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Copaiba oil is widely used in medicine due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, healing, antiviral, antiseptic and analgesic properties. Thus, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity and modifier of the antibiotic action of the commercialized essential oil of four species of Copaifera spp. in combination with Ampicillin and LED lights against the multidrug-resistant strain of S. aureus (SA 10). The essential oil was obtained commercially through the dōTERRA® company. The evaluation of the antibacterial and modulating activity was performed using the microdilution methodology in a 96-well plate, using blue 415 nm, red 620 nm and yellow 590 nm LEDs and Ampicillin at an initial concentration of 1.024 µg/mL. The experiments were carried out in triplicate and submitted to ANOVA statistical analysis, considering a significant value of p

Copaifera L. is a pantropical genus with great diversity in the Cerrado. Fieldwork in western São Paulo revealed the first record of C. malmei Harms in this state, and this is only the second time that this species has been found in the Southeast Region of Brazil. Additional analyses of a related species, C. marginata Benth. revealed the same rare pattern of distribution in the region. We provide morphological descriptions, comments on geographical distribution, assessment of conservation status, phenology, and an identification key to the species of Copaifera in the Cerrado in southeastern Brazil.

The demand for seedlings of native forest species for reforestation helps in favor of the need for scale production, since technical techniques for producing native seedlings with quality are incipient, especially when it comes to silvicultural methods such as irrigation, fertilization and substrate preparation. The objective of the work was to evaluate the development of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. seedlings, under different conditions in the substrate. The treatments were: control, commercial substrate; adding hydrogel to the substrate; use of controlled release fertilization; and addition of hydrogel and use of controlled release fertilization. After 150 days after sowing, the biometric characteristics of shoot height, neck diameter, root length, shoot dry weight, root and total, and quality indexes were measured. Individually, controlled fertilization provided greater height of the aerial part, diameter of the neck and quality indexes, however it was similar to the control in some cases. The addition of hydrogel together with controlled fertilization increased the total dry mass of the seedlings. In general, the addition of hydrogel to the commercial substrate showed unsatisfactory results in the development of Copaíba seedlings.

ABSTRACT: The effectiveness of rice protein coatings enriched with essential oils on maintaining interior quality of fresh eggs was evaluated during storage at 20°C for 6 wk. Egg quality was assessed by weight loss, Haugh unit (HU), albumen pH, and yolk index (YI) in uncoated eggs (control treatment) and eggs coated with rice protein concentrate at 8% enriched or not with different essential oils (1%): tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii), or thymo (Thymus vulgaris). The HU and YI were higher in coated eggs (P < 0.001). Data were submitted to variance analysis, and the statistical models included the effects of treatments (coating types), storage periods (weeks), and interaction (treatments by storage periods). Weight loss increased (P < 0.001) during long-term storage. Uncoated eggs showed the highest weight loss (5.43%), whereas coatings of rice protein alone (4.23%) or enriched with tea tree (4.10%), copaíba (3.90%), and thymo (4.08%) solutions were effective in preventing weight lost (P < 0.001). The coating use preserved the internal quality of the eggs for up to 3 wk longer than uncoated eggs in terms of HU, YI, and pH. Uncoated eggs had the worst (P < 0.001) HU (58.46), albumen pH (9.48), and YI (0.33) after 6 wk of storage. In conclusion, the use of coatings based on rice protein concentrate enriched with different essential oils influences the internal quality of eggs during storage and may be an effective alternative for increasing the shelf life of commercial eggs.

Copaiba oleoresin has been related to properties including healing and anti-inflammatory effects, making it a potential candidate to treat oral lesions. We aimed to define the benefits related to the anti-inflammatory and healing capacity of Copaiba-based formulations on the oral cavity. This is a systematic review, conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Scielo, Cochrane Library, BVS, and Google Scholar databases selecting full articles in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, until March 3rd, 2021. Pre-clinical, clinical, or randomized clinical trials, cohort and case-control in vivo studies were included; studies with other designs, in vitro, and those that did not match the PICO question were excluded (PROSPERO: CRD42021244938). Data was collected and synthesized descriptively through a specific form. The risk of bias was evaluated by SYRCLE's RoB Tool. So, five studies were included. Two reported beneficial wound healing effects, such as early reduction in the wound area and greater immature bone formation in the rats' mandibles; and two related benefic anti-inflammatory effects, like reduced acute inflammatory reaction and more advanced tissue repair stage, early formation of collagen fibrils, with greater quantity, thickness and better organization, and more expressive anti-inflammatory activity, reduction of the edema intensity and the CD68 + macrophages concentration. Based on the articles, benefits related to the wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects in the oral cavity of rats treated with Copaiba oleoresin were suggested. However, due to the limited data, future studies are necessary, especially clinical ones.

