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Abstract In this study, the performance of a novel organic tea compost developed for the first time in the world from raw tea waste from tea processing factories and enriched with worms, beneficial microorganisms, and enzymes was tested in comparison to chemical fertilizers in tea plantations in Rize and Artvin provinces, where the most intensive tea cultivation is carried out in Turkey. In the field trials, the developed organic tea vermicompost was incorporated into the root zones of the plants in the tea plantations in amounts of 1000 (OVT1), 2000 (OVT2) and 4000 (OVT4) (kg ha-1). The experimental design included a control group without OVT applications and positive controls with chemical fertilizers (N: P: K 25:5:10, (CF) 1200 kg ha-1) commonly used by local growers. The evaluation included field trials over two years. The average yields obtained in two-year field trials in five different areas were: Control (6326), OVT1 (7082), OVT2 (7408), OVT4 (7910), and CF (8028) kg ha-1. Notably, there was no significant statistical difference in yields between the organic (at 4000 kg ha-1 ) and chemical fertilizers (at 1200 kg ha-1). The highest nutrient contents were obtained when CF and OVT4 were applied. According to the average values across all regions, the application of OVT4 increased the uptake of 63% N, 18% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 19% Na, 29% Ca, 28% Zn, 11% Cu and 24% Mn compared to the control group. The application of chemical fertilizers increased the uptake of 75% N, 21% K, 75% P, 21% Mg, 28% Na, 27% Ca, 30% Zn, 18% Cu and 31% Mn compared to the control group. The organic fertilizer treatment had the lowest levels of antioxidants compared to the control groups and the chemical fertilizers. It was also found that the organic fertilizer increased the levels of amino acids, organic acids and chlorophyll in the tea plant. Its low antioxidant activity and proline content prepared them for or protected them from stress conditions. With these properties, the biotechnologically developed organic tea compost fertilizer has proven to be very promising for tea cultivation and organic plant production.

The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between smartphone addiction and depression in primary care. Three hundred fifty-two people who participated in our research, designed as a cross-sectional study, filled out the Short Version of the Smartphone Addiction scale and Beck’s Depression Inventory. Among the participants, 28.9% were found to have smartphone addiction and 52.3% were found to have depressive symptoms. The mean score of participants in the Smartphone Addiction Scale was 24.32 ± 11.24 points (n = 352). The mean score in Beck’s Depression Inventory was 10.80 ± 7.94 points. A positive significant relationship was found between depression frequency and social media usage duration (1–2 hours/ day) and length of social media usage (≥5 hours/day). A weak but positive and significant correlation was found between Smartphone Addiction Scale and Beck’s Depression Inventory (r = 0.147; p = .006). In the regression analysis, it was determined that having an income between 1000 and 1999 TL, having a computer at home, having other addictions other than smoking, and being addicted to a smartphone increase the risk of depression development. The relationship between smartphone addiction and depression should be given attention. The factors influencing smartphone addiction should be considered. Especially the social media and smartphone usage should be limited.

Chiari Malformation type 1 (CM-I) is a neurological disorder characterized by morphological defects including excessive cerebellar tonsillar ectopia and associated manifestations. We used 3D amplified MRI on a cohort of healthy and CM-I subjects to investigate the brain’s intrinsic motion, its association with the morphology and patient’s symptomatology, and surgical outcomes. We observed that the regional brain motion in CM-I was significantly higher than that of the healthy subjects, with anterior-posterior (AP) and superior-inferior (SI) displacements in cerebellar tonsils and medulla having the highest differences between the healthy and CM-I (∼45%–∼73% increased motion in the CM-I group). Interestingly, we found the ratio of neural tissue in the foramen magnum to be directly correlated with the SI tonsillar motion (r=0.58). Tonsillar herniation was directly correlated with the AP motion of the tonsils (r=0.61), and AP and medial-lateral (ML) motions of the medulla (r=0.66, and r=0.57). Subjects with higher tonsillar ML motion prior to surgery showed improved outcome (p=0.03, and AUC=0.95). Although we did not observe a significant correlation between the brains motion and morphometrics on the CM-I symptoms (perhaps due to our small sample size), illustrative cases increase our hope for the development of a future tool based on brain biomechanics.

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a state of autonomic dysfunction characterized by symptoms such as tachypnea, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, sweating, and dystonia. It can occur after traumatic brain injury, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and diseases such as stroke. Hypoxia, extensive axonal damage, and young age are believed to predispose to the development of PSH. These patients may be diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, septicemia, or epileptic seizures. Delays in diagnosis prolong hospital stay. Here, we present an 81-year-old man who developed PSH after a recurrent stroke and our management.

Background: Columellar strut grafts (CSG) are effective in providing the unity of the nasal tip with a weak,short, medial, or middle crura. However, its effect on tip stabilization is minimal. The CSG may be fixated to an autoextension at the caudal septum to augment the stabilization capacity of the strut. Septal auto-extension may not be applicable in cases with a short/shortened caudal septum, which can be solved by designing an extension in the middle of the CSG, which can be called an “inverted T-shaped CSG.” Methods: Patients who underwent tip stabilization with an inverted T-shaped CSG between January 2019 and November 2021 were selected for this research. All patients underwent open structural rhinoplasty. The inverted T-shaped CSG was prepared similarly to the standard strut. However, spike-like extension was preserved in the middle of the strut, branching out at a right angle. The T-shaped CSG was settled between the medial crura. Then, the extension was fixated to the caudal septum. Medial crura were sutured over the inverted T-shaped CSG, and stability was established. Preoperative, peroperative, and postoperative images were analyzed. Results: This technique was used in 64 patients. The average age was 37 years (26-48 years). Thirty-five patients were female, and 29 were male. Forty-one patients had undergone primary rhinoplasty, and 23 had undergone secondary rhinoplasty. The mean patient follow-up was 14 months (8-22 months). Statistical analysis was used to compare tip projection ratios and nasolabial angle calculations. A statistically meaningful difference was observed between preoperative, immediate postoperative, and 1-year postoperative measurements of the projection ratio and nasolabial angle increase in all cases, and this projection was observed to be maintained at 1 year. The inverted T-shaped CSG provided satisfactory tip stabilization in all patients. Conclusion: The inverted T-shaped CSG is a good alternative for tip stabilization with graft economy, without columellar retraction, overortation, stiffness, in short/shortened septae.

