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В статье предпринимается попытка исследовать феномен переключения и смешения между персидским (Афганистан) и английским языками. Переключение языков описывает ситуацию, когда говорящий меняет язык внутри одной речевой ситуации. Это может происходить на уровне предложений, фраз или даже отдельных слов. При переключении языков говорящий переходит из одного языка в другой с целью коммуникативного удобства, выражения своей идентичности, обозначения социального статуса или принадлежности к определенной группе. Смешение языков отличается от переключения языков тем, что происходит смешение элементов разных языков внутри одного предложения или даже слова. Это может быть результатом языкового влияния, билингвального воспитания или желания говорящего выразить себя с помощью различных языковых ресурсов. Исследование сосредоточено на двух коммуникативных ситуациях. Первая коммуникативная ситуация представлена неформальным разговорным общением, другая относится к области художественной литературы. Для проведения исследования были собраны данные из группового чата с участием 30 студентов, изучающих английский язык и литературу на факультете английского языка Университета Балк в Афганистане. Группа была создана для неформального обсуждения академических и неакадемических вопросов. Сообщения, которыми обмениваются в этом групповом чате, служат примером для анализа неформального разговорного общения. Кроме того, в качестве примеров литературы были выбраны романы Халеда Хоссейни, американского писателя афганского происхождения, который свободно владеет персидским (Афганистан) и английским языками. Халед Хоссейни получил международное признание благодаря своим произведениям. В его работах описываются культурные и исторические реалии жизни в Афганистане, часто затрагиваются темы идентичности, семьи, любви, потерь и влияния политических потрясений на отдельных людей и общество. Исследование выполнено по специальности 5.9.8 «Теоретическая, прикладная и сравнительно-сопоставительная лингвистика (филологические науки)». Цель исследования – выявить причины и цели, стоящие за переключением и смешением языков в различных коммуникативных ситуациях. Анализ контекстов, в которых происходят такие языковые практики, позволяет определить мотивы коммуникантов.

Code-switching or code-mixing in spoken language is quite common. Can code-mixing also occur in a written form of a language, such as in a newspaper article, in a short story, or in a translation? This paper examines the use of code-mixing in the translation of a German short story into Marathi. Marathi is an Indo-European language that is recognized as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. The article analyses whether code-mixing is used in the Marathi translation of the German short story when no other equivalents are available in the target language i.e., in Marathi or is it more of a thoughtful choice even if equivalents exist in the target language. With relevant examples, this empirical analysis further investigates the role of code-mixing in the Marathi translation of the German short story, “Der hellgraue Frühjahrsmantel” written by Wolfgang Hildesheimer (1962). The title of the translated text reads “राखाडी स्प्रिंगजाकीट” (rākhādī springjākīṭ, 2017). With this analysis, the article presents some remarkable characteristics of both the Indian language Marathi, its linguistic context and culture. The analysis can stimulate interest in Marathi and could also be useful in further research in the areas of code mixing or code switching in translation.

Introduction. The language situation in Russia is unique with a fair number of languages spoken on its territory and all of them having different status and scope of use. This implies the relevance of the study that focuses on the analysis of code-switching in the spoken language of the bilinguals speaking Komi and Russian and Karelian and Russian. The novelty of the study is implied by the analysis of the code-switching in the language pairs mentioned above. This contributes to the development of the code-switching theory.Methodology and sources. The methods of language data collection and processing are sociolinguistic methods of interviewing, questionnaire, observation, quantitative and descriptive methods. The research material are scripted dialogues with bilinguals as well as the “Komi mu” and “Parma gor” 2022 issues.Results and discussion. The study of the Komi-Russian and Karelian-Russian code-switching was conducted using P. Muysken’s topology of code-mixing. P. Muysken sees code-switching as alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization according to the degree of the foreign word assimilation in the matrix language. The features of the spoken language of the Komi-Russian bilinguals are the frequent use of Russian discursive and introductory lexical items and adverbs; the nouns and the adjectives usually following the grammatical rules of Komi; the respondents giving preference to Russian versions when using numerals. For the spoken language of the Karelian-Russian bilinguals it is typical to address to Russian vocabulary, especially when mentioning dates, numbers, and using introductory words and phrases; Russian words are also being quite easily transformed according to the Karelian grammar through its case system.Conclusion. Spontaneous speech of the bilingual interviewees contains a great number of code-switching, that could be a convincing demonstration of the language shift and is conditioned by a number of extralinguistic and linguistic factors, such as language prestige, language functionality, language situation, the native language of the interlocutor, and the willing of the respondent to use a certain language.

The multilingual environment in English language learning as a foreign language raises doubts regarding the existence and teaching of character education values in secondary schools. This research aims to identify character education values integrated into teacher-student interactions through code-mixing and code-switching linguistic phenomena. The research findings highlight the integration of 16 values through code-mixing and code-switching. The frequency of code-mixing by high and junior high school teachers was notably higher than code-switching. The disparity in these data outcomes reinforces the notion that the atmosphere tends to be relaxed in code-mixing, often unnoticed by speakers. Conversely, code-switching, where speakers, in this case, teachers, consciously do so with specific intentions and goals, either to integrate dominant character education values such as communication or discipline or other character education values. These findings underscore that code-switching and code-mixing are not negative elements in language learning. Instead, they serve as tools for integrating character education values among secondary school students.

This study investigates Amis language use and Amis-Chinese code-mixing using naturally occurring data and inferential statistics. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between age and language use. The younger an Amis person is, the less Amis he or she speaks. This shift becomes apparent from the birth cohort of 1961 to 1970, and their language ability in Amis and their frequency of speaking Amis sharply deteriorates as age decreases. Among all types of code-mixing defined by Muysken (2000), insertion is the most common among Amis-Chinese bilinguals, irrespective of their age or generation. This is typical for two typologically different languages as Amis and Chinese. The insertion of Chinese into Amis structure is more prevalent than inserting Amis into Chinese structure, and a significant difference is found between age and preferred structure. The most typical elements used in noun phrases referring to things, followed by name, time, and kinship.

The research aimed to determine the types of communication applied in an intercultural family. They had diverse nationalities, customs, values, and beliefs. The researchers viewed communication as the main issue that could occur in an intercultural family. One of the examples of an intercultural family was Aprillia, a Makassarese woman married to Shawn Mullins, a U.S Military. They caused code-switching and code-mixing, types of code-switching and code-mixing applied in the family, children’s communication process, and strategies to solve communication problems in the intercultural family. The research’s finding was gathered from April’s family using an in-depth interview. By applying a qualitative approach, the researchers found the type of code-switching, code-mixing, and communication processes applied in April’s family. Furthermore, the researchers discover that techniques for resolving communication problems and linguistic barriers include avoiding ethnocentrism, challenging prejudices, recognizing differences, adjusting communication, equality, and a balanced split. Consequently, the most effective technique for resolving communication issues within an intercultural family is to remember that every individual has a distinct perspective. To avoid miscommunication during a conversation, individuals must learn to adapt to the capacity of the person with whom they are communicating.

