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Abstract Neural consequences of social disparities are not yet rigorously investigated. How socioeconomic conditions influence children’s connectome development remains unknown. This paper endeavors to gauge how precisely the connectome structure of the brain can predict an individual’s social environment, thereby inversely assessing how social influences are engraved in the neural development of the Adolescent brain. Utilizing Adolescent Brain and Cognition Development (ABCD) data (9099 children residing in the United States), we found that social conditions both at the household and neighborhood levels are significantly associated with specific neural connections. Solely with brain connectome data, we train a linear support vector machine (SVM) to predict socio-economic conditions of those adolescents. The classification performance generally improves when the thresholds of the advantageous and disadvantageous environments compartmentalize the extreme cases. Among the tested thresholds, the 20th and 80th percentile thresholds using the dual combination of household income and neighborhood education yielded the highest Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve (AUPRC) of 0.8224. We identified 8 significant connections that critically contribute to predicting social environments in the parietal lobe and frontal lobe. Insights into social factors that contribute to early brain connectome development is critical to mitigate the disadvantages of children growing up in unfavorable neighborhoods.

The study of brain connectivity, both functional and structural, can inform us on the development of psychopathology. The use of multimodal MRI methods allows us to study associations between structural and functional connectivity, and how this relates to psychopathology. This may be especially useful during childhood and adolescence, a period where most forms of psychopathology manifest for the first time. The current paper explores structure-function coupling, measured through diffusion and resting-state functional MRI, and quantified as the correlation between structural and functional connectivity matrices. We investigate associations between psychopathology and coupling in a transdiagnostic group of adolescents, including many treatment-seeking youth with relatively high levels of symptoms (n = 72, Mage = 13.3). We used a bifactor model to extract our main outcome measure, Negative Affectivity, from anxiety and irritability ratings. This provided the principal measure of psychopathology. Supplementary analyses investigated ‘domain-specific’ factors of anxiety and irritability. Findings indicate a positive association between negative affectivity and structure-function coupling between the default mode and the fronto-parietal control networks. Higher structure-function coupling may indicate heightened structural constraints on function, which limit functional network reorganization during adolescence required for healthy psychological outcomes.

The first neuronal wiring diagram of an insect nerve cord, which includes biological information on cell type and organisation, enables further investigation into premotor circuit function.

Mean-field models have been developed to replicate key features of epileptic seizure dynamics. However, the precise mechanisms and the role of the brain area responsible for seizure onset and propagation remain incompletely understood. In this study, we employ computational methods within The Virtual Brain framework and the Epileptor model to explore how the location and connectivity of an Epileptogenic Zone (EZ) in a mouse brain are related to focal seizures (seizures that start in one brain area and may or may not remain localized), with a specific focus on the hippocampal region known for its association with epileptic seizures. We then devise computational strategies to confine seizures (prevent widespread propagation), simulating medical-like treatments such as tissue resection and the application of an anti-seizure drugs or neurostimulation to suppress hyperexcitability. Through selectively removing (blocking) specific connections informed by the structural connectome and graph network measurements or by locally reducing outgoing connection weights of EZ areas, we demonstrate that seizures can be kept constrained around the EZ region. We successfully identified the minimal connections necessary to prevent widespread seizures, with a particular focus on minimizing surgical or medical intervention while simultaneously preserving the original structural connectivity and maximizing brain functionality.

The relationship between brain functional connectivity and structural connectivity has caught extensive attention of the neuroscience community, commonly inferred using mathematical modeling. Among many modeling approaches, spectral graph model (SGM) is distinctive as it has a closed-form solution of the wide-band frequency spectra of brain oscillations, requiring only global biophysically interpretable parameters. While SGM is parsimonious in parameters, the determination of SGM parameters is non-trivial. Prior works on SGM determine the parameters through a computational intensive annealing algorithm, which only provides a point estimate with no confidence intervals for parameter estimates. To fill this gap, we incorporate the simulation-based inference (SBI) algorithm and develop a Bayesian procedure for inferring the posterior distribution of the SGM parameters. Furthermore, using SBI dramatically reduces the computational burden for inferring the SGM parameters. We evaluate the proposed SBI-SGM framework on the resting-state magnetoencephalography recordings from healthy subjects and show that the proposed procedure has similar performance to the annealing algorithm in recovering power spectra and the spatial distribution of the alpha frequency band. In addition, we also analyze the correlations among the parameters and their uncertainty with the posterior distribution which cannot be done with annealing inference. These analyses provide a richer understanding of the interactions among biophysical parameters of the SGM. In general, the use of simulation-based Bayesian inference enables robust and efficient computations of generative model parameter uncertainties and may pave the way for the use of generative models in clinical translation applications.

Precise detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially at the early stages, i.e., early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI) and MCI, allows the physicians to promptly intervene to prevent the progression to advanced stages. However, identification of such stages using non-invasive brain imaging techniques like DWI, remains one of the most challenging tasks due to the subtle and mild changes in the brain structures of the subjects. Findings from previous studies suggested that topological organization alterations occur in the DTI-derived structural connectomes in MCI patients. Therefore, for improving diagnosis performance, we presented a connectome-based deep learning architecture based on BrainNet Convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The proposed model automatically extracts hidden topological features from structural networks using specially-designed convolutional filters. Experiments on 360 subjects, including 120 subjects with EMCI, 120 subjects with MCI and, 120 normal controls (NCs), with both T1-weighted MRI and DWI scans from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), provided the highest binary classification accuracies of 0.96, 0.98, and 0.95 for NC/EMCI, NC/MCI and EMCI/MCI respectively.In addition, we also investigated the effect of different atlas sizes and fiber descriptors as edge weights on the discriminative ability of the classification performance. Experimental results indicate that our approach exhibited superior performance to previous methods and performed effectively without any prior complex feature engineering and regardless the variability of imaging acquisition protocols and medical scanners.Finally, we observed that DTI-based graph representation of brain regions connections preserve important but hidden connectivity pattern information to discriminate between clinical profiles, and our proposed approach could be easily extended to other neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases.