ABSTRACT Copaifera multijuga, commonly known as copaiba, is popularly used in the form of tea for various conditions due to the presence of antioxidant substances in its composition, which protect cells against damage caused by free radicals. Its oleoresin is also used as an anti-inflammatory and antitumoral agent. The present study investigated the antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extract of copaiba stem bark on Swiss mice inoculated with solid Ehrlich tumors. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 1x106 Ehrlich’s tumor cells and treated via gavage with ethanolic extract of copaiba for thirty days, with doses varying between 100 and 200 mg kg-1. Biochemical analyses of enzymatic antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)], non-enzymatic antioxidants [reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (ASA)], substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and protein carbonylation (carbonyl) in different tissues were significantly affected. The extract administered at 200 mg kg-1 presented higher antioxidant capacity in the liver, increased CAT, GST, GSH and decreased TBARS, as well as increased CAT activity and protein carbonylation in brain tissue. The results showed that the copaiba extract was able to reverse the oxidative stress caused by solid Ehrlich tumor, probably due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, and had potential antineoplasic effect after a 30-day treatment.

Sesquiterpene compounds are applied as permeation promoters in topical formulations. However, studies exploring their impact on nanostructured systems, changes in permeation profile, and consequently, its biological activity are restricted. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the skin permeation of the major sesquiterpenes, beta-caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide from the oleoresin of Copaifera multijuga, after delivery into topical nanoemulgels, and the in vivo antiedematogenic activity. First, ten nanoemulgels were prepared and characterized, and their in vitro permeation profile and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated. In equivalent concentrations, β-caryophyllene permeation was greater from oleoresin nanoemulgels, resulting in greater in vivo antiedematogenic activity. However, an inverse relationship was observed for caryophyllene oxide, which showed its favored permeation and better in vivo anti-inflammatory effect carried as an isolated compound in the nanoemulgels. These results suggest that the presence of similar compounds may interfere with the permeation profile when comparing the profiles of the compounds alone or when presented in oleoresin. Furthermore, the correlation results between the permeation profile and in vivo antiedematogenic activity corroborate the establishment of beta-caryophyllene as an essential compound for this pharmacological activity of C. multijuga oleoresin.

Abstract Copaiba oil is a natural product used by Amazonian populations and recognized for its medicinal properties because it has significant antimicrobial activity for several pathogenic microorganisms. The present work aimed to evaluate and characterize the effect of natural oil produced by copaiba – Copaifera multijuga against multiresistant isolates of bubaline mastitis. The nitrocefin test was performed with isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from bubaline mastitis, which were 100% positive for beta-lactamase enzyme detection. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 25% to 3.12% was obtained for Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli and 50% and 25% for S. aureus, but Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis were resistant. MBC with 12.5% and 6.25% oil were obtained for most multiresistant bubaline mastitis isolates from the states of Pernambuco, Ceará, Bahia and Alagoas. The results demonstrated the great potential of using copaiba natural oil in the treatment of buffalo mastitis.

Copaifera langsdorffii is a Brazilian native plant that is used for wound healing or as an anti-inflammatory agent. Non-healing wounds are an important health problem, particularly in horses, because they can cause the animal invalidity or even lead to death. In addition, horses respond to skin wounds with chronic inflammatory response and intense wound granulation, thereby delaying the healing process. By this way, our aim was to evaluate the healing potential of Copaifera langsdorffii hydroalcoholic extract (HE) and oil-resin creams (OR) in horse skin wounds. Four wounds were performed bilaterally in the lumbar region of six horses with a 2 cm punch and treated daily with the respective treatments: saline solution, vehicle, 10% HE creams or 10% OR cream. Daily planimetry analyses were performed to measure the wound area and clinical parameters. In four different experimental periods (3, 7, 14 and 21 d), wound biopsies were removed and used for microscopic analyses. SS wounds presented a significant small area at day 3 and 7, OR wounds presented significant small area in comparison with HE at 14 d, and no significant difference was observed between treatments at 21 d. A better microscopic and clinical healing activity of HE and OR was identified in comparison with the controls. The OR group showed better healing quality, specifically after 7 d of treatment. Therefore, Copaifera langsdorffii formulations demonstrated their wound healing potential in horse skin lesions, exhibiting an improvement of the macro- and microscopic parameters.

RESUMO Copaifera sabulicola é uma espécie endêmica da região centro-oeste da Bahia e extremo norte de Minas Gerais e ainda possui lacunas nas informações botânicas. O presente trabalho caracterizou anatomicamente o folíolo e peciólulo de C. sabulicola, com ênfase nas estruturas secretoras e histolocalizar as substâncias biologicamente ativas. Amostras de folhas foram fixadas em FNT, desidratadas em série etílica e incluídas em metacrilato. Os cortes histológicos foram corados com azul de toluidina e montados em lâmina permanente. Foram realizados testes histoquímicos e fitoquímicos, dissociação e diafanização da lâmina foliolar. Cavidades secretoras foram encontradas ao longo do mesofilo, nervura central e peciólulo. Foram observados feixes vasculares circundados por bainha fibrosa e cutícula ornamentada na nervura central e no bordo foliolar. Nos testes histoquímicos foram detectados compostos fenólicos, alcaloides, proteínas e lipídios estruturais, e na análise fitoquímica, taninos catéquicos, flavonas, flavonois, xantonas, esteroides e terpenois. Tais caracteres auxiliam na correta identificação da espécie.