As the English lexicon has become more frequently borrowed and used in Thai mass media and social media, Thais are quickly adapting to such foreignness and are open to language contact-induced change. The current study explores the extent of the public’s familiarity with borrowed words in contemporary Thai public media and attitudes toward language borrowing. The study participants comprised 120 Thais who voluntarily completed a questionnaire. They were from different age groups and were relatively highly educated. The instrument for the data collection was an online three-part questionnaire probing demographic information, an individual’s comprehension of the borrowed lexicon as tested via 15 questions of lexical borrowing in context, and personal views probed in the questionnaire questions about English lexical borrowing. Follow-up interviews with six selected respondents according to age groups verified and elicited attitudes toward lexical borrowing. The findings revealed that high exposure to English resulted in a high level of comprehension, especially when words were transcribed in the Thai script with tone markers. If the borrowing was in Romanized script, it was less likely to be understood. The majority of the respondents recognized the need for English language borrowing in Thai communication, especially for terminology. They also expressed positive views toward the adoption of the practice. English was perceived as necessary for effective Thai communication, particularly among acquaintances and professionals. The ubiquity of English in Thai society today has led to general adaptability and acceptance of borrowing as part of language evolution; such practices are no longer a sign of prestige. The study suggests that language classrooms should consider using borrowed English lexicons to assist Thai EFL learners in developing English proficiency.

Online communication through social media platforms has been mushroomed with billions of users is engaging with the devices to show their existence. The tendency to use more than one language while communicating through online sites is greatly noticed among youngster users. To fill the gap from previous studies, the recent research was aimed at investigating kinds of code-mixing used on social media and the factors behind the phenomena among Acehnese youngsters. Descriptive qualitative method was magnified in which the data was collected from the documentation of respondents’ older statuses, captions, and comments on Instagram (IG) and WhatsApp (WA). Fifty respondents were selected by using purposive sampling tied up by several criteria: Acehnese native, bi/multilingual, having WhatsApp and Instagram account, and adolescent aged (18-21 years old). A set of mixed questionnaires was also applied to all respondents to investigate the factor or reasons behind the code-mixing usage. The result reveals that phrase level is the dominant code-mixing level used among those youngsters (30%). Phrase level is as a group of words that stand together as a grammatical unit without subject and verb. From the result of the research, it was revealed that those phrase levels were inserted by the Acehnese youngsters within a sentence. On contrary, none of the samples used idiom level (0%) on their social media. For the type of code-mixing which used on the platforms, the form of phonetic typing turns to be the most dominant one. Based on the questionnaire result, being able to learn and understand new words is the biggest reason behind the use of code-mixing among the samples on the online communication networking.

This research investigates the EFL teacher's perspective of using code-mixing in EFL classes. The research design used narrative inquiry to uncover the story of the English teacher’s experience in using code-mixing, and a personal narrative was conducted by interview as the data. The results of the study indicate that: 1) the teacher's experience in teaching English which the teacher has many experiences in teaching at many different levels. 2) the teacher uses code-mixing because of the teaching method and the curriculum approach. The teacher needs code-mixing based on the student’s skills and the class circumstance.

Darus Salam Gontor Islamic boarding school students have designed a film entitled Bajra due to the student’s creativity. In the movie, the phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing in communication between students in the boarding school environment is found. This study aims to discover the types of code-switching and code-mixing in the Bajra film and the causes of their occurrence in the movie. This type of research is qualitative descriptive. At the same time, the data collection method uses listening/listening techniques in the Bajra film and notes essential points about the types of code-switching and code-mixing as well as the causes of what happened in the movie. The results showed that there were 3 types of code-switching in Bajra film: Metaphorical code-switching, Conversational code-switching, and situational code-switching. Meanwhile, code-mixing occurs in words, phrases, and clauses. The causes of code-switching and code-mixing are of two types, namely internal and external causes.

With the massive use of social media today, mixing between languages in social media text is prevalent. In linguistics, the phenomenon of mixing languages is known as code-mixing. The prevalence of code-mixing exposes various concerns and challenges in natural language processing (NLP), including language identification (LID) tasks. This study presents a word-level language identification model for code-mixed Indonesian, Javanese, and English tweets. First, we introduce a code-mixed corpus for Indonesian-Javanese-English language identification (IJELID). To ensure reliable dataset annotation, we provide full details of the data collection and annotation standards construction procedures. Some challenges encountered during corpus creation are also discussed in this paper. Then, we investigate several strategies for developing code-mixed language identification models, such as fine-tuning BERT, BLSTM-based, and CRF. Our results show that fine-tuned IndoBERTweet models can identify languages better than the other techniques. This is the result of BERT’s ability to understand each word’s context from the given text sequence. Finally, we show that sub-word language representation in BERT models can provide a reliable model for identifying languages in code-mixed texts.

About Translingual as Post-Monolingualism. Subverting the Dominating Mothertongue to Legitimize the Spanglish Minority The puertorican cultural identity was forged between American colonialism and the previous secular Spanish rule, but now Puerto Rico is a free state associated to the United States. The circular migratory flows between the two territories allowed the consolidation of a consistent Hispanic community in the surroundings of New York, the newyorican one, living at the crossroad between two ethnic groups, two languages. Thus, the prolonged contact of English and Spanish led to the development of a new linguistic code: Spanglish. This transcends the phenomena of bilingualism, diglossia and code-switching, placing the speakers in a linguistic continuum and eluding the notions of mother tongue and foreign language, dominant and minor language. Starting from the subversion of the concept of mother tongue, this essay explores the discursive and linguistic strategies by which the Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi in her "Yo-Yo Boing"! legitimates Spanglish. If mother tongue shapes the ontological identity from birth, language fluid contributes to the deconstruction of language as identity belonging. Language is a liquid object: polyphonic, dialogic and conative because it addresses to recipient, its arbitrariness makes it polyhedral and it is a representation of the multiple facets of identity. Our research, dealing with the geopolitical frictional context of the borderland between United States and Latin America, problematizes the location of a non-canonised literature employing linguistic hybridity as a marker of dominant identity. In fact, in-between linguistic politics is not bilingual, but translingual; it posits a post-national and post-conflictual ideology and transculture's linguistic porosity makes monolingualism obsolete, affirming translingualism as post-monolingualism. Post-monolingual being is the one who has freed himself from dependence on the "langue" making the "parole" the means of expression of his logos. Hybridity allows to make the dominant the dominated, that is why Giannina Braschi writes in her foreign language and not in her mother tongue, she writes in minor language in order to promote it, dominant language becomes the dominated one.