Population balance models (PBMs) for milling processes are based on two fundamental concepts: specific breakage rate function and breakage distribution function, which vary with particle size as well as design–operation conditions. The solution of the inverse problem, i.e., the estimation of these two functions’ parameters, may cause falsified kinetics and breakage distribution mechanisms. This perspective article aims to expose and mitigate various aspects of potential falsification, thus enabling the development of a robust PBM. Through an in-depth analysis of historical approaches to the PBM inverse problem and experimental observations, as well as the author’s recent contributions to the inverse methodology within the context of back-calculation methods, six principles have been offered: (i) include the governing physical phenomena and reduce errors in model building; (ii) reduce the number of model parameters via size–operation-dependent functional forms, hybrid approaches for back-calculation, and combination with CFD–DEM and other mechanistic models; (iii) generate a dense particle size distribution data set obtained at various milling times and/or locations; (iv) ensure a grid-independent solution with a sufficient number of size classes; (v) use a global optimization-based back-calculation method for parameter estimation and provide standard errors of the estimates; and (vi) test the predictive capability of the PBM. This perspective article boosts awareness of various challenges involved in the solution of the inverse PBM problem as pertinent to milling processes and provides researchers with six principles to minimize falsified kinetics.

Introduction Diagnosing and treating lung cancer in early stages is essential for survival outcomes. The chest X-ray (CXR) remains the primary screening tool to identify lung cancers in the UK; however, there is a shortfall of radiologists, while demand continues to increase. Image analysis by machine-learning software has the potential to support radiology workflows with a focus on immediate triage of suspicious X-rays. The RADICAL study will evaluate Qure.ai’s ‘qXR’ software in reducing reporting time for suspicious X-rays in NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde.Methods and analysis This is a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised study consisting of a retrospective technical evaluation and prospective clinical effectiveness study alongside the assessment of acceptability via qualitative work and evaluation of cost-effectiveness via a cost utility analysis. The primary objective is to assess the clinical effectiveness of qXR to prioritise patients suspected with lung cancer on CXR for follow-up CT. Secondary objectives will look at the utility, safety, technical performance, health economics and acceptability of the intervention. The study period is 24 months, consisting of an initial 12 month data collection period and a 12 month follow-up period. All the standard care CXRs from outpatient and primary care requests will be securely transmitted to Qure.ai software ‘qXR’ for interpretation. Images with features of cancer will be flagged as ‘Urgent Suspicion of Cancer’ and be prioritised for radiologist review within the existing reporting workflow.Ethics and dissemination The study will follow the principles of Good Clinical Practice. The protocol was granted REC approval in August 2023 from North West—Greater Manchester West Research Ethics Committee (REC 23/NW/0211). This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06044454). An interim report will be produced for use by the Scottish Government. The results from this study will be presented at artificial intelligence, radiology and respiratory meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration number NCT06044454.

Objective: The aim of this study was to biomechanically compare a new lateral-pinning technique, in which pins engage the medial and lateral columns of the distal humerus in a divergent configuration in both the axial and sagittal planes instead of the coronal plane, with the cross-pin, and with 2 and 3 coronally divergent lateral-pin techniques in a synthetic humerus model of supracondylar humerus fractures. Methods: Thirty-six identical synthetic models of the humerus simulating a standardized supracondylar humerus fracture were included in this study. They were divided into 4 groups based on the pin configuration of fixation: the new 3-lateral pin-fixation technique (group A), 2 crossed pins (group B), 3 divergent lateral pins (group C), and 2 divergent lateral pins (group D). Each model was subjected to combined axial and torsional loading, and then torsional stability and torsional stiffness (Nmm/°) were recorded. Results: Group A had greater rotational stability than groups C and D but had no statistically significant additional rotational stability compared with group B (P=.042, P=.008, P=.648, respectively), whereas group B had greater rotational stability than only group D (P=.020). Furthermore, group A demonstrated higher internal rotational stiffness compared with groups C and D (P=.038, P=.006, respectively). Group B had better internal rotational stiffness than group D (P=.015). There was no significant difference in internal rotational stiffness between groups A and B (P=. 542), groups B and C (P=.804), and groups D and C (P=.352). Although no statistically significant differences existed between groups A and B, the modified pin configuration exhibited the highest torsional stability and stiffness. Group D showed the lowest values in all biomechanical properties. Conclusion: This study has shown us that this new lateral-pinning technique may provide torsional resistance to internal rotational displacement as strong as the standard technique of crossed-pin configuration of fixation. Furthermore, with this new pin configuration, greater torsional resistance can be obtained than with either the standard 2- or the standard 3-lateral divergent pin configuration.

Background The relationship between collateral circulation and prognosis after endovascular treatment in anterior circulation strokes has been reported in many studies.

Purpose: The relationship between public expenditure and revenue that determines the budget balance in the explanation of budget deficits is very important. This study aimed to examine the association between public spending and income in Turkey. Methodology: This article applies the continuous wavelet transform method (CWT) to study the relationship between government revenues and expenditures in Turkey. The study, which covers the period 2006-2020, consists of monthly data. The following four CWT tools were used in the analysis: Wavelet Power Spectrum, Cross Wavelet Power, Wavelet Coherence, and Phase Difference. Results: The results of the study, controlling taxes rather than expenditures, play a key role in reducing fiscal deficits in Turkey in the short term. It is revealed that the dynamics of the budget balance in the medium term can be explained by the spend-tax hypothesis and that the tax burden can be alleviated by spending cuts. In the long term, results were obtained that support the spend-tax hypothesis. Conclusion: The paper reveals that taxes play an important role in controlling budget deficits in the short run. It turns out that the dynamics of the budget balance can be explained in the medium term by expenditure cuts and then the tax burden can be alleviated. In the long run, implementing fiscal policies based on public spending rather than taxation will be more effective against budget deficits.

This study examines the complex and time-varying relationship between residential energy demand (including electricity, geothermal, and solar energy) and climate change using wavelet analyses with monthly USA data from January 1990 to March 2023. The results show that residential energy demand and climate change indicators exhibit a time-varying interrelationship with cyclical and lag effects. Specifically, before 2021, a positive correlation between residential electricity demand and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in short-term frequencies was found, but the relationship reversed thereafter, with an increase in CO2 levels influencing and decreasing residential electricity demand. In the long run frequencies, the link between residential power consumption and CO2 emissions shifted over time, exhibiting inconsistent co-movement. The co-movements between residential geothermal and CO2 show predominantly positive correlations, with CO2 leading the relationship in the short run, while geothermal leads the co-movements in the long run. In both short and long-term frequencies, the dependency and co-movement between residential solar and CO2 are mixed, with residential solar leading to positive correlations and CO2 leading to negative correlations. Therefore, improved insulation, energy-efficient windows, and high-efficiency heating systems can all assist in reducing heat loss and the total energy demand for domestic heating and subsequently low CO2 emissions.