ABSTRACT The properties of oil-resin of copaiba, Copaifera multijuga are commonly mentioned in the literature, but there are few studies on extracts from its stem bark. We evaluated the antioxidant effects of ethanolic (EE) and ethyl acetate (EA) crude stem bark extracts from copaiba and compared them to rutin in a paracetamol (PCM)-induced oxidative stress model in mice. All test comparisons differed significantly. Hepatic catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity decreased in the PCM group, and there was an increase of protein carbonyls in the liver, kidney and brain. However, the protein carbonyls decreased in the liver for the PCM + EE group, in the kidneys for the PCM + EA and PCM + Rutin groups, and in the brain for all treatments. Hepatic GSH decreased in the PCM group and increased in the PCM + EE group. The extracts showed a positive effect on ascorbic acid (ASA), since they were able to restore the levels of parameters that had been changed by PCM. There was an increase of ALT and AST activity in the plasma within the PCM group. Even though ALT decreased in the PCM + Rutin, PCM + EE and PCM + EA groups, EE and EA did not have an effect on AST. The strongest antioxidant effect was observed for EE, due to the presence of the phenolic compounds epicatechin and epiafzelechin, as well as the highest concentration of total phenols and an excellent antioxidant potential observed in the DPPH· test.

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most deadly communicable infectious diseases, causing 1.4 million deaths in 2015 worldwide due to many conditions, including the inadequate treatment and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of the causal agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, drugs developed from natural sources, as microorganisms and plant extracts, are a frequent target for the research and discovery of antimicrobial compounds. The current study started the characterization of compounds produced by an Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from copaíba (Copaifera multijuga) that efficiently inhibits M. tuberculosis by releasing the compounds into the fermentation broth under specific culture conditions. A preliminary assay was carried out with a correlate species, M. smegmatis, aiming to detect an antimicrobial effect related to A. fumigatus fermentation broth. The direct use of this substrate in antibiosis assays againstM. tuberculosis H37Rv strain (ATCC 27294) allowed the detection of antimicrobial activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 256 μg mL-1, demonstrating that purification processes developed by the Biotage Flash Chromatography System are robust and reliable techniques for purification of compounds from natural sources. Also, this chromatographic system can be used in combination with specific biochemical tests, improving the search for reliable results. We conclude that this fraction can express a broad action range, inhibiting both Mycobacterium species used as target organisms.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a cicatrização, por segunda intenção, sob os efeitos da aplicação tópica de mel, óleo-resina de copaíba e um produto comercial (fibrinolisina, desoxirribonuclease e cloranfenicol) a um grupo controle, em ratos. Métodos: ressecção de pele, com 1cm de diâmetro, foi realizada no dorso de 40 ratos alocados em quatro grupos de dez animais. Todas as feridas foram limpas, diariamente, com 2ml de solução de NaCl 0,9%. O primeiro grupo (controle - GC) ficou restrito a tal procedimento. Nas feridas do segundo (GM), terceiro (GO) e quarto grupos (GF), após limpeza, aplicou-se, respectivamente, 1ml de mel, 1ml de óleo-resina de copaíba e 1ml de creme contendo fibrinolisina, desoxirribonuclease e cloranfenicol. Ocluíram-se as feridas com gaze estéril. Imediatamente após a incisão e nos dias três, sete e 14 do experimento, as feridas foram copiadas e, usando planimetria, analisou-se a contração. Após a eutanásia, a histologia foi utilizada para avaliação da reação inflamatória e do colágeno nas cicatrizes. Resultados: a redução da área da ferida do GM (p=0,003), GO (p=0,011) e GF (p=0,002) foram superiores ao do GC. A quantidade de colágeno tipo I presente no GM e no GO foi superior aos grupos GC e GF (p