The present paper discusses the ethnic bilingual practice in Kazakhstan. The focus is on code-switching or, in other term, code-mixing in the Kazakh-Russian and RussianKazakh bilingualism. The bi- and multilingualism is characteristic for Kazakhstan and is caused by multiethnicity of the republic. Within this paper we are interested in identities of persons with more than one cultural background. The idea of the present investigation is a response to the sociolinguistics ‘third wave’, discourse analysis, linguistic anthropology. In this theoretical framework the research focus is on exploring linguistic variation as a medium used by individuals or social groups to evoke the social practice. It is crucial how semiotic ties are set between a linguistic sign and social context, how persistent social attribution is created through linguistic choices. Data collection for this study: we analyzed 300 contexts that show the Kazakh-Russian code-mixing in everyday and internet communication, and in modern Kazakh films reflecting the typical code-mixing practice. The data were gathered by doing observation, documentation, the analysis proceeded in a context-based interpretative way. In the framework suggested we show the code-switching/code-mixing not in terms of interference mistakes as heavily influenced by Russian language and culture, not as “linguistic errors” cases presupposed by low language competence of the speakers, but rather as a dynamic resource to shape the understanding in the communication. There are considerable nuances and complexity in the language mixed practice, that is not to be framed in pejorative terms.

Abstract (Deutsch) Über das Codeswitching der drei Generationen (G1-G3) umfassenden albanischen Sprachgruppe in Deutschland (D) und der Schweiz (CH) ist wenig bekannt, was die letzten fünfzehn Jahre betrifft. Der vorliegende Beitrag ermöglicht Einblicke in die bilinguale Praxis und das damit zusammenhängende Codeswitching. Hierzu wurden Personen aller drei Generationen (N=120) befragt. Die quantitativ erhobenen und kontrastiv diskutierten Daten dokumentieren, dass alle drei Generationen der albanischen und Community in Deutschland und der Schweiz Codeswitching verwenden und dass sich die beiden Ländergruppen diesbezüglich nicht wesentlich unterscheiden. Erwartungsgemäß verzeichnet die G1 tiefere Werte als die G2 und G3. Die Daten weisen darauf hin, dass unsere Befragten sowohl die funktional bzw. palliativ-pragmatischen und lexikalisch-kompensatorischen als auch die demonstrativ-sprachidentitätsstiftenden Facetten des Codeswitching verwenden und dass gewisse Merkmale dieses Phänomens in mehreren Formen zu finden sind. Eine kontrastive Gegenüberstellung unserer Daten mit jenen von Schader (2006) zeigt, dass die G3 heute Codeswitching im öffentlichen Raum deutlich bewusster verwendet als dies zu Beginn dieses Millenniums der Fall war. Abstract (English) Code-switching in the Albanian community in Germany and Switzerland, which has existed for more than five decades and now comprises three generations (G1-G3), has not been explored sufficiently. This article provides insights into bilingual practice and the code-switching associated with it. For this purpose, representatives of all three generations (N=120) were interviewed. The quantitatively collected and contrastively discussed data document that all three generations of the Albanian community in Germany and Switzerland used code-switching and that the groups in both countries did not differ in this respect. As expected, G1 recorded lower values than G2 and G3. The data indicate that our respondents used both the functional-pragmatic and lexical-compensatory and the demonstrative language-identity facets of code-switching. Moreover, certain features of code-switching were found in several of these forms. A contrastive comparison of our data with those of Schader (2006) shows that the G3 clearly uses code-switching in the public sphere much more consciously today than was the case at the beginning of this millennium.

Social media has effectively replaced traditional forms of communication and marketing. As these platforms allow for the free expression of ideas and facts through text, images, and videos, there exists a significant need to screen them to safeguard people and organisations from objectionable information directed at them. Our work aims to categorise code-mixed social media comments and posts in Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada into offensive or not offensive at different levels. We present a multilingual MPNet and CNN fusion model for detecting offensive language content directed at an individual (or group) in low-resource Dravidian languages at different levels. Our model is capable of handling data that has been code-mixed, such as Tamil and Latin scripts. The model was successfully validated on the datasets, achieving offensive language detection results better than those of other baseline models with weighted average F1-score of 0.85, 0.98, and 0.76, and performed better than the baseline models EWDT, and EWODT by 0.02, 0.02, 0.04 for Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada respectively.

This descriptive-qualitative study investigates the English-borrowed words in the Cebuano Visayan vocabularies uttered by the select Generation Z in the Southern part of Cebu in the Philippines. The validated self-made matrix from 15 live recorded role-plays of the 80 participants involved in this study. It was analysed in 3 phases; Phase one for Code-mixing in words, Phase two for Code-Switching in utterances, and phase three for monograph construction out from the data-gathering procedure of the study. This study is anchored on the phylogenetic change proposed by Hockett (2008) and the Borrowing Transfer Theory by Odlin (1989). These theories magnify that modification of one or both languages may occur whenever two languages come into contact. The phylogenetic change focuses on language switching and mixing in a specific speaking community. The study's findings showed that most Cebuano Visayan affixes occur in words under verbs. The affixes of the Cebuano Visayan language under adjectives do not significantly influence the meaning of the word but function as an auxiliary in the English word mixed in it. The majority of the content words are in complex grammatical form. Among the three types of code-switching, intrasentential codeswitching is mainly applied. Therefore, it is concluded that Cebuano Visayan uses linguistic borrowing from English through code-mixing in words and code-mixing in utterances. Because these phenomena augment genuine knowledge acquisition, it is recommended that Language Teachers allow the students to use more than one code in oral classroom participation through code-mixing and code-switching.

This study analyzes the types and reasons for code-mixing used by the speaker with a concern for the interlocutors, who are a native speaker and a non-native speaker. The significance of comparing the speaker's code-mixing aims to know if changes in the interlocutors affect the types and reasons for code-mixing adopted. This analysis applied the qualitative descriptive method to analyze data taken from two YouTube videos of an American native speaker namely Edward Avila entitled Chopping all my friend’s hair off and giving him makeover with Korean native speaker as the interlocutor and catching up with Sorn + A soft glam lewk with Korean non-native speaker as the interlocutor. For Korean native speaker interlocutor, the most frequently used code-mixing type is alternation, while for Korean non-native speaker interlocutor is insertion. However, the data identified three specific reasons for code-mixing with Korean native speaker interlocutor, notably clarification of the speech content, interjection, and quotation of someone else. Meanwhile, there are two specific causes for code-mixing revealed in the data of Korean non-native speaker interlocutor, namely discussion of a specific topic and repetition used for clarification. The varied types of interlocutors had an impact on the forms of code-mixing and the reasons for code-mixing in the dialogue

The mix of native language with other languages (code-mixing) in social media has posed a severe challenge for language identification (LID) systems. It has encouraged research on code-mixed LID solutions. Four things have been identified in this study, such as techniques, challenges, and dataset availability with corresponding quality criteria and developed a comprehensive framework for code-mixed LID. Also, we identified gaps and future work opportunities in tackling code-mixed LID challenges. Based on our analysis of reviewed studies, we outlined key points for future research in code-mixed LID. We demonstrated a taxonomy of applied techniques for code-mixed LID and highlighted the different technique variants. In code-mixed LID tasks, we discovered four significant challenges: ambiguity, lexical borrowing, non-standard words, and intra-word code-mixing. This systematic literature review recognised 32 code-mixed datasets available for LID. We proposed five features to describe the quality criteria datasets, such as the number of instances or sentences, percentage of code-mixed types in the data, number of tokens, number of unique tokens, and average sentence length. Finally, we synthesised the methodologies and proposed a conceptual framework for subsequent studies through our literature analysis.