Objective: To reveal the profile and practice in patients with acute stroke who received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) and/or neuro-interventional therapy in Türkiye. Materials and Methods: On World Stroke Awareness Day, May 10, 2018, 1,790 patients hospitalized in 87 neurology units spread over 30 health regions were evaluated retrospectively and prospectively. Results: Intravenous tPA was administered to 12% of 859 cases of acute ischemic stroke in 45 units participating in the study. In the same period, 8.3% of the cases received neurointerventional treatment. The rate of good prognosis [modified Rankin score (mRS) 0–2] at discharge was 46% in 83 patients who received only IV tPA [age: 67 +- 12 years; National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS): 12 +- 6; hospital stay, 24 +- 29 days]; 35% in 51 patients who underwent thrombectomy (MT) alone (age: 64 +- 13 years; NIHSS: 14.1 +- 6.5; length of hospital stay, 33 +- 31 days), 19% in those who received combined treatment (age: 66 +- 14 years; NIHSS: 15.6 +- 5.4; length of hospital stay, 26 +- 35 days), and 56% of 695 patients who did not receive treatment for revascularization (age: 70 +- 13 years; NIHSS: 7.6 +- 7.2; length of hospital stay, 21 +- 28 days). The symptom-to-door time was 87 +- 53 minutes in the IV treatment group and 200 +- 26 minutes in the neurointerventional group. The average door-to-needle time was 66 +- 49 minutes in the IV tPA group. In the neurothrombectomy group, the door-to-groin time was 103 +- 90 minutes, and the TICI 2b-3 rate was 70.3%. In 103 patients who received IV tPA, the discharge mRS 0–2 was 41%, while the rate of mRS 0–1 was 28%. In 71 patients who underwent neurothrombectomy, the mRS 0–2 was 31% and mRS 0–1 was 18%. The door-to-groin time was approximately 30 minutes longer if IV tPA was received (125 +- 107 and 95 +- 83 minutes, respectively). Symptomatic bleeding rates were 4.8% in IV recipients, 17.6% among those who received only MT, and 15% in combined therapy. Globally, the hemorrhage rate was 6.8% in patients receiving IV tPA and 16.9% in MT. Conclusion: IV thrombolytic and neurointerventional treatment applications in acute ischemic stroke in Türkiye can provide the anticipated results. Heterogeneity has begun to be reduced in our country with the dissemination of the system indicated by the 'Directive on Health Services to be Provided to Patients with Acute Stroke.'

Village Institutes were educational institutions in Türkiye that were structured in line with the educational, economic, social and political needs of the period. They constituted an important dimension of the works carried out to develop the country economically propagate the newly founded republic and its basic principles to the public. These institutions aimed to train well-equipped village teachers to develop the villages and the villagers in every aspect. The teachers who graduated from these institutions also shouldered the task of strengthening the bond between the village and the villagers and the state and the republic. The curriculum that determined the education process of the Village Institutes was first put into practice in 1943. Educational activities were carried out in line with the "education in work, education for work, education with work" principle. The students were active and educational activities were done holistically in these institutions. Furthermore, the students had the opportunity to apply the knowledge they had learned in the culture courses for themselves and in the agriculture courses through technical courses. However, in these educational institutions, the curriculum diverged partially from this aforementioned main principle after 1947. In the 1947 curriculum, which was revised in line with the criticisms made for the 1943 program, the agriculture and technical courses were reduced, and the culture courses were increased. With the 1953 Teacher Training Schools and Village Institutes curriculum, the five-year education increased to six years and the technical and agricultural courses were greatly reduced. Since the Village Institutes were closed in 1954, this curriculum could not be implemented for a long time. For this reason, it would not be wrong to state that the 1943 curriculum was the curriculum which that was developed and implemented in such a way as to fully meet the basic aims and principles of the Village Institutes.

The modeling of processes and formulations significantly enhances product development in the pharmaceutical industry [...]

In soil science, the allocation of soil samples to their respective origins holds paramount significance, as it serves as a crucial investigative tool. In recent times, with the increasing use of proximal sensing and advancements in machine-learning techniques, new approaches have accompanied these developments, enhancing the effectiveness of soil utilization in soil science. This study investigates soil classification based on four parent materials. For this purpose, a total of 59 soil samples were collected from 12 profiles and the vicinity of each profile at a depth of 0–30 cm. Surface soil samples were analyzed for elemental concentrations using X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and soil spectra using a visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectrometer. Soil samples collected from soil profiles (12 soil samples) and surface (47 soil samples) were used to classify parent materials using machine learning-based algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Ensemble Subspace k-Near Neighbor (ESKNN), and Ensemble Bagged Trees (EBTs). Additionally, as a validation of the classification techniques, the dataset was subjected to five-fold cross-validation and independent sample set splitting (80% calibration and 20% validation). Evaluation metrics such as accuracy, F score, and G mean were used to evaluate prediction performance. Depending on the dataset and algorithm used, the classification success rates varied between 70% and 100%. Overall, the ESKNN (99%) produced better results than other classification methods. Additionally, Relief algorithms were employed to identify key variables for each dataset (ICP-OES: CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, MgO, and MnO; XRF: SiO2, CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O, and MnO; Vis-NIR: 567, 571, 572, 573, and 574 nm). Subsequent soil reclassification using these reduced variables revealed reduced accuracies using Vis-NIR data, with ESKNN still yielding the best results.

Molodtsov’s soft set theory has been used in various disciplines both theoretically and practically. It is an effective mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainty. Since its debut, numerous types of soft set operations have been presented and applied. In this study, we analyze the fundamental algebraic features of a novel soft set operation which we call complementary soft binary piecewise union operation. Additionally, by examining the distribution of complementary soft binary piecewise union operation over all other soft set operations’ type, it aims to contribute to the literature on soft sets by revealing relationships between this new soft set operation and other types of soft set operations. Moreover, we prove that the set of all the soft sets with a fixed parameter set together with the complementary soft binary piecewise union operation and the soft binary piecewise intersection operation is a zero-symmetric near-semiring.