No âmbito do atual tema das mudanças climáticas, ter acesso a ferramentas que permitam a sua análise torna-se essencial para a correta compreensão de tais alterações. A interpretação dos sinais climáticos evidenciados nos anéis de crescimento das árvores é uma das maneiras de entender essas relações. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar como as relações climáticas regionais tem efeito sobre os anéis de crescimento de Copaifera langsdorffii, espécie típica das florestas estacionais semideciduais do Paraná. Foram utilizadas quatro árvores provenientes da supressão da vegetação para formação do reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica Jayme Canet Júnior, na porção média do rio Tibagi, entre os municípios de Telêmaco Borba e Ortigueira. A partir dos discos transversais de madeira, foram traçados 40 raios com o intuito de identificar e demarcar os limites dos anéis de crescimento. Posteriormente, a largura dos anéis de crescimento foi mensurada, realizando-se o controle de qualidade destas medições e a construção de uma cronologia regional para a espécie. Os dados climáticos utilizados para as correlações foram obtidos junto aos institutos oficiais de meteorologia do Paraná e junto à um banco de dados climatológico global. A cronologia gerada compreende um período de 240 anos, com intercorrelação significativa (r = 0,469; p

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como variáveis morfológicas (diâmetro a 1,30 m do solo - DAP e alturas totais e comerciais) e ambiental (declividade, distância de corpos d'água, direção solar e altitude) controlam a produção de óleoresina de Copaifera paupera(Herzog) Dwyer no sudoeste da região Amazônica. O trabalho foi realizado na floresta do campo experimental da Embrapa Acre, Rio Branco, AC. Foram mapeadas e mantidas 47 árvores com DAP ≥ 40 cm, das quais 21,3% desenvolveram a artilharia no ar e 53,2% produziram vistoria realizada 5 a 7 dias mais tarde, totalizando 74,5% de árvores produtivas. A declividade foi uma variável única que influenciou significativamente a produção de óleores, sendo que maior, maior a probabilidade de produção. Os resultados foram os seguintes: árvores com áreas de declividade iguais ou superiores a 10% têm 100% de probabilidade de produzir unidades de produção, sendo que esse número pode ser explicado pela formação de grupos de tração em áreas com relevo inclinado,

O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi a avaliação de aspectos da anatomia foliar, da morfologia dos órgãos vegetativos, bem como a produção de biomassa em plantas jovens de Copaifera langsdorffii desenvolvidas sob diferentes temperaturas. Foram coletadas sementes e colocadas para germinar em câmara BOD a 30ºC. Após trinta dias as plântulas, com o primeiro par de folhas completamente expandidas, foram transplantadas para copos contendo plantimax®, e aclimatizadas durante quinze dias em casa de vegetação, quando foram transferidas para BODs com temperaturas T1-15ºC, T2-25ºC, T3-35ºC, e a testemunha (T) que permaneceu em casa de vegetação (29ºC). O experimento foi conduzido por um período de 120 dias. Foram observadas diferenças significativas no tamanho e frequência dos estômatos, nas dimensões das cavidades secretoras de óleo, na espessura do mesofilo, nos aspectos morfológicos externos, e na produção de biomassa. A produção de mudas sob temperatura de 25ºC foi apropriada, sendo a condição onde as plantas tornaram-se mais vigorosas, com morfologia mais uniforme nos órgãos vegetativos e houve maior produção de biomassa seca.

The loss of large areas of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in Brazil can lead to reduced biodiversity and to the extinction of species. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the genetic fragility of populations of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf exposed to different anthropic conditions in fragments of Cerrado in the state of São Paulo. The study was carried out in two Experimental Stations operated by the Forest Institute (Assis and Itirapina), in one fully protected conservation unit (Pedregulho) and in one private property (Brotas). Analyses were conducted using leaf samples from 353 adult specimens and eight pairs of microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 13 to 15 in all populations, but the mean number of effective alleles was approximately half this value (7.2 to 9-1). Observed heterozygosity was significant and lower than the expected in all populations. Consequently, all populations deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expected frequencies. Fixation indexes were significant for all populations, with the Pedregulho population having the lowest value (0.189) and Itirapina having the highest (0.283). The analysis of spatial genetic structure detected family structures at distance classes of 20 to 65 m in the populations studied. No clones were detected in the populations. Estimates of effective population size were low, but the area occupied by each population studied was large enough for conservation, medium and long term. Recent reductions or bottlenecks were detected in all four populations. Mean Gst’ (genetic divergence) indicated that most of the variation was within populations. Cluster structure analysis based on the genotypes detected K= 4 clusters with distinct allele frequencies patterns. The genetic differentiation observed among populations is consistent with the hypothesis of genetic and geographic isolation. Therefore, it is essential to adopt conservation strategies that raise the gene flow between fragments.