Code-mixing is a phenomenon where at least two languages are combined in a hybrid manner in the context of a single conversation. The use of mixed language is widespread in multilingual and multicultural countries and poses significant challenges for the development of automated language processing tools. In Taiwan’s electronic health record (EHR) systems, unstructured EHR texts are usually represented in a mixture of English and Chinese which increases the difficulty for de-identification and synthetization of protected health information (PHI). We explored this problem by applying several state-of-the-art pre-trained mono- and multilingual language models and propose to exploit the principle-based approach (PBA) for the tasks of PHI recognition and resynthesis on a code-mixed EHR corpus annotated with 6 main categories and 25 subcategories of PHIs. A hierarchical principle slot schema is defined in the PBA to encode knowledge of code-mixed PHIs and utilize slots to learn from the training set to assemble principles for recognizing PHI mentions and synthesizing surrogates simultaneously. In addition, a semantic disambiguation process is implemented to disambiguate ambiguous PHI categories in the de-identification process and to dynamically extend the knowledge encoded in PBA during the knowledge augmentation process. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve the best micro- and macro-F-scores in comparison to the other mono- and multilingual language models fine-tuned on our code-mixed corpus.

Feasibility of maintaining an educational sustainable development (ESD) depends on exploring teachers’ concepts on their common practices in classroom settings. Speakers in multilingual contexts commonly switch their codes, languages, during their numerous social interactions. Nowadays, the phenomena, code switching, has expanded to cover any situation in which speakers switch from one accepted code into another. Through this perspective, various studies have been conducted to investigate different aspects of code-switching in EFL classrooms. The present study qualitatively investigated teachers’ perceptions on code-switching in their classrooms addressing two research questions, namely what types of code-switching EFL teachers were practicing in EFL classrooms and what were their perceptions on their code-switching. Four EFL teachers participated in the study. The analysis of the data collected through manual and electronic observations as well as structured interviews, indicated that intra-sentential and inter-sentential types of code-switching were practised throughout the classroom teaching processes. The main motives for resorting to code-switching were found to be EFL students’ lack of linguistic proficiency, keeping solidarity with the students and managing the classrooms.

In addition to Ukrainian and Russian, Ukraine is linguistically characterized by a Ukrainian–Russian mixed speech called Surzhyk. Given the background of Ukrainian–Russian relations and the emancipation of Ukrainian from the previously dominant Russian, Surzhyk has become the subject of an emotional discussion in independent Ukraine. The majority of Ukrainian scholars working with pre-Labovian and implicit theoretical sociolinguistic (and contact linguistic) models view the distribution of Ukrainian and Russian elements in Surzhyk as spontaneous and chaotic. Furthermore, Surzhyk – together with many who use it – has been widely stigmatized, even by linguists, as a post-colonial legacy from the times of Russian and Soviet dominance. Taking as an example the forms of verb infinitives, a corpus-based quantitative analysis of about 10,000 instances evidences that Surzhyk shows a considerable degree of stabilization in the use of competing morphological forms. This stabilization can be interpreted best as an instance of structure building in a mesolect between Ukrainian dialects on the one hand and, on the other hand, Russian and (to a certain degree) Ukrainian standard languages in competing roles during the recent history of Ukraine.

The research aimed to analyze the characteristics of code-mixing in the novel The Holy Woman by Qaisra Shahraz and the repetition of Urdu words. Code-mixing was an unconscious process that established communication in a multilingual community. It would describe research design, data collection, reasons for accumulating data from the novel, models of linguistic features, and the contextual areas of South Asian English and data analysis. The research applied a qualitative method of analysis that probed the enormous data and detailed analysis of the novel to find out features of code-mixing, the native socio-cultural realities to show the lexical gap. The research depicted the ideologies related to a different culture in Pakistan through code-mixing and language use in the novel. The data had been analyzed through Baumgartner, Kennedy, and Shamim’s (1993) and Kachru’s (1983) model of code-mixing. The research finds that the writer spots the light on the regional varieties that sound more familiar to the readers and Pakistani English to fill the lexical gap because they sometimes do not find proper words in standard English. The writer has used the words frequently in the novel to actualize the inherent culture of society and describe socio-cultural realities. The research has found 400 words (English-Urdu words) in the thirty-two semantic contexts. The writer has mixed Urdu words with the English language where it is needed because of the contextual, cultural differences, social norms, values, beliefs, ideas, customs, and traditions of the society; and stress the importance of Pakistani English with distinct linguistic features.

As the effort to have the insight into the existing status of a local language in Indonesia especially in the academic setting viewed as the respected discourse, this current study aims to delineate the attitudes of millennial students towards lecturer’s code mixing to Sundanese during courses. 42 responses reflecting respondents’ perspectives towards the issue were collected via qualitative questionnaire. To reveal the view of participants on the issue under the context of higher education, responses in the forms of 62 clauses were analysed by the transitivity framework of Halliday and Matthiessen. The findings of this SFL study shows that lecturer’s code mixing to Sundanese during courses were viewed by 74% of Sundanese and non-Sundanese participants in positive ways while the rest addressed it with negative attitude. The positive attitudes were respectively represented in material, mental, relational, and existential processes while the negative attitudes were constructed sequentially in relational, material and mental, verbal, and existential clauses. The main reasons in the positive attitudes as revealed by the transitivity analysis are associated with the needs to maintain and preserve local language especially Sundanese via the academic channel. HIGHLIGHTS: • The processes of meaning making in positive-attitude responses are realized especially in material clauses to establish the importance of preserving local languages especially Sundanese through the academic channel. • The processes of meaning making in negative-attitude responses are realized especially in relational clauses to give priority to the negative impact of using Sundanese on the academic aspect especially for non-Sundanese students.