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common directly preventable cause of ischemic stroke. There is no dependable neurology-based data on the spectrum of stroke caused by AF in our country. Within the scope of NeuroTek-Turkey, hospital-based data on acute stroke patients with AF were collected to contribute to the creation of acute stroke algorithms. Materials and Methods: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common directly preventable cause of ischemic stroke. There is no dependable neurology-based data on the spectrum of stroke caused by AF in Türkiye. Within the scope of NöroTek-Türkiye (TR), hospital-based data on acute stroke patients with AF were collected to contribute to the creation of acute-stroke algorithms. Results: The rate of AF in patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke/TIA was 29.8%, of which 65% were known before stroke, 5% were paroxysmal, and 30% were diagnosed after hospital admission. The proportion of patients with AF who received 'effective' treatment [international normalization ratio ≥2.0 warfarin or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) at a guideline dose] was 25.3%, and, either no medication or only antiplatelet was used in 42.5% of the cases. The low dose rate was 50% in 42 patients who had a stroke while taking NOACs. Anticoagulant was prescribed to the patient at discharge at a rate of 94.6%; low molecular weight or unfractionated heparin was prescribed in 28.1%, warfarin in 32.5%, and NOACs in 31%. The dose was in the low category in 22% of the cases discharged with NOACs, and half of the cases, who received NOACs at admission, were discharged with the same drug. Conclusion: NöroTekTR revealed the high but expected frequency of AF in acute stroke in Türkiye, as well as the aspects that could be improved in the management of secondary prophylaxis. AF is found in approximately one-third of hospitalized acute stroke cases in Türkiye. Effective anticoagulant therapy was not used in three-quarters of acute stroke cases with known AF. In AF, heparin, warfarin, and NOACs are planned at a similar frequency (one-third) within the scope of stroke secondary prophylaxis, and the prescribed NOAC dose is subtherapeutic in a quarter of the cases. Non-medical and medical education appears necessary to prevent stroke caused by AF.

Aim:Primary care physicians need to be aware of the types of traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) used by patients to be able to guide patients away from harmful approaches and to aim them toward useful or at least seeming benign approaches. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the usage of TCM methods in Turkey and the level of knowledge and attitudes of applicants about these methods.Methods:The universe of this cross-sectional study consisted of individuals aged 18 and over who applied to the Family Health Centers and agreed to participate in the study in 12 provinces in different regions of Turkey between July and December 2016. The questionnaires were applied to the volunteer participants by the researchers using face-to-face interview techniques. The questionnaire had 25 questions.Results:80.6% of the participants benefited from TCM, and 86.4% stated they believed in the effectiveness of TCM. Women, university graduates of college who had private insurance used TCM (respectively; p=0.031; p=0.004; p=0.000), and women (83.3%) found TCM more useful than men (p=0.005). The most frequent reason for using TCM was “heard that it was useful”.Conclusion:The results of our study indicated that a large portion of Turkish primary care patients use TCM and recommend it to their relatives. Therefore, health policies and academic knowledge should be developed in this sense.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the potential oncologic benefit of a visibly complete transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT) prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and radical cystectomy (RC). Materials and Methods: We identified patients who received NAC and RC between 2011-2021. Records were reviewed to assess TURBT completeness. The primary outcome was pathologic downstaging (

The study aimed to determine the effects of torrefaction on the fuel properties of pellets. Therefore, firstly, torrefaction parameters of rose (Rosa Damascena Mill.) oil distillation solid waste and red pine sawdust were determined through the torrefaction optimization process in terms of temperature and holding time. Then, using the selected torrefaction parameters, 14 different raw and torrefied pellets containing RP, PS, and Turkish Elbistan Lignite were prepared in different weight ratios. Finally, the fuel properties of the prepared raw and torrefied pellets, namely dimensions, proximate analyses, higher heating values, tensile strength, durability, abrasive resistance, and water uptake resistances, were investigated. The findings demonstrated that the higher heating values and carbon content of raw biomass samples increased while their volatile matter content decreased. The use of lignite at high concentrations led to an increase in ash content and a decrease in the strength and durability of pellets, which should be emphasized. In addition, red pine sawdust was used in place of solid waste from rose oil distillation solid waste to produce pellets with greater strength. All pellet mixtures with torrefaction had higher heating values and energy densities despite the fact that their mass and energy efficiency had decreased. It was determined that torrefaction increased the pellets' resistance to absorbing water and gave them a more hydrophobic structure. Thus, it was determined that torrefaction could enhance the crucial fuel parameters of the biomass samples.

PURPOSETo evaluate the frequency of abdominal computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and interrogate the relationship between abdominal CT findings and patient demographic features, clinical findings, and laboratory test results as well as the CT atherosclerosis score in the abdominal aorta.METHODSThis study was designed as a multicenter retrospective study. The abdominal CT findings of 1.181 patients with positive abdominal symptoms from 26 tertiary medical centers with a positive polymerase chain-reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were reviewed. The frequency of ischemic and non-ischemic CT findings as well as the association between CT findings, clinical features, and abdominal aortic calcific atherosclerosis score (AA-CAS) were recorded.RESULTSIschemic and non-ischemic abdominal CT findings were detected in 240 (20.3%) and 328 (27.7%) patients, respectively. In 147 patients (12.4%), intra-abdominal malignancy was present. The most frequent ischemic abdominal CT findings were bowel wall thickening (n = 120; 10.2%) and perivascular infiltration (n = 40; 3.4%). As for non-ischemic findings, colitis (n = 91; 7.7%) and small bowel inflammation (n = 73; 6.2%) constituted the most frequent disease processes. The duration of hospital stay was found to be higher in patients with abdominal CT findings than in patients without any positive findings (13.8 ± 13 vs. 10.4 ± 12.8 days, P < 0.001). The frequency of abdominal CT findings was significantly higher in patients who did not survive the infection than in patients who were discharged after recovery (41.7% vs. 27.4%, P < 0.001). Increased AA-CAS was found to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic conditions in abdominal CT examinations.CONCLUSIONAbdominal symptoms in patients with COVID-19 are usually associated with positive CT findings. The presence of ischemic findings on CT correlates with poor COVID-19 outcomes. A high AA-CAS is associated with abdominal ischemic findings in patients with COVID-19.

Abstract We intended to compare the doctors with a convolutional neural network (CNN) that we had trained using our own unique method for the Lateral Pillar Classification (LPC) of Legg–Calve–Perthes Disease (LCPD). Thousands of training data sets are frequently required for artificial intelligence (AI) applications in medicine. Since we did not have enough real patient radiographs to train a CNN, we devised a novel method to obtain them. We trained the CNN model with the data we created by modifying the normal hip radiographs. No real patient radiographs were ever used during the training phase. We tested the CNN model on 81 hips with LCPD. Firstly, we detected the interobserver reliability of the whole system and then the reliability of CNN alone. Second, the consensus list was used to compare the results of 11 doctors and the CNN model. Percentage agreement and interobserver analysis revealed that CNN had good reliability (ICC = 0.868). CNN has achieved a 76.54% classification performance and outperformed 9 out of 11 doctors. The CNN, which we trained with the aforementioned method, can now provide better results than doctors. In the future, as training data evolves and improves, we anticipate that AI will perform significantly better than physicians.