Objective. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of copaiba, andiroba and aroeira essential oils for controlling trypanosomosis by Trypanosoma evansi with mice as experimental model. Materials and methods. Sixty-six mice were divided into eleven groups (A to L) with six animals each. Group A was the unique composed by healthy and uninfected animals (negative control). Animals in groups B to L were inoculated with 0.1 mL of blood containing 2.7 x 106 trypanosomes. Group B was used as a positive control without treatment. In experiment were tested copaiba (C, D and E), andiroba (F, G and H) and aroeira (I, J and L) oils at doses of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mL kg-1 to infected mice (T. evansi). Results. These protocols did not provide curative efficacy; however, the mice treated with highest dose of copaiba showed a significant increase in the longevity when compared others groups. Conclusions. Previously in our studies, these essential oils have shown trypanocidal activity in vitro, but when they were tested in vivo in mice infected with T. evansi, this trypanocidal activity, or the curative effect was not found, being only able to prolong the lifespan of the animals treated with copaiba oil.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of copaiba oil and its resinous and volatile fractions against 20 bacterial isolates from dental plaque of dogs. The antimicrobial activities of the oil and its fractions were evaluated by the agar diffusion test with solutions at 10% concentration. The results showed antimicrobial activity for the copaiba oil solution on 16 isolates. The volatile fraction was considered statistically similar (P>0.05) to copaiba oil intact on the size of inhibition zones inhibiting 17 isolates. The resinous fraction inhibited only eight isolates, with smaller haloes when compared with those of the volatile fraction and intact oil (P

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050985729O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar padrões alométricos e feições arquiteturais de Copaifera langsdorffii em diferentes fisionomias de uma região de tensão ecológica. As fisionomias de floresta, corredor, cerrado e cerrado rupestre foram estudadas nos municípios de Lavras e Carrancas, sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram estudadas as relações entre diâmetro do tronco, altura, área da copa, grau de deflexão e deslocamento relativo da copa, sendo analisado o grau de semelhança, entre as fisionomias, por meio de regressões e análise covariância. Foi realizada uma análise de componentes principais (PCA) com variáveis biométricas coletadas e morfométricas calculadas, para caracterização de grupos mais homogêneos que evidenciem a plasticidade morfológica da espécie e suas diferentes estratégias e investimento em recursos. Como resultado das análises de regressão e covariância, encontraram-se padrões distintos, principalmente entre as fisionomias de floresta e cerrado, das fisionomias de cerrado rupestre e corredor. Um padrão de crescimento com maior investimento em altura na floresta, objetivando a garantia de espaço no dossel, e outro mais ligado ao crescimento horizontal da copa, nas fisionomias de cerrado rupestre e corredor. A PCA apresentou um gradiente de plasticidade morfológica para a espécie. A fisionomia de floresta apresentou maiores valores de altura total, largura de copa e diâmetro do tronco, e a fisionomia de cerrado rupestre mostrou valores mais elevados de grau de deflexão da copa (assimetria). O cerrado e o corredor formaram uma transição entre floresta e cerrado rupestre, no gradiente de feições morfológicas da espécie nas fisionomias.

The copaiba oleoresin extracted by perforating the tree-trunk found in the Amazonian forest has been used by the native indigenous communities to treat several diseases and also as fuel for lighting and for the motorboats plying the region's rivers. Currently, the oleoresin is mostly employed as a traditional remedy, mainly for the treatment of tonsillitis and as an anti-inflammatory and healing agent in oil and capsule forms, and is also used in several industry sectors. Due to its use in oral form, especially as a traditional remedy, an analysis of the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as contaminants in the oleoresin was performed. PAHs are substances formed by two or more benzoic rings and found in the atmosphere as a residue from incomplete combustion of petroleum derivatives and industrial activities. These substances are found everywhere on land and water, and as a consequence can also be found in vegetables and foodstuffs in general. The use of products contaminated with these substances can compromise human and animal life. This study was performed on oleoresin from different areas or regions in the Amazon, using the HPLC methodology with fluorescence detection. The samples analyzed revealed different concentrations of these compounds.O óleo-resina de copaíba que é extraído mediante a perfuração do tronco da árvore que se encontra em forma nativa na floresta amazônica já era empregado pelas comunidades indígenas para a cura de várias doenças e, também, como combustível em iluminação e para o funcionamento de motores de barcos que trafegavam pelos rios da região. Hoje, é largamente empregado na medicina popular, principalmente para o tratamento de amigdalite e como antiinflamatório e cicatrizante na forma de óleo e em cápsulas, sendo utilizado, também, em vários setores da indústria. Devido ao seu uso na forma oral, principalmente na medicina popular, realizou-se um trabalho para avaliar a presença de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) no referido óleo-resina, como possíveis contaminantes. Os HPAs são compostos formados por dois ou mais aneis benzenicos e encontrados na atmosfera como resíduos provenientes das combustões incompletas dos derivados de petróleo e de atividades industriais. Esses compostos, preciptando-se da atmosfera, atingem terrenos, fontes de água e, consequentemente, os vegetais e gêneros alimentícios em geral. O uso de produtos contaminados com os sudetos compostos pode comprometer vidas humanas e animais. O estudo foi realizado com amostras do referido óleo-resina provenientes de diferentes áreas ou regiões da Amazônia, empregando-se a metodologia HPLC com detecção através de fluorescência.