YouTube is one of the biggest platforms where people around the world can share informative videos. In YouTube, we can find the code-switching and code-mixing phenomenon easily. There are two dominant types of code-switching and code-mixing. The first type is code-switching and code-mixing used by Group 1: Indonesian YouTubers who live abroad, while the second type is code-switching and code-mixing used by Group 2: Indonesian YouTubers who live in the country. This study aimed to find out which group switched and mixed language the most. The transcripts of the chosen YouTube video were the collected data. The qualitative method was used in this study, and the data were analyzed using document analysis based on the framework of Myers-Scotton (1993) and Muysken (2000). The result showed that Group 1 used code-switching and code-mixing the most, with a total of 288 pieces of data. Group 2 used code-switching and code-mixing with a total of 262 pieces of data. The most dominant type of code-switching used by both groups was intra-sentential, a total of 154 pieces of data. The less dominant type of code-mixing used was insertion, a total of 253 pieces of data.

This paper examines the translation problems related to multilingual issues in the literary text. In particular, we will consider the translation from Italian into Russian of the short novel 7 uomini 7. Peripezie di una vedova by the contemporary Sicilan writer Silvana Grasso. The main issue lies in identifying, along the translation path, a continuous lexical and stylistic compromise for the purpose of not losing the expressive effect desired by the author through the use of code-mixing. Starting from the theoretical framework provided by Katharina Reiss e Hans Vermeer focused on the Skopostheorie, there will be an analysis of the translation of the mentioned book and, consequently, translation proposals in Russian, yet analyzing the results on their validity. Therefore, it will be set as a further objective to investigate the solutions related to the linguistic-cultural contrast generated by code-switching and the way to apply specific translation methods focusing on the target reader. The scarcity of documentation and studies pertaining to translating code-mixing highlight the importance of this research which arises from the need to fill the gap inherent in the diatopic aspect of the Italian language in the translation field.

Multilingualism and multiculturalism are cornerstones of Lebanese society. There is a considerable amount of Arabic-French bilingualism, although English has been rapidly gaining ground in recent years. This situation has obviously affected the Lebanese dialect: loan words and even cases of phonological, morphological and syntactical change are widespread. Moreover, we constantly witness phenomena of code-switching and linguistic mixing between Lebanese/French and Lebanese/ English. This has become associated with a certain cultural and religious identity. The literature that investigates the role of foreign languages in Lebanon generally focuses on their use in Lebanese education and on the speakers’ perception of the foreign languages. The present study examines the role of foreign languages in authentic speech and explores the linguistic phenomena of code-switching and code-mixing as markers of speaker religious identity. Various extracts of authentic informal speech are analysed in order to define further the correspondence between language study and identity in the Lebanese context.

This study identifies the types of Indonesian-English code-mixing in YouTube videos of Devina Hermawan in reflecting global culture and cultural hybridity. In examining the types of intra-sentential code-mixing, the researchers adopt Muysken (2000) that there are three sub-types i.e. insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. The data are collected online from “Masakan Indonesia: Indonesian Cuisine” playlist on Devina Hermawan’s YouTube channel. They are transcribed and selected based on the types. The results show that there are 159 utterances containing Indonesian-English code-mixing in five selected videos. Further, the utterances categorized as insertional type become the most frequent cases, 86 utterances (54%), followed by congruent lexicalization type in the second place, 65 utterances (41%). The utterances which categorized as alternational type are less frequently found in the videos, 8 utterances (5%). In this case, hybridization in language on the level of individual languages influence the phenomenon of code-mixing. Overall, the results of this study provide the analysis of types of code-mixing, which the texts under investigation, reflect the current global culture which is cultural hybridity.

Bilingualism in preaching is adopted by Living Water Baptist Church, Ibadan where Yoruba and English languages are used. In a heterogeneous congregation, is there usually a language barrier? This study appraised the data collected through questionnaires, whether bilingualism in preaching has effectively solved this problem. As practiced by Living Water, the forms of bilingualism in preaching are code-mixing, code-switching and the use of an interpreter. The highest factor responsible for bilingual preaching is to accommodate different tribes as attested by 98.7% of respondents. Challenges of bilingual preaching among others are lack of exact words in other languages to convey what a preacher intends as supported by 82.4% and 81.1% of the respondents agreed that most interpretations do not give details but a summary of the preacher’s expression. On the effectiveness of bilingual preaching, 85.3% of respondents preferred the use of an interpreter to code-mixing or switching by 51.3%. Preachers should adopt bilingualism in preaching in a heterogeneous society, speak simple vocabularies and use an interpreter who is proficient.

This study aims to investigate code mixing and code switching used by English teachers in EFL classrooms. There are two major focuses in this study; the type of dominant code mixing and code switching used by the teachers. A qualitative study was used where the data were teachers’ language classroom gained by observing their classroom practices and utterances obtained through in-depth interviews. The result shows that there were three kinds of code mixing found in teachers’ and students’ utterances in EFL classroom. They were intra-sentential code mixing, intra-lexical code mixing, and pronunciation shifting. The study also found that there were four kinds of code switching found in teachers’ and students’ utterances. They were random mixing, English-Indonesian translation or vice versa, English precedes Indonesian or vice versa, and English sentences precede Indonesian sentences or vice versa. It indicated that code mixing and code switching cannot be separated in English language teaching and learning process. This study has proved that the English teachers used code mixing and code switching in teaching speaking in some types.

This study analyzes the types and reasons for code-mixing used by the speaker with a concern for the interlocutors, who are a native speaker and a non-native speaker. The significance of comparing the speaker's code-mixing aims to know if changes in the interlocutors affect the types and reasons for code-mixing adopted. This analysis applied the qualitative descriptive method to analyze data taken from two YouTube videos of an American native speaker namely Edward Avila entitled Chopping all my friend’s hair off and giving him makeover with Korean native speaker as the interlocutor and catching up with Sorn + A soft glam lewk with Korean non-native speaker as the interlocutor. For Korean native speaker interlocutor, the most frequently used code-mixing type is alternation, while for Korean non-native speaker interlocutor is insertion. However, the data identified three specific reasons for code-mixing with Korean native speaker interlocutor, notably clarification of the speech content, interjection, and quotation of someone else. Meanwhile, there are two specific causes for code-mixing revealed in the data of Korean non-native speaker interlocutor, namely discussion of a specific topic and repetition used for clarification. The varied types of interlocutors had an impact on the forms of code-mixing and the reasons for code-mixing in the dialogue

This paper aims to evaluate the performance and development of the gospel music industry in Nigeria. It investigates the following assumptions: (i) multilingual songs are more popular than mono-lingual songs; (ii) multi-lingual music bring about unity among different ethnic groups; (iii) multilingual artistes are more popular than mono-lingual artistes, and (iv) multilingual artistes have a greater reach than mono-lingual artistes. Primary data were obtained through a structured questionnaire administered online. Secondary data were collected from national and international journals and books. Data from the survey was analyzed using descriptive statistics of means and standard deviations. The result shows that artists whose songs are multilingual accomplish more in terms of personal development and monetarily. It was also discovered that artists who sing multi-lingual songs have a greater reach than mono-lingual artists. In uniting various ethnic groups, they make their tunes vital, and they gain more attention than artists whose songs are mono-lingual. The paper concludes that as a multilingual song has a great positive effect on the artist, their audience, building a bridge across the divide, and accelerating the growth of the gospel music industry. Hence, the gospel artist should create more multilingual songs.