Indoor navigation networks (models) are an essential way to characterize the navigation patterns of pedestrians. To find the most suitable path existing studies concentrate mostly on the minimization of length and turns. However, they alone may fall short to support one in wayfinding as they only consider the spatial structure of a building. Space syntax measures can reveal the interaction among spatial configurations and visibility-based spatial reasoning of pedestrians. In this paper, our original contribution is to adapt them to evaluate indoor paths. To demonstrate our approach, we first conducted a user experiment to collect the navigation patterns. Then, these navigation patterns were compared with the indoor paths through statistical comparison with respect to space syntax measures. Also, all door-from-door paths were compared by traditional and space syntax measures. The findings of the experimental study show that the visibility-based UCN is the more suitable navigation network by traditional measures. However, space syntax measures suggest that centerline-based navigation networks are more suitable. Considering traditional and space syntax measures together, the centerline-based MPRSSE is found to be the more suitable navigation network to assist one in the wayfinding process for our experimental study.

Present study investigates the capabilities of six distinct machine learning techniques such as ANFIS network with fuzzy c-means (ANFIS-FCM), grid partition (ANFIS-GP), subtractive clustering (ANFIS-SC), feed-forward neural network (FNN), Elman neural network (ENN), and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network in one-day ahead soil temperature (ST) forecasting. For this aim, daily ST data gathered at three different depths of 5 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm from the Sivas meteorological observation station in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey was used as training and testing datasets. Forecasting values of the machine learning models were compared with actual data by assessing with respect to four statistic metrics such as the mean absolute error, root mean square error (RMSE), Nash−Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, and correlation coefficient (R). The results showed that the ANFIS-FCM, ANFIS-GP, ANFIS-SC, ENN, FNN and LSTM models presented satisfactory performance in modeling daily ST at all depths, with RMSE values ranging 0.0637-1.3276, 0.0634-1.3809, 0.0643-1.3280, 0.0635-1.3186, 0.0635-1.3281, and 0.0983-1.3256 °C, and R values ranging 0.9910-0.9999, 0.9903-0.9999, 0.9910-0.9999, 0.9911-0.9999, 0.9910-0.9999 and 0.9910-0.9998 °C, respectively.

This research was conducted to determine to effects of different irrigation levels and nitrogen doses (ND) on the various warm-season turfgrasses at the Agricultural Training and Research Centre of the Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture for two years in a row. The experimental design was the randomized blocks in a split-split plot design with three replications. The main plot was irrigation levels (I1=25%, I2=50%, I3=75%, and I4=100% of pan evaporation), subplots were turfgrass species [hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis x Cynodon dactylon) cv. Tifdwarf, seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) cv. Seaspray, zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) cv. Zenit], and sub subplots were ND’s (monthly 0.0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 g N m-²). Visual turfgrass color and quality, clipping yield, leaf relative water content (RWC), loss of turgidity (LT), chlorophyll content (CC), and electrolyte leakage were measured. According to the results, significant differences were determined among irrigation levels, turfgrass species, and ND’s for color, quality, clipping yield and physiological parameters. Turfgrass visual color, quality and clippingyield were shown to decrease significantly with decreases in irrigation water and N fertilizer. The study findings demonstrated that under a non-limiting water supply, irrigation could be decreased by adjusting N fertilizer rates with I3N3 treatments can maintain acceptable turfgrass visual color and quality under Mediterranean climatic conditions. In addition, at 25% (I1) deficit irrigationlevel, leaf RWC, CC decreased significantly, while an increase was determined in LT. This research indicated that under 75% (I3) deficit irrigation and N3 ND, acceptable quality can be maintained with ‘seaspray’ seashore paspalum under Mediterranean climate performed.

This study aimed to find the effects of several mycorrhiza species on agronomic characteristics and nutrient uptake of various sweet sorghum genotypes under the semi-arid Mediterranean soil conditions. Four sweet sorghum genotypes were inoculated with three mycorrhiza species under greenhouse conditions. The plants were evaluated for growth parameters such as shoot height, root length, root morphology (root surface, root diameter and volume), shoot and root dry weight, uptake of macro and micro mineral nutrients, root colonisation and mycorrhizal dependency. Mycorrhizal species significantly improved growth and productivity of sorghum genotypes. Inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus claroideum and Claroideoglomus etunicatum resulted in the highest shoot and total dry matter biomass production in Ashana, Hereahri and Yellow genotypes, respectively. Mycorrhiza inoculated white genotype had higher root colonisation and root development, and shoot P, K, Ca and Mg contents. Yellow genotypes produced significantly higher shoot and total dry weight and also were highly mycorrhiza dependent among the four genotypes. Compared to the control treatment mycorrhizal inoculation increased shoot Zn concentration but had non-consistent effects on shoot Cu, Fe and Mn contents. Conclusively, our findings confirmed that sweet sorghum genotypes responded selectively to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonisation for their growth parameters and nutrients uptake.

Aim: This study aims to compare the volumetry and shear-wave elastography findings in infertile and fertile patients and evaluate the effect of presence of varicoceles on the parameters. Materials-Methods: 40 infertile and 20 fertile patients (120 testes) (mean age 29,3±6,7) between January 2018-November 2018 were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent testicular B-mode and doppler ultrasonography (US) and shear-wave elastography (SWE). Patients were sub-grouped according to fertility status and presence or absence of varicoceles. Results: Testis stiffness was significantly higher in testes without varicoceles than those with varicoceles (p=0.021). It was also higher in fertile patients than infertile patients (p=0.015). Testes volumes were higher in fertile patients and patients with varicoceles (p=0.011 and p=0.028, respectively). Conclusion: SWE is a non-invasive, cheap and reproducible technique with promising results for diagnosis and follow-up in the evaluation of infertility.

Turkey is targeting to generate 30% of its total electricity production from renewable energy sources by 2023. The replacement of electrical energy in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey according to exploitable biomass data was determined in this study. Data from the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Turkish Statistical Institute, measurements and literature were used in the study. The technical potential of plant residues and animal-originated biomass in the region was analyzed. It is estimated that the existing plant and animal residues in Turkey correspond to 39% and 9%, respectively. These residues can meet 6.9% of the energy demand of the region, i.e. about 8.3 PJ/year. Employment can be established from the technologies to be used here. By generating electrical energy from biomass, 2 644 302 tons of CO2/year can be reduced by generating electrical energy from biomass. The amount of biofertilizer that can be obtained after biogas production is 1 184 049 ton/year of biofertilizer can be obtained after biogas production. The calorific values measured to determine the energy values of agricultural residues were found to be between 13.0-20.7 MJ/kg.