Copaifera langsdorffii é uma espécie em perigo de extinção, com dormência múltipla em suas sementes e baixa resistência ao armazenamento. Nesse sentido, é importante saber se as sementes perdem viabilidade a partir do ponto de maturidade fisiológica e se resistem à perda de água durante o armazenamento. Quatro experimentos foram instalados com sementes coletadas em julho (matriz 1) e agosto de 2005 (matriz 2), no Vale do Rio Araguari, MG, dois com sementes recém-colhidas e dois com sementes armazenadas em câmara fria. A perda de 31% de água das sementes coletadas no solo, em relação às colhidas de frutos aderidos à árvore, reduziu em aproximadamente 10% o porcentual de emergência. A presença do arilo nas sementes recém-colhidas causou aumento do coeficiente de variação de emergência, indicando que essa estrutura possui substâncias inibidoras de germinação. Com o armazenamento, as sementes perderam viabilidade, diminuindo significativamente os porcentuais de emergência, o que indica que as sementes dessa espécie possuem certo grau de recalcitrância, com baixa resistência à perda de água após a maturidade fisiológica. Para a obtenção de maior número de mudas, em menor tempo e com maior sincronia, recomenda-se a utilização de sementes oriundas de frutos recém-abertos, ainda aderidos à árvore, com semeadura sem arilo e com escarificação.Copaifera langsdorffii is a threatened species that presents seeds with multiple dormancy and low resistance to storage. Thus, it is interesting to know if the seeds lose viability from the physiological maturity point and if they resist to desiccation during the storage period. Four experiments were conducted using seeds from the Araguari River Valley, MG (matrix 1, July and matrix 2, August 2005). Two of them had newly-collected seeds and the other two used seeds stored in cold chamber. The loss of 31% of water from the seeds collected from the soil in relation to the seeds collected from the tree reduced the percentage of emergence in about 10%. The presence of aril increased the value of the coefficient of variation of the emergence, indicating the presence of germination inhibitors in this part of the seeds. The seeds had lost viability after storage, reducing significantly the percentages of emergence. This characteristic indicates that seeds of this species have some degree of recalcitrance. To obtain a high number of seedlings in short time, with high synchrony, seeds collected from newly-opened fruits, directly of the tree, without aril, and scarified are recommended.

Objetivos: Demostrar el efecto gastroprotector del aceite de Copaifera officinalis usando indometacina y ligadura de píloro en ratas. Diseño: Estudio preclínico. Lugar: Facultades de Medicina, de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Ratas y aceite de copaiba. Intervenciones: Se colectó el aceite de copaiba en Ucayali, Pucallpa. La citoproteccción fue evaluada con indometacina, considerando un grupo control normal, indometacina, grupos de aceite de copaiba y omeprazol. Las lesiones de la mucosa gástrica fueron calificadas como las compatibles con necrosis local (tejido no viable), hiperemia, enrojecimiento presente y hemorragia, empleando la escala de puntaje observacional; y la úlcera, según la escala de Macallister modificado. El ensayo de antisecreción fue realizado por el modelo de ligadura del píloro, en el que 24 ratas albinas fueron divididas al azar en 3 grupos; un control, otro de aceite de copaiba 40mg/kg y un tercero de omeprazol 10 mg/kg. Después de 4 horas de ligazón, fueron sacrificados, extrayéndose los estómagos; con mucho cuidado se midió el volumen y se determinó el pH de la secreción gástrica, por potenciometría. Se realizó evaluación histopatológica según Devi. Principales medidas de resultados: Lesiones ulcerosas. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron 100% de efecto citoprotector con el aceite de copaiba y de 97,8% para el omeprazol (p