The anatomic validity of structural connectomes remains a significant uncertainty in neuroimaging. Edge-centric tractography reconstructs streamlines in bundles between each pair of cortical or subcortical regions. Although edge bundles provides a stronger anatomic embedding than traditional connectomes, calculating them for each region-pair requires exponentially greater computation. We observe that major speedup can be achieved by reducing the number of streamlines used by probabilistic tractography algorithms. To ensure this does not degrade connectome quality, we calculate the identifiability of edge-centric connectomes between test and re-test sessions as a proxy for information content. We find that running PROBTRACKX2 with as few as 1 streamline per voxel per region-pair has no significant impact on identifiability. Variation in identifiability caused by streamline count is overshadowed by variation due to subject demographics. This finding even holds true in an entirely different tractography algorithm using MRTrix. Incidentally, we observe that Jaccard similarity is more effective than Pearson correlation in calculating identifiability for our subject population.

Mathematical modeling of the relationship between the functional activity and the structural wiring of the brain has largely been undertaken using non-linear and biophysically detailed mathematical models with regionally varying parameters. While this approach provides us a rich repertoire of multistable dynamics that can be displayed by the brain, it is computationally demanding. Moreover, although neuronal dynamics at the microscopic level are nonlinear and chaotic, it is unclear if such detailed nonlinear models are required to capture the emergent meso-(regional population ensemble) and macro-scale (whole brain) behavior, which is largely deterministic and reproducible across individuals. Indeed, recent modeling effort based on spectral graph theory has shown that an analytical model without regionally varying parameters and without multistable dynamics can capture the empirical magnetoencephalography frequency spectra and the spatial patterns of the alpha and beta frequency bands accurately.In this work, we demonstrate an improved hierarchical, linearized, and analytic spectral graph theory-based model that can capture the frequency spectra obtained from magnetoencephalography recordings of resting healthy subjects. We reformulated the spectral graph theory model in line with classical neural mass models, therefore providing more biologically interpretable parameters, especially at the local scale. We demonstrated that this model performs better than the original model when comparing the spectral correlation of modeled frequency spectra and that obtained from the magnetoencephalography recordings. This model also performs equally well in predicting the spatial patterns of the empirical alpha and beta frequency bands.

To facilitate the comparison of white matter morphologic connectivity across target populations, it is invaluable to map the data to a standardized neuroanatomical space. Here, we evaluated direct streamline normalization (DSN), where the warping was applied directly to the streamlines, with two publically available approaches that spatially normalize the diffusion data and then reconstruct the streamlines. Prior work has shown that streamlines generated after normalization from reoriented diffusion data do not reliably match the streamlines generated in native space. To test the impact of these different normalization methods on quantitative tractography measures, we compared the reproducibility of the resulting normalized connectivity matrices and network metrics with those originally obtained in native space. The two methods that reconstruct streamlines after normalization led to significant differences in network metrics with large to huge standardized effect sizes, reflecting a dramatic alteration of the same subject’s native connectivity. In contrast, after normalizing with DSN we found no significant difference in network metrics compared with native space with only very small-to-small standardized effect sizes. DSN readily outperformed the other methods at preserving native space connectivity and introduced novel opportunities to define connectome networks without relying on gray matter parcellations. Direct streamline normalization (DSN) directly warps the streamlines into any template space by using the transformations output from Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTs). DSN overcomes the limitations of diffusion weighted images (DWI) spatial normalization. It allows DWIs to be acquired with any desired sampling scheme. Fiber orientation distributions (FODs) or orientation distribution functions (ODFs) can also be reconstructed using any desired method and streamlines generated using any algorithm. Most importantly, it avoids the problem of generating tracts from FODs or ODFs that have become distorted because of spatial normalization. Our results show that DSN has minimal influence on tractography measures such as tract count and structure and does not significantly alter structural networks with only very small to small effect sizes. We have developed a framework in Python that works with most diffusion software platforms. It is available at http://github.com/clintg6/DSN.

Brain parcellation divides the brain’s spatial domain into small regions, which are represented by nodes within the network analysis framework. While template-based parcellations are widely used, the parcels on the template do not necessarily match individual’s functional nodes. A new method is developed to overcome the inconsistent network analysis results by by-passing the difficulties of parcellating the brain into functionally meaningful areas. First, roughly equal-sized parcellations are obtained. Second, these random parcellations are applied to individual subjects multiple times and a pseudo-bootstrap (PBS) of the network is obtained for statistical inferences. It was found that the variation of mean global network metrics from PBS sampling is smaller compared with inter-subject variation or within-subject variation between two diffusion MRI scans. Using the mean global network metrics from PBS sampling, the intra-class correlation is always higher than the average obtained from using a single random parcellation. As one application, the PBS method was tested on the Human Connectome Project resting state dataset to identify individuals across scan sessions based on the mean functional connectivity (FC)—a trivial network property that has little information about the connectivity between nodes. An accuracy rate of ∼90% was achieved by simply finding the maximum correlation of mean FC of PBS samples between two scan sessions.