Background: Crop production is negatively impacted by excess and lack of soil micronutrients. Due to anthropogenic and natural factors, soil micronutrients vary greatly in space, necessitating time- and money-consuming large-scale sampling. Therefore, modeling their spatial distributions and forecasting in non-sampled areas are essential for high crop production. Methods: In this study, regional variations in soil micronutrient content of the Upper Tigris Basin were modeled to produce local change maps for the development of site-specific nutrient management systems. The concentrations of extractable zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in soil samples taken at 388 different sites between 0 and 20 cm deep were determined. Using variogram and kriging analyses, the spatial distribution of the micro element concentrations was modeled and mapped in a GIS environment. Results: The micronutrients demonstrated significant variability with a high coefficient of variation (CV > 35%). It was found that the spatial dependence of the samples ranged from low for Fe and Cu to high for Zn and Mn. The spatial distribution of soil micronutrients was influenced by soil texture in addition to distance. Overall, the results demonstrated that the management of site-specific micronutrients may be aided by the integration of geostatistics and GIS, which is particularly beneficial in terms of effective management of the lands and the optimal use of inputs. Conclusion: Overall, the findings showed that the integration of geostatistics and GIS may be helpful in the management of site-specific micronutrients, which is especially advantageous in terms of efficient management of the lands and the best use of inputs.

We examined the evolution of fenofibrate (FNB, drug) particle size distribution (PSD) during the production of nanosuspensions via wet stirred media milling (WSMM) with a cell-based population balance model (PBM). Our objective was to elucidate the potential impacts of batch size, suspension volumetric flow rate, and imperfect mixing in a recirculating WSMM. Various specific breakage rate functions were fitted to experimental PSD data at baseline conditions assuming perfect mixing. Then, the best function was used to simulate the PSD evolution at various batch sizes and flow rates to validate the model. A novel function, which is a product of power–law and logistic functions, fitted the evolution the best, signifying the existence of a transition particle size commensurate with a grinding limit. Although larger batches yielded coarser and wider PSDs, the suspensions had identical PSDs when milled for the same effective milling time. The flow rate had an insignificant influence on the PSD. Furthermore, the imperfect mixing in the mill chamber was simulated by considering more than one cell and different back-mixing flow ratios. The effects were weak and restricted to the first few turnovers. These insights contribute to our understanding of recirculating WSMM, providing valuable guidance for process development.

This study aimed to develop a practical semi-mechanistic modeling framework to predict particle size evolution during wet bead milling of pharmaceutical nanosuspensions over a wide range of process conditions and milling scales. The model incorporates process parameters, formulation parameters, and equipment-specific parameters such as rotor speed, bead type, bead size, bead loading, active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) mass, temperature, API loading, maximum bead volume, blade diameter, distance between blade and wall, and an efficiency parameter. The characteristic particle size quantiles, i.e., x10, x50, and x90, were transformed to obtain a linear relationship with time, while the general functional form of the apparent breakage rate constant of this relationship was derived based on three models with different complexity levels. Model A, the most complex and general model, was derived directly from microhydrodynamics. Model B is a simpler model based on a power-law function of process parameters. Model C is the simplest model, which is the pre-calibrated version of Model B based on data collected from different mills across scales, formulations, and drug products. Being simple and computationally convenient, Model C is expected to reduce the amount of experimentation needed to develop and optimize the wet bead milling process and streamline scale-up and/or scale-out.

The surrounding agricultural lands in the city have been decreasing daily due to the expansion of urbanisation above it and the increase in the urbanisation rate in the study area, as the population growth exerted increasing pressures on the city. Furthermore, the increase in population increases the demand for land for housing and other human services, which will impact agricultural lands. In addition, the lack of proper planning in the city contributes to expanding urbanisation at the expense of agricultural land. This study aims to study the urban expansion in the direction of agricultural lands in Erbil from the year 2000 until 2020, reveal the reasons for the urban expansion in the city and put an end to the trespassers on the lands and it has negative impact on the lack of agricultural areas and the encroachment of urbanisation on it. Landsat TM 5 and Landsat 8 OLI will be used to identify and develop urban growth and its impacts on agriculture and some Remote sensing Data and GIS from 2000 to 2020 with 10 years difference to find the changes in these years and also provide a predicted map for Erbil governorate. The study recommended the necessity of preparing a strategic plan for the use of agricultural lands that regulates the urban development process of the population centres and achieves the appropriate and sustainable use of agricultural lands and their preservation. Encouraging the investment of lands and cultivation of crops to meet the population's need for vegetables and other crops. The findings of this study will help decision-makers develop future urbanisation policies, and it is worthwhile to investigate them further. The prediction model will demonstrate whether built-up areas will continue to grow or not and whether the average agricultural areas will continue to shrink based on regression analysis. Planning effective urban environmental management can benefit from this type of forecast of the LULC picture in the future.

Objective: This study investigates the effect of convalescent plasma (CP) addition to the standard treatment on mortality in critical coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted by evaluating the data of 255 critical COVID-19 patients in Marmara University Medical Faculty Hospital, Pandemic Intensive Care Unit (ICU), between April and November 2020. Results: The patients were divided into two groups, a control group that received standard treatment (153; 60.0%) versus a second group that received CP in addition to standard treatment (102; 40.0%). The ICU mortality rate was found to be lower (p

The Turkish Straits are critical waterways connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. About 38,552 and 43,343 ships pass through the Strait of Istanbul and Strait of Canakkale annually, respectively, and their emissions into the air pose a threat to the regional and global environment, as well as to the people of the region. Herein, the effects of the declaration of the Sea of Marmara as an emission control area and the use of alternative fuels by ships on emission formation were examined. For this purpose, the data of the ships passing through the Turkish Straits were obtained, the engine powers were calculated based on the gross registered tonnage values of these ships, and the emission values were reached. Declaring the Sea of Marmara as an emission control area provides an 80% and 76% reduction in sulfur and nitrogen oxides, respectively. Carbon emissions remained the same. The use of liquefied natural gas dramatically reduces carbon emissions. Alternative fuels, especially liquefied natural gas, effectively reduce sulfur oxide emissions. Despite these positive effects, there seem to be many years ahead of the widespread use of alternative fuels due to the lack of technical and economic infrastructure. Thus, the declaration of the Sea of Marmara as an emission control area will positively affect both the population in the region and the region's environment.