This study analyzes the types and reasons for code-mixing used by the speaker with a concern for the interlocutors, who are a native speaker and a non-native speaker. The significance of comparing the speaker's code-mixing aims to know if changes in the interlocutors affect the types and reasons for code-mixing adopted. This analysis applied the qualitative descriptive method to analyze data taken from two YouTube videos of an American native speaker namely Edward Avila entitled Chopping all my friend’s hair off and giving him makeover with Korean native speaker as the interlocutor and catching up with Sorn + A soft glam lewk with Korean non-native speaker as the interlocutor. For Korean native speaker interlocutor, the most frequently used code-mixing type is alternation, while for Korean non-native speaker interlocutor is insertion. However, the data identified three specific reasons for code-mixing with Korean native speaker interlocutor, notably clarification of the speech content, interjection, and quotation of someone else. Meanwhile, there are two specific causes for code-mixing revealed in the data of Korean non-native speaker interlocutor, namely discussion of a specific topic and repetition used for clarification. The varied types of interlocutors had an impact on the forms of code-mixing and the reasons for code-mixing in the dialogue

The pervasiveness of the English language in society and education in the Netherlands, as well as its status as online lingua franca, has caused concerns. English is a manifest aspect of oral youth language, as reflected in online written messages, but has in no way replaced the Dutch language. This paper presents a large-scale corpus analysis of computer-mediated communication by Dutch youths. These social media messages (392,169 words in total) were studied for the presence of code-mixing with English, in terms of amount and manner. They contained 7,528 English elements: (parts of) words, interjections, textisms (typical of ‘digi-talk’), phrases, and sentences. We argue that the concept of ‘manifold code-mixing’, consisting of four pathways – discourse framing, insertion, alternation, and integration – is necessary to truly comprehend the complexity and social meaning of code-mixing. These pathways relate to the SUPER-functions of textisms (speechlike, understandable, playful, expressive, reduced) and reveal Dutch youths’ high proficiency in English.

This article investigates the role of direct input in the code-mixing of three bilingual children aged 2–4 years acquiring English as one language, and either German, Polish, or Finnish as the other. From a usage-based perspective, it is assumed that early children’s utterances are item-based and that they contain many lexically fixed patterns. To account for such patterns, the traceback method has been developed to test the hypothesis that children’s utterances are constructed on the basis of a limited inventory of chunks and frame-and-slot patterns. We apply this method to the code-mixed utterances, suggesting that much of the code-mixing occurs within frame-and-slot patterns, such as Was ist X? as in Was ist breakfast muesli? “What is breakfast muesli?” We further analyzed each code-mixed utterance in terms of priming. Our findings suggest that much of the early code-mixing is based on concrete lexically fixed patterns which are subject to input occurring in immediately prior speech, either the child’s own or that of her caregivers.

Recent years have seen increased interest in code-mixing from a usage-based perspective. In usage-based approaches to monolingual language acquisition, a number of methods have been developed that allow for detecting patterns from usage data. In this paper, we evaluate two of those methods with regard to their performance when applied to code-mixing data: the traceback method, as well as the chunk-based learner model. Both methods make it possible to automatically detect patterns in speech data. In doing so, however, they place different theoretical emphases: while traceback focuses on frame-and-slot patterns, chunk-based learner focuses on chunking processes. Both methods are applied to the code-mixing of a German–English bilingual child between the ages of 2;3 and 3;11. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods will be discussed, and the results will be interpreted against the background of usage-based approaches.

This paper offers an inductive, exploratory study on the role of input and individual differences in the early code-mixing of bilingual children. Drawing on data from two German-English bilingual children, aged 2–4, we use the traceback method to check whether their code-mixed utterances can be accounted for with the help of constructional patterns that can be found in their monolingual data and/or in their caregivers' input. In addition, we apply the traceback method to check whether the patterns used by one child can also be found in the input of the other child. Results show that patterns found in the code-mixed utterances could be traced back to the input the children receive, suggesting that children extract lexical knowledge from their environment. Additionally, tracing back patterns within each child was more successful than tracing back to the other child's corpus, indicating that each child has their own set of patterns which depends very much on their individual input. As such, these findings can shed new light on the interplay of the two developing grammars in bilingual children and their individual differences.

This article addresses language identification at the word level in Indian social media corpora taken from Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp posts that exhibit code-mixing between English-Hindi, English-Bengali, as well as a blend of both language pairs. Code-mixing is a fusion of multiple languages previously mainly associated with spoken language, but which social media users also deploy when communicating in ways that tend to be rather casual. The coarse nature of code-mixed social media text makes language identification challenging. Here, the performance of deep learning on this task is compared to feature-based learning, with two Recursive Neural Network techniques, Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and bidirectional LSTM, being contrasted to a Conditional Random Fields (CRF) classifier. The results show the deep learners outscoring the CRF, with the bidirectional LSTM demonstrating the best language identification performance.

The aim of the paper is to introduce the author's observations on the influence that English has on the Bulgarian forum "Netspeak" for women living in the USA. The collected data for the investigation are excerpted from a Bulgarian forum platform. The emphasis is on code-switching, one of the main topics in sociolinguistics; as well as on the interlanguage, which is a result of the penetration of some elements from English into the first language of communicators. The orthography may also be influenced as in Bulgaria the Cyrillic alphabet is used.

Code-switching and code-mixing are considered dynamic conversational phenomena in interpersonal interactions, that is an alteration between two or more languages, dialectal variants, language registers, and it is an effective communicative strategy which Persian-English bilinguals consider a genuine thing in their ordinary speech practice. The focus of the present study is on the structural analysis of reverse code-switching between Persian and English that are known to be referred to two typologically different languages. Participants of the present research, all late bilinguals, reported on frequent use of code-switching (CS) and code-mixing (CM) in everyday language practice. CS/CM is quite normal and frequent among Iranian bilinguals, especially in informal settings where bilingual speakers can freely switch between their languages. Furthermore, the results revealed that Iranian bilinguals switch from English to Persian and in verso mostly at the lexical and the phrasal levels (intrasentential switching mode), but less frequently at the clausal or the sentence level (intersentential switching mode). The research states that there are some restrictions on inserting English verbs into the Persian syntactic frame: the Persian language is thought to be the matrix language and the preverbal part comes from English as the embedded language, such incongruity between the morphosyntactic structure and the verbal system of the Persian and English languages impose some constraints on the occurrence of switching codes between the pair of the languages under study.