A Copaifera langsdorffii é uma leguminosa nativa do Brasil, da qual pode ser extraído um óleo, popularmente conhecido como óleo de copaíba. Este óleo é amplamente utilizado para tratamento de feridas cutâneas por ser reconhecido como antiinflamatório e cicatrizante. Apesar disso, poucas comprovações científicas do verdadeiro efeito terapêutico desta planta medicinal foram produzidas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento tópico com C. langsdorffii no processo de reparo quando um corpo estranho é o indutor da inflamação. Para isso, 60 camundongos da linhagem BALB/c foram submetidos à incisão cirúrgica linear de 1cm no dorso para realizar o implante de uma lamínula de vidro com 12mm de diâmetro no tecido subcutâneo. Quatro tratamentos para a ferida foram estabelecidos: controle (C) tratado com solução salina estéril, controle veículo (CV) tratado com óleo mineral estéril, tratamento 1 (T1) tratado com diluição (v:v) de óleo mineral estéril e óleo de C. langsdorffii, tratamento 2 (T2) tratado com óleo de C. langsdorffii puro. As avaliações foram realizadas em períodos de tempo pré-determinados (1, 3, 5, 7 e 14 dias). Era possível perceber características da fase proliferativa como a reepitelização, a presença de fibroblastos e a neovascularização, porém os grupos tratados com o óleo (T1 e T2) não apresentavam reepitelização aos três dias. Esses grupos aos 5 e 7 dias apresentavam no exame macroscópico maior intensidade de edema, hiperemia e permanência de crostas. Na microscopia, a reepitelização ainda não estava completa e a crosta era serocelular. Nos grupos C e CV, apesar de discreta, era predominante a presença de mononucleares, enquanto nos grupos T1 e T2 o infiltrado inflamatório era misto e com maior intensidade que nos outros grupos. Quatorze dias depois da incisão cirúrgica, os aspectos macroscópicos dos grupos C e CV eram semelhantes e os grupos T1 e T2, apesar de a ferida estar completamente fechada e sem crostas, a pele desses animais estava espessada e na derme do grupo T2 parecia ter fibrose mais acentuada do que nos outros grupos. Esses resultados demonstraram que o tratamento tópico com óleo de C. langsdorffii prejudicou o processo de reparação normal de ferida na presença de corpo estranho.Copaifera langsdorffii is a Brazilian native leguminosae that produce resin-oil, popularly known as copaíba oil. This oil is used for the treatment of skin wound due to its recognized antiinflammatory and wound healing effects. Despite, its popular use, there are few published data about the therapeutic effect of this medicinal plant. The aim of the study was to evaluate the topic treatment effect of the Copaíba oil on the process of skin repair inflammation induced by a foreign body subcutanously implanted. Sixty BALB/c mice were submitted to a 1cm linear incision and a 12mm circle coverslip was subcutaneously implanted. Four treatments groups were established: control, sterile saline (C); vehicle control, sterile mineral oil, (VC); treatment 1 (T1), mineral oil plus copaiba oil (V/V), and treatment 2 (T2) copaiba oil. The evaluations were performed at pre-determined time points (1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days). It was possible to find fibroblasts, epithelial cells proliferation, re-epithelization and newly formed blood vessels in all groups, however, all oil treated groups (T1 and T2) did not present re-epithelization at three days post surgical incision. On days 5 and 7, a higher intensity of edema and hyperemia on the groups T1 and T2 was observed, besides that, the T1 and T2 groups presented a serous cellular scab on the wounds that was absent on the C and VC groups. The inflammatory reactions among the groups C and VC showed more mononuclear cells than the T1 and T2 groups that presented a mixed cell patter composed from both mono and polymorphonuclear cells. Although the surgical wounds were re-epithelizaded, in the groups T1 and T2, they were covered by a serous cellular crust and the dermis tissue still presented an intense mononuclear cell inflammatory focus. Fourteen days after of the surgical incision, the gross aspects on groups C and VC were similar and on groups T1 and T2, despite wound to be completely closed and without crusts, the skin those animals was thickened. Furthermore, the dermis on group T2 presented moderate fibrosis, while the other groups presented slightly ones. The results demonstrated that topical treatment with C. langsdorffii oil debilitated the normal process of a wound repair in the presence of a foreign body.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do óleo de copaíba nos níveis séricos de uréia e creatinina em ratos submetidos a síndrome de isquemia e reperfusão renal. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 18 ratos (Rattus norvegicus albinus),da linhagem Wistar, fêmeas, adultas, entre 90 e 120 dias de idade, pesando ente 200g e 250g, distribuídos em dois grupos: Isquemia e Reperfusão (GIR), e Isquemia e Reperfusão Copaíba (GIRC). Os animais dos dois grupos foram submetidos à isquemia renal, de ambos os rins, por 50 minutos, seguida de reperfusão por 24, 48 e 72 horas, com posterior coleta de sangue e análise dos níveis séricos de uréia e creatinina. No GIRC, realizou-se, além da isquemia e reperfusão, a administração diária do óleo de copaíba na dose de 0,63 ml/kg, por gavagem, sete dias antes do procedimento de isquemia renal. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma diminuição estatisticamente significante dos níveis séricos de uréia no GIRC em 24 e 48 horas de reperfusão renal e uma diminuição do nível sérico de creatinina no GIRC em 48 horas de reperfusão renal quando comparados com o grupo Controle. CONCLUSÃO: Segundo os procedimentos aplicados, o óleo de copaíba diminuiu os níveis séricos de uréia em 24 horas e 48 horas e os de creatinina nas 48 horas após o procedimento de isquemia e reperfusão renal em ratos.PURPOSE: To evaluate the copaiba oil effect on urea and creatinine levels in rats submitted to kidney ischemia and reperfusion syndrome. METHODS: Eighteen Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus), aged between 90 and 120 days, weight between 200g and 250g, were allocated in 2 groups (n=9) and submitted to 50 minutes of renal ischemia and reperfusion and treated or not with copaiba oil (0,63ml/kg daily seven days before ischemia). The nitrogen excrements were assessed at 24, 48 and 72 hours after ischemia period. RESULTS: The urea serum level was smaller (p d" 0,05) at 24 and 48 hours, and the creatinine serum level was smaller at 48 hours in animals treated with copaiba oil (GIRC) than the GIR. CONCLUSION: The copaiba oil decreased significantly the urea serum level at 24 and 48 hours and the creatinine level at 48 hours after kidney ischemia and reperfusion in rats.