Introduction: After total laryngectomy, decreased olfactory function and olfactory bulb volume shrinkage have been reported to occur due to olfactory deprivation caused by nasal airflow interruption. There is evidence that the olfactory system can be modulated by repeated exposure to odors in a procedure called olfactory training. However, it is not known whether any recovery of the lost olfactory bulb volume is possible by eliminating olfactory deprivation via olfactory rehabilitation long after laryngectomy. Objective: This study examined the recovery of olfactory function and the change in olfactory bulb volume via long-term olfactory rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. Methods: Possible causes of olfactory dysfunction in the study participants were evaluated by collecting detailed anamnesis. As olfactory tests, orthonasal butanol threshold and odor discrimination tests were performed. Three-dimensional olfactory bulb volumes were calculated using manual segmentation on T2-weighted coronal magnetic resonance images. In olfactory rehabilitation, four different odors were applied to all patients orthonasally, using a larynx bypass technique for 30 min per day for 6 months. Olfactory tests were performed before the rehabilitation and after 6 months of rehabilitation, and olfactory bulb volume measurements were performed using magnetic resonance images. Results: Eleven patients diagnosed with advanced laryngeal cancer who underwent total laryngectomy and postoperative radiotherapy with a follow-up of 5–10 years were included in the study. All patients were male, and the mean age was 58.18 ± 4.17 years. In total laryngectomized patients, the olfactory bulb volumes measured on magnetic resonance images were 42.25 ± 12.8 mm3 before and 55.5 ± 11.22 mm3 after rehabilitation, and this increase was highly significant. Olfactory test scores were 2.3 ± 1.27 before and 4.39 ± 0.86 after rehabilitation, and this increase was also highly significant. Conclusion: As a result of the olfactory rehabilitation applied by providing orthonasal air flow, the olfactory function lost after total laryngectomy was improved considerably, and the olfactory bulb volume was significantly increased. The increase in olfactory bulb volume in total laryngectomy patients via olfactory rehabilitation to eliminate olfactory deprivation due to nasal airflow interruption was demonstrated for the first time in this prospective longitudinal study.

The paradigm shift in the understanding of public administration has brought some changes in disaster management as well. Instead of a command-control-based centralized and bureaucratic disaster management approach that requires bureaucratic expertise, a multi-actor and solidarist disaster management approach, in which authorities and responsibilities are not constructed from top to bottom, has gained weight. In this context, it was determined as the problem of the research that "determining which of the centralist/bureaucratic disaster management and multi-actor/solidarity disaster management models are mainly applied in disaster management policies", and in this context, "decision-making authority and implementation responsibility regarding disaster management are central government, local governments and how is it shared among non-governmental organizations?”. The answer to this question has been sought. The research includes the analysis of the 2020 Aegean Sea Earthquake, which was recorded as the deadliest earthquake among the earthquakes that occurred in the world in 2020, in the form of content analysis with the MAXQDA Analytics Pro 20 program, which is used in the analysis of qualitative and mixed methods. The data used in the research: 30-31 October and 1 November belonging to the official Twitter accounts of the Izmir Governor's Office and the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency within the scope of the central government, and AKUT and IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation within the scope of the non-governmental organizations of the Izmir Metropolitan Municipality and Seferihisar Municipality within the scope of local administrations. It includes posts from 2020. As a result of the research, it has been concluded that the multi-actor/solidarist disaster management approach is included in the policy documents, but in the event of a disaster, the authority and responsibility are mainly carried out under the control of the central government.

In 2017, the concepts of orthogonal set and orthogonal metric spaces are presented. And an extension of Banach fixed point theorem is proved in this type metric spaces. Further in 2019, on orthogonal metric spaces, some fixed point theorems via altering distance functions are investigated. In this paper, presence and uniqueness of fixed points of the generalizations of contraction principle via auxiliary functions are investigated. And some consequences and an illustrative example are presented. On the other hand, homotopy theory constitute an important area of algebraic topology, but the application of fixed point results in orthogonal metric spaces to homotopy has not been done until now. As a different application in this field, the homotopy application of the one of the corollaries is given at the end of this paper.

The aim of this theoretical investigation is to seek any similarities between the Austin model and the Kotake–Kanda (KK) model for the specific breakage rate function in the population balance model (PBM) used for tumbling ball milling and assess feasibility of the KK model for scale-up. For both models, the limiting behavior for small particle size-to-ball size ratio and the extremum behavior for a given ball size are described by “power-law.” Motivated by this similarity, specific breakage rate data were generated using the Austin model parameters obtained from the lab-scale ball milling of coal and fitted by the KK model successfully. Then, using the Austin’s scale-up methodology, the specific breakage rate was scaled-up numerically for various mill diameter scale-up ratios and ball sizes of 30–49 mm and coal particle sizes of 0.0106–30 mm. PBM simulations suggest that the KK model predicts identical evolution of the particle size distribution to that by the Austin model prior to scale-up. Upon scale-up, the differences are relatively small. Hence, modification of the exponents in the Austin’s scale-up methodology is not warranted for scale-up with the KK model. Overall, this study has established the similarity of both models for simulation and scale-up.

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the pass-through (PT) effect in Turkey by using quarterly data for the period 1998: Q1-2019: Q2 to understand the dynamic potential effects of exchange rates on domestic prices. Design/methodology/approach – The paper launches several nonlinear models in which the basic determinants of domestic prices in Turkey are determined through Markov regime-switching models (MSMs). Hence, this research follows the variables of the consumer price index (CPI), USD exchange rate, gross domestic product (GDP; demand side of the economy), industrial production index (production side of the economy), economic uncertainty and geopolitical risk index for Turkey. Findings – This work explores that the exchange rate and demand side of the economy (GDP) follow a positive nonlinear relationship with CPI at both regimes. The production side of the economy (IP) affects negatively the CPI during regime 0. Economic uncertainty influences the CPI positively at Regime 1, while geopolitical risk has a negative association with CPI at Regime 0. Eventually, the paper provides some policy proposals associated with the impacts of GDP, IP, economic uncertainty and geopolitical risk on CPI in Turkey. Originality/value – One may claim that any PT model, which does not observe the possible structural or regime shifts in estimated parameters, might fail to estimate the coefficients unbiasedly and efficiently. Hence, this work differs from available relevant works in the literature since this paper considers linearity or nonlinearity important and reveals that the relevant PT model follows a nonlinear path rather than a linear path, this nonlinear path is converged strongly by MSMs and estimates the significant regime shifts in the constant term and, in parameters of independent variables of PT by MSMs.