As a former Portuguese colony, Macao is the only region in China where Cantonese, a variety of Chinese, and English, an international language, are enjoying de facto official statuses, with Putonghua being a quasi-official language and Portuguese being another official language. Recently, with an increasing number of Mainland Chinese students crossing the border to pursue their tertiary studies in Macao, the question as to how they cope with the complex sociolinguistic situation there is of great importance. The present study focuses on how Mainland students perceived Chinese-English code-mixing during their sojourn. It has been found that in the process of their adapting to Macao, the Mainland students’ attitudes towards Chinese-English code-mixing shifted due to the influence of local flexible ideologies about multilingualism. Accordingly, they could strategically resort to Chinese-English code-mixing, a linguistic practice negatively perceived on the Mainland, to socialize with people of different linguistic backgrounds when sojourning in Macao. In this process a flexible cross-border identity was constructed.

This study explores the use of code-mixing in Indonesian language learning used in the classroom of SMPN 7 Woja Dompu. The design of the study is a descriptive qualitative method that assigned students and teachers in SMPN 7 Woja. Data were collected using documentation, interviews, and translations. This results of this study show Indonesian language learning in is conducted using code-mixing between Bahasa Indonesia and local language in terms of words, phrases, and clauses. Mixed-shaped code words occur in total 95 words, phrases shaped mixing 107, and code-mixing clause shaped 43. The use of code-mixing that dominate in this research is mixed in the form of code phrases. The use of code-mixing in the learning affects teachers to facilitate learning, but students accept the code-mixing as their usual daily interactions.

Usage-based approaches have become increasingly important in research on language acquisition and recently also in bilingual first language acquisition. Lexically specific patterns, such as What’s this? and frame-and-slot patterns, such as [I want X] play an important role in language acquisition scenarios. The ubiquity of such conventionalized chunks and frame-and-slot patterns supports the idea that children construct their early utterances out of concrete pieces they have heard and stored before. To investigate the emergence of patterns in children’s speech the traceback method has been developed, which accounts for the composition of utterances by relying on previously acquired material. Recently, the traceback method has also been applied to code-mixed utterances in bilingual children testing the assumption that bilingual utterances are structured around a frame-and-slot pattern in which the open slot is filled by (a) word(s) from the other language, e.g., [where is X] as in where is das feuer ‘where is the fire’. In this paper we want to present how the empirical use of the traceback method, and the general adoption of a usage-based theoretical perspective, can shed new lights on the study of bilingual phenomena, such as code-mixing.

This study was aimed to find out the kinds of code-mixing used by lecturers from some departments and the factors of using code mixing. This study was a descriptive qualitative analysis that attempted to describe the kinds of code-mixing and the factors. The participants of this study were lecturers from 4 different groups of Universitas Pamulang. The participants were selected based on the purposive sampling in order to support the research finding. The data were taken from questionnaire and observation on WhatsApp groups to seek the factors and to classify the types of code-mixing. As the results, the writers found the group of Pelatih TOEFL produced 15 congruent lexicalization, 4 insertion and 0 alternation. The group of Penelitian Internal Unpam produced 15 congruent lexicalization, 6 insertion and 2 alternation. The group of Sastra Unpam produced 9 congruent lexicalization, 10 insertion and 5 alternation. The group of Prodi Sasing produced 17 congruent lexicalization, 3 insertion and 5 alternation. In addition, the distribution of questionnaire resulted the factors of applying code-mixing on all WhatsApp groups. Bilingualism (38%), speaker and interlocutor (4%), situation (5%), vocabulary (46%) and prestige (8%) are the factors found in Pelatih dan Pengawas TOEFL group. Bilingualism (21%), speaker and interlocutor (11.11%), situation (22%), vocabulary (38%) and prestige (8%) are the factors found in Peenelitian Internal Unpam group. Bilingualism (48%), speaker and interlocutor (5%), situation (13%), vocabulary (34%) and prestige (0%) are the factors found in Sastra Unpam group. Bilingualism (55%), speaker and interlocutor (5%), situation (7%), vocabulary 67%) and prestige (12%) are the factors found in Sastra Unpam group.

In our article we review a Georgian dialectal speech of the Georgian Muhajirs’ descendants in Giresun, Turkey. All the research materials are obtained by us during the expedition July 8-19, 2019 in Turkey, Karadeniz (Black Sea Coast) region. In the article, all the Illustrative phrases in Georgian are transcribed with specific Latin-based transcription for Ibero-Caucasian Languages. The most part of Muhajir Georgians’ Giresun descendants have preserved the Georgian ethnical self-concept. Due to the code-switching process going on during 140 years the historical mother tongue is only spoken by the older generation; their knowledge of the Turkish language is mostly poor. The people of middle generation are usually bilingual speaking both Georgian and Turkish. The younger generation speaks only Turkish, which they consider more prestigious than the mother tongue of their ancestors. Consequently, the Acharan dialect of Georgian spoken in Giresun is at risk of going extinct in the near future. The risk is increased by the fact that the representatives of younger generation who want to know their ancestors’ language and develop friendly relations with Georgia are learning the literary Georgian: having learnt the literary Georgian they try to speak “correctly” and avoid using dialects.

In the literature, the term code-mixing/switching refers to instances of language mixing in which speakers/signers combine properties of two or more languages in their utterances. Such a linguistic behavior is typically discussed in the context of multilinguals, and experts commonly focus on the form of language mixing/switching and its cross-linguistic commonalities. Not much is known, however, about how the knowledge of code-mixing comes about. How come any speaker/signer having access to more than one externalization channel (spoken or signed) code-mixes spontaneously? Likewise, why do both neurotypical speakers/signers and certain neuro-atypical speakers/signers produce structurally similar mixing types? This paper offers some answers to these questions arguing that the cognitive process underlying code-mixing is a basic property of the human learning device: recombination, a fully automated cognitive process. Recombination is innate: it allows learners to select relevant linguistic features from heterogeneous inputs, and recombine them into new syntactic objects as part of their mental grammars whose extensions, arguably individual idiolects, represents what Aboh (2015b,a, 2019b) characterizes as hybrid grammars.

This paper discusses code-mixing that occurs in the lyrics of Batak pop songs entitled "Martina I love you" popularized by Trio Romansa. The aims to identify the form of code-mixing contained in the lyrics of the song 'Martina I love you' from Trio Romansa Trio. To analyze the form of code-mixing and the type of code-mixing in the song lyrics used code-mixing theory which refers to the opinion of Suwito (1983). The method used is descriptive qualitative, namely research that is collecting, processing data and analyzing data at the time the research was conducted. The conclusions obtained from this paper are a code–mixing of Indonesian and English into the Batak language in the song lyrics. The mixed code forms contained in the song lyrics consist of the insertion of words, phrases and clauses. The insertion of words in the form of words in Indonesian is one word, phrases in Indonesian are three phrases, and clauses in English are ten clauses. The type of code-mixing used in the song lyrics is in the form of outer code mixing and inner code mixing. The code-mixing that occurs is related to the context of song content, the limitations of suitable vocabulary in Batak language and prestige in language.