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of copaiba, andiroba and aroeira essential oils for controlling trypanosomosis by Trypanosoma evansi with mice as experimental model. Materials and methods. Sixty-six mice were divided into eleven groups (A to L) with six animals each. Group A was the unique composed by healthy and uninfected animals (negative control). Animals in groups B to L were inoculated with 0.1 mL of blood containing 2.7 x 106 trypanosomes. Group B was used as a positive control without treatment. In experiment were tested copaiba (C, D and E), andiroba (F, G and H) and aroeira (I, J and L) oils at doses of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mL kg-1 to infected mice (T. evansi). Results. These protocols did not provide curative efficacy; however, the mice treated with highest dose of copaiba showed a significant increase in the longevity when compared others groups. Conclusions. Previously in our studies, these essential oils have shown trypanocidal activity in vitro, but when they were tested in vivo in mice infected with T. evansi, this trypanocidal activity, or the curative effect was not found, being only able to prolong the lifespan of the animals treated with copaiba oil.

A estrutura populacional de plântulas da Copaiba, (Copaifera langsdoffii Desf.) foi estudada em mata ciliar do Distrito Federal, no intuito de fornecer subsídios para a conservação in situ da espécie. O método do transecto, tomando em consideração a localização dos parentais (adultos da mesma espécie), foi adotado. Os regenerantes foram plotados e marcados. Considerou-se também a predação e o ataque por patógenos nas plântulas, o que ocorreu da forma intensa e independentemente da proximidade de adultos parentais. A densidade das plântulas nas áreas estudadas foi correlacionada com o aparecimento de clareiras (fator luz). Estimou-se que os regenerantes estudados apresentam idade superior a dois anos, com base no bi ou tri anualidade das árvores no local, sugerindo um crescimento lento para a espécie, viabilizando portanto a conservação in situ desta na forma tanto de adulto quanto de plântula.The population structure of seedlings and saplings of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. was studied in a gallery forest in the Distrito Federal, Brazil, as an aid for definition of in situ conservation strategies for the species. Transects were made, with all adults being plotted. Seedlings were also mapped and observed for predation or desease, with high degrees of both being present, with no correlation with adults proximity. Seedling density was correlated with open areas (gaps). It was estimated that all regenerants observed were over two years old, based on two to tree years periodicity in flowering and fruiting patterns for this trees species in the study area. This suggests very low grwth rates, suggesting that in situ conversation of both adults and seedlings is a viable alternative for this species.

This study evaluated the loss of desiccation tolerance in C. langsdorffii seeds during the germination process. Seeds were imbibed for 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours and dried to the initial moisture content, kept in this state for 3 days after which they were submitted to pre-humidification and rehydration. Ultraestructural evaluations were done aiming to observe the cell damage caused by the dry process. Desiccation tolerance was evaluated in terms of the percentage of normal seedlings. Seeds not submitted to the drying process presented 61% of normal seedlings, and after 24 hours of imbibition, followed by drying, the seeds presented the same percentage of survival. However, after 48 hours of imbibition, seeds started to lose the desiccation tolerance. There was twenty six percent of normal seedlings formed from seeds imbibed for 96 hours and later dried and rehydrated. Only 5% of seeds imbibed for 144 hours, dried and rehydrated formed normal seedlings. At 144 hours of imbibition followed the dry process, there was damage into the cell structure, indicating that the seeds were unable to keep the cell structure during the drying process. Copaifera langsdorffii seeds loses the desiccation tolerance at the start of Phase 2 of imbibition.

RESUMO O gênero Copaifera está presente na África (4 spp.), América Central (4 spp.), América do Sul (cerca de 37 spp.) e, provavelmente, na Ásia (1 sp.). Foram reconhecidas nove espécies de Copaifera na Amazônia brasileira: Copaifera duckei, C. glycycarpa, C. guyanensis, C. martii, C. multijuga, C. paupera, C. piresii, C. pubiflora e C. reticulata, representadas tanto por arbustos ou árvores que chegam a atingir até 40 metros de altura, fornecendo tanto madeira como o óleo-resina, extraído de seu tronco, utilizada na preparação de medicamentos, cosméticos, tintas e revelação de fotografias. O presente trabalho apresenta uma chave para identificação das espécies que ocorrem na Amazônia brasileira, incluindo ilustrações, descrições e comentários sobre morfologia e taxonomia.