepting the definition of the relevant literature, I define deindustrialization as a decline in the number of workers employed in industry and a drop in their ratio on the labor market. My experimental question is whether deindustrialization was present in the Visegrád countries between 1993 and 2015, and if so, what kinds can be identified. In this work I merge the observations of developed countries regarding deindustrialization and also expand upon the methodology for defining the types of deindustrialization.

After years of decay, Baltimore City’s urban poor face disparities within an economic and political climate that demands austerity and personal responsibility. This qualitative research project aimed to identify the impact of deindustrialization on the socioeconomic changes within the community, the subsequent disparate incarceration rates, and burden on affected individuals, communities, and organizations. We also theorized the best practices for advocacy and community organizing. The findings suggest that in many communities, the nature of social capital has transformed in relation to local and national processes, such as recession, unemployment, declines in industries, and exposure to surveillance. Though fragile, the existing community cultural and social capitals, networks critical to family functioning and daily survival, must be reappraised and integrated in participatory collaboration with stakeholders. Traditional community organizing tools must be re-examined and reframed to reach larger audiences and to build alliances.

During the Nineties, the deindustrialization process in the Sardinian mining industry bringing the sites to their final close in 1997 produced a mobilisation for the regeneration of the territory, which led to the creation of the Geological and Mining Park of Sardinia in 1998. In the early 2000s, a massive actuation for the recovery of mining companies’ sources triggered the institution of important archives, such as the international Igea Spa mining historic Archive - which, in the next decade, promoted a large-scale process of oral sources collection, counting around 100 video-interviews. These sources, still largely unknown, constitute an invaluable resource for the investigation of the history of work in the Sardinian mining context.

This paper develops a deeper look into new residential appropriations of space in marginalized areas of a large Brazilian city, while highlighting the subjective importance of housing and its meaning beyond the idea of shelter. Firstly, it presents a brief history of Rio de Janeiro’s favelas – the local version of slums – and its relationship with vacant land over the past 100 years. Then, it explains the value of self-built housing and its contribution to the consolidation of multiple and hybrid territories, highlighting their subjective character. Lastly, it presents a case study called Portelinha, located in a set of favelas known as the Maré Complex, stressing how this mixed occupation has transformed the local urban fabric, leading to the emergence of what is referred to as an “intramural favela”. This phenomenon consists of the self-construction of a smaller-scale set of houses within the walls of a former factory turned into an industrial void in the 1990s. The analysis shows how this housing appropriation is articulated with other activities, especially cultural ones, leading to a diversity of social actors, alliances and conflicts, turning it into a real disputed territory. Cases like this reflect the challenges with which architects and planners need to deal with when working in the unequal urban contexts that are so common in the Global South.

Deindustrialisation is one of the most complex and dynamic processes that have shaped the global economy over the past half century. This article aims to highlight the factors behind this process and their implications in the national state industry. In Romania, deindustrialization has profoundly marked recent history, after 1990, through the closure of hundreds of factories and the loss of over 2.5 million jobs. The process resulted in the rising of unemployment and of the crime rate and generated the phenomenon of poverty. The research results were obtained by studying the economic policies adopted by eight governments between 1990 and 2006. The study underlines that deindustrialization in Romania was a consequence of an accumulation of internal and external factors whose impact was amplified by the failure of government policies.

The paper is aiming to discuss the role of deindustrialization in generating socio-economic dislocation at regional level. The change of industry along the way from the centrally-planned to market oriented economy, while redefining the spatial patterns of growth and decline, has combined with emergent forms of social and economic inequality. The specific aims of the paper are twofold. First, having the privilege of a two and a half-decade long perspective, the paper looks back at the period of deindustrialization, pinpointing the successive waves of employment decline in the wider context of the extensive process of economic restructuring. Second, using methods of spatial analysis, the paper examines the new distribution pattern of industrial change in the Danube region, specifying in empirical terms the relation with evolutionary trends and regional specialization. The findings pinpoint at the consequences of the far-reaching deindustrialization process on the regional economic base of the Danube towns.

This paper examines effects of postsocialist deindustrialization through a case study from Bucharest City, Romania. The paper use scientific papers and real estate company reports to analyse the postsocialist transformation of former industrial buildings in Central-Eastern European countries and an industrial site survey and GIS mapping for Bucharest City. The results show a common pattern for the postsocialist countries, with effects on diminishing the role of industry in the total economy, the tendency to convert the plants to residential and commercial use. In several cases the plants are fragmented in small production units or abandoned awaiting for a new purpose. Socio-economic transformation suggests a transition to service sector for the labour market. The paper concludes that transformation of postsocialist plants might required attention from owners and public administration, especially for the buildings with the historical and architectural meaning.

The aim of this paper is placing de-industrialization process of the Republic of Serbia in the context of neo-colonial economic 'centre-periphery' relation that is imposed by developed countries to developing countries. This is especially true in the domain of international economic relations and trade policy, which is reliably proved by the foreign trade and balance of payments deficit, present in Serbia throughout the transition period. The paper shows that the current neo-liberal economic policy fails to contribute to economic convergence of Serbia and that it cannot be the basis of economic development in the future. Economic progress requires a developed export-oriented industrial sector, which will create new economic value and improve the position of Serbia in foreign trade. The development of such a sector should be the task of economic policy holders in Serbia.

The economic and financial crisis in 2007-2008 revealed the importance of the deindustrialization era that France has entered. The economic situation and the rise of emerging countries tend to speed up this process for most of the historically industrialized countries in general and for France in particular. This speeding process seems to deteriorate the employment quality especially at a regional level. The situation rises many questions about the future of the existing production. The fall of the French car industry is highly emblematic and therefore it should lead the way to a specific analysis. For many years now, it has faced the development of emerging but also European countries. This competition has a very bad effect on national production and may lead to a decrease and eventually to the death of it.

In this paper, we consider identifying features of sectoral structuring within the national economy that has definite foreign trade product specialization. Examination of the sector-specific division methodology enabled identification of its strong association with certain sector dominance in the economy. It is against this background that we offer an explanation for the delay in transferring from the post-Soviet to the applicable international classification of economic structure elements in Russia and Belarus. We perform analysis of the three-component P-S-T model (primary, secondary, tertiary sector) using statistical and econometric methods and define properties of the sectoral shares dynamics in national economies of oil and gas producing countries. Analysis of the Russian and Norwegian economies’ intersectoral changes suggests that it is necessary for the government to develop and implement selective structural policy to overcome the existing structural disproportions.

The closure of Fiat’s plant of Termini Imerese is a tragic event that involved thousands of people. However, this event created a situation in which different social agents (citizens and institutions) started an imaginary process aimed to re-modulate and give a new meaning to the space of the closed factory. Through a strong ethnographic analysis of the process of installation and closure of the plant, this article attempts to reconstruct the base of this mythopoeia.