The phenomenon of “neodialettalità”is examined from to perspectives. Initially the term was used to de-scribe works of Italian poets in vernacular languages. Such choice of language was a result of Italian poets’protest in 1960s against gradual disappearance of vernacular languages and cultural traditions inherent to them. Currently the phenomenon of “neodialettalità”is a consequence of revolutionary sociocultural chan-ges which took place over the last 30-40 years. Those changes did make Italian commonly used but at the cost of vernacular languages which for decades have been pushed to the margin and considered to be a symbol of backwardness or social degradation. It should come as no surprise then that those languages degenerated (or degraded, went through a crisis –author’s comment) and as a result cultural values inherent to them did too. Currently we can observe in Italian society a desire to partly resurrect those traditions though popularization of vernacular languages in many aspects of social life: in literature, advertising, graffiti, newspapers, websites etc. In this paper the author analyses novels of two authors from Apulia region whose works, both in terms of language and sociopragmatics, refer to the phenomenon of “neodialettalità”.

The importance of communication as a central idea in language usage cannot be over-emphasised. This seems to inform how many Nigerian speakers make extensive use of the mixture of indigenous languages and the English language in one and the same breath. It seems to reveal a kind of perception of reality in two ways at the same time. They seem to go through the process of thinking in diverse ways at the same time. This study thus seeks to find out the extent to which the average Nigerian user of the English language makes intelligible contribution to discourses. How much sense is made to and by interlocutors in the course of their discussions? To what extent is reality to them influenced by their knowledge of the English language? The extent of the indigenisation process is also of interest to the study. The expectation is that such contact should be to the advantage of one or the other of the languages in contact. Real time linguistic data were collected and analysed, using linguistic levels as base to access the extent to which Nigerian indigenous languages have been able to influence the English language. The finding shows that codemixing is an important part of the Nigerian communication process and has enabled the vernacularisation of the English language to a very large extent. This has produced a new spatial identity that reveals the Nigerian’s domination of the colonial English language.

Questo studio cerca dare una risposta alla domanda ‘perché si ricorre al code- switching?’, analizzando alcuni esempi in cui la commutazione di codice e il code- mixing si verificano in comunità multilingui dell’Eritrea. Vengono esaminate sette situazioni di commutazione, concentrandosi principalmente sul fattore motivazione. In ciascuno degli esempi sono implicati uno o più fattori. Alcuni sono legati alla funzione del linguaggio, cioè perché una certa varietà viene usato al posto di altre. Altri sono legati agli utenti del linguaggio, p. es., chi parla a chi, mentre altri ancora sono determinati dalla natura della situazione, vale a dire dove stanno parlando. Anche se gli esempi sono pochi, essi mostrano l'utilizzazione della commutazione di codice nell'esprimere solidarietà, nel manifestare la propria identità, nel mantenere un atteggiamento neutrale, nel segnalare formalità e status sociale, nel dimostrare potere e autorità. In uno degli esempi viene segnalato l'utilizzo della commutazione di codice nel quadro di una forma di citazione del discorso diretto per attirare l'attenzione degli ascoltatori, e per ottenere precisione.

Abstract – Despite the considerable interest and the lively debate generated by dialect translation theory during the last years, results are still controversial and rather unsatisfactory. A possible explanation may be the disproportion between theoretical and descriptive studies, with the former being insufficient to allow the latter to be firmly rooted in principles, theories and models. A closer look at existing theories on this issue reveals how distant they are from daily practice when the translator finds himself alone in translating a complex dialectal text. Hence the title of the present article, which reverses the direction of the methodological approach with the aim of detecting objective data from which to go back to the roots of a shared theory. The multiple peculiarities of Camilleri’s multilingual enunciation may provide elements of representativeness suitable to generalize their translation procedures and draw meaningful conclusions. Accordingly, after a brief excursus on the evolution of dialect translation studies, the paper explores a new translation hypotheses in the Spanish language concerning Camilleri’s language, in the light of the classical levels of linguistic analysis (i.e., phonetic-phonological, morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic). It thus focuses, on the one hand, on the diastratic and diaphasic dimension, in order to transfer, through similar linguistic artifices, the comical and estranging effects that such a language may have on Italian readers, and, on the other, on the exploitation of the diatopic variation by means of the linguistic expedient of intra-sentential code-mixing. Riassunto – Pur avendo suscitato un notevole interesse ed avviato un ampio dibattito negli ultimi anni, come dimostrano i numerosi studi condotti sul tema, si può affermare che la teoria della traduzione dei dialettalismi non ha ancora raggiunto dei risultati soddisfacenti. È probabile che si debba essenzialmente alla sproporzione tra gli studi teorici e quelli descrittivi: l’esiguità dei secondi, dunque, non permette ai primi di elaborare dei principi, teorie e modelli che possano spiegare tali fenomeni in modo esaustivo. Una volta esaminate le pur rispettabilissime teorie traduttologiche formulate al riguardo, si ha una chiara percezione di quanto siano distanti dalla realtà della pratica giornaliera nel momento in cui il traduttore si ritrova da solo di fronte ad un testo dialettale particolarmente complesso. Da cui il titolo dell’articolo, che inverte la direzionalità dell’impostazione metodologica puntando sull’individuazione del dato oggettivo dal quale risalire sino all’elaborazione di un’eventuale teoria condivisa. Tuttavia, è anche lecito chiedersi se le molteplici peculiarità dell’enunciazione mistilingue di Camilleri possano fornire elementi di rappresentatività tali da permettere di generalizzarne i procedimenti traduttivi e di trarne delle conclusioni rilevanti. Nel presente lavoro, partendo da un breve excursus sull’evoluzione degli studi traduttologici sui dialettalismi si cercherà di esplorare nuove ipotesi traduttive in lingua spagnola del linguaggio di Camilleri, alla luce dei classici livelli di analisi linguistica, ovvero fonetico-fonologico, morfosintattico e lessico-semantico, puntando, da una parte, sulla dimensione diastratica e diafasica per trasferire, attraverso analoghi artifizi linguistici, gli effetti comici e stranianti che un tale linguaggio provoca nel lettore italiano, e dall’altra, sullo sfruttamento della variazione diatopica per mezzo dell’espediente linguistico del code-mixing intrafrasale. Parole chiave: Camilleri; spagnolo; traduzione; dialettalismi; code-mixing.