Objectives: The aim of this in-vitro study is to investigate discoloration of the composite resins with different characteristics which were colored by immersing in coffee, kept in mouthwashes with and without hydrogen peroxide. Materials and Methods: In this study, 18 samples (6 mm x 2 mm) pre-heated bulk-fill (Viscalor Bulk -(VIS)), dual-cured (Fill Up!-(FUP)) bulk-fill and a microhybrid composite resin (G-aenial posterior-(GCP)) were prepared. After the samples were kept in distilled water for 24 hours, baseline colour measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer. ΔE001 color measurements were made of the samples immersed in coffee for 7 days. The samples were divided into two groups to be kept in mouthwashes with hydrogen peroxide (Crest 3D White) and without hydrogen peroxide (Listerine Advance White) (n=9). ΔE002 color measurements were applied after kept in whitening mouthwashes for 24 hours. Discoloration were calculated with the CIEDE2000 formula. Data were statistically analysed with One-way ANOVA and post hoc tukey tests (p

Determining the flow structure in the flanged diffuser shrouding designed to be used for a wind turbine, plays a vital role in improving efficiency in small-scale wind turbine technology. In this study, the flow structure in the curved type flanged diffuser was investigated in terms of water flow velocity increase, by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The dimensionless magnitude of the resultant velocity determined at downstream and up radial regions as well as at the flange downstream of the curved type wind turbine shroud, revealed that resultant velocity was increased by a factor of 1.5. This increase of the wind velocity will result the wind energy interacting with the rotor blades to be enhanced by 3.38 times more. By the designed shrouding component to be used in micro wind turbines, it is also aimed to start the power generations in these types at a lower value of cut-in wind speed value.

Landmined areas are located along the borders of Şanlıurfa province between Turkey and Syria with 220 km length and 400 m width. Governmental institutions attempted to determine the potential and suitability of mined lands for any agricultural activities before removing active mines. The research was conducted to estimate land suitability and gross value for irrigated agricultural production (GVIAP) of the mined areas using the database for the surrounding land and data obtained by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. The study was conducted in three steps; data including soil characteristics, digital elevation model (DEM) and orthophoto images of lands located 2 km nearby the mined land along the Turkish border were collected. The data containing DEM and orthophoto images of mined and adjacent lands were integrated in the second step. Finally, a field survey was conducted along the border district and soil samples were collected for each soil boundary nearby the mined lands. The integration of data in GIS allowed to expand the soil boundaries from adjacent lands into the mined lands. Data analysis showed that the total mined land is 6706 hectares of which 90.2% is highly and moderately suitable, 6.9% is less suitable and 2.9% is not suitable for irrigated agriculture. The gross value of irrigated agricultural production was estimated as 2212 US Dollars per hectare. The results revealed that the integration of inaccessible land database with the remote sensing data and GIS can be used to estimate the gross value which is derived from soil characteristics of the mined lands.

Objective:Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of behavioral, somatic, emotional, and cognitive symptoms that are very common in women during reproductive age. The worldwide prevalence of PMS varies between 12% and 98%. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of PMS and its associated factors and comfort level in a group of university students who stay in a dormitory.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in Yozgat Sürmeli Girls’ Dormitory, which is located within Yozgat Bozok University Erdoğan Akdağcampus. A total of 1162 students are staying in the dormitory, and the study was completed with 935 students who stayed in the dormitory and volunteered to participate in the study without sample selection. The study collected data using the Participant Information Form that consist of 30 questions prepared by the researchers, the premenstrual syndrome scale (PMSS), and the general comfort scale (GCS). Percentage, mean, chi-square, t-test, correlation, and logistic regression analysis were used for data evaluation.Results:The mean age of the students was 20.81±1.487 years. The total score of the PMS scale was 115.21±41.615. On the scale, the highest score is 20.203±7.493 from the depressive affection dimension and the lowest score is 7.854±3.771 from the sleep change dimension. PMS was found in 34.2% of students. The total GCS score of the students was 2.43±0.35, and scores obtained from the sub-dimensions and GCS levels were lower in students with PMS. A weak and negative relationship was found between the PMSS and the GCS. The risk of PMS increased by 1.366 times (p=0.036) in students with menarche at the age of 13 years and younger, whereas, in students with chronic diseases, it was 2.512 times higher (p=0.001). The use of salt without tasting the food and daily coffee consumption increased the risk of PMS by 1.626 times (p=0.004) and 1.882 times (p=0.000), respectively. The risk of PMS was 2.026 times (p=0.000) higher in students with dysmenorrhea, whereas 1.614 times higher in students who used any method to cope with dysmenorrhea (p=0.004).Conclusion:PMS is an important problem among women. A weak and negative relationship was found between PMS and comfort level. Considering the results of this study, menarche before the age of 13, the presence of chronic disease, dysmenorrhea, excessive salt use, and coffee consumption increases the risk of PMS. Many factors lead to the occurrence of PMS. Interventional studies are necessary to reduce the risk factors for PMS that significantly affect the women’s health or its risk factors.

The theory of mediatization focuses on discussions on the intertwining of the media with social institutions such as politics, family and religion, influencing and being affected by these structures. In general, mediatization refers to the social and cultural process in which a field or institution becomes to some extent dependent on the logic of the media (Hjarvard, 2011). Hjarvard draws attention to the processes of mediatization as a concept by cultural and social phenomena through the media, and their symbolic content is more or less under the influence of the media. The media is determinative on the fictional world with it produces and, on its audience (consumers). It influences, directs and shapes them through the discourse it produces. Mediatization is an important issue in the context of media literacy and especially transmedia methods. Because transmedia content practices and methods increase the mediatization effect and affect the orientations of the individual and society, especially when it comes to inadequacy in the context of media literacy. Therefore, this study focused on the awareness of the audience (consumers) about transmedia applications. It is seen that the studies conducted in the field of transmedia have developed in terms of content production methods, strategies and audience engagement. It is understood that there are not enough studies on subjects such as audience impacts or audience awareness. In this context and in this study, the competence of multimedia viewers who use social media and follow a traditional media tool to understand and be aware of the content transitions between different media tools has been examined. The television channel was chosen as the traditional media medium for the research study due to its widespread viewing.

The pandemic caused by the worldwide spread of the coronavirus, which first appeared in 2019, has been named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). More than 4.5 million deaths have been recorded due to the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), according to the World Health Organization. COVID-19 Dashboard in September 2021. Apart from the wildtype, other variations have been successfully transmitted early in the outbreak although they were not discovered until March 2020. Modifications in the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material, such as mutation and recombination, have the ability to modify the viral life span, along with transitivity, cellular tropism, and symptom severity. Several processes are involved in introducing novel vaccines to the population, including vaccine manufacturing, preclinical studies, Food and Drug Administration permission or certification, processing, and marketing. COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been developed by a number of public and private groups employing a variety of strategies, such as RNA, DNA, protein, and viral vectored vaccines. This comprehensive review, which included the most subsequent evidence on unique features of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated morbidity and mortality, was carried out using a systematic search of recent online databases in order to generate useful knowledge about the COVID-19 updated versions and their consequences on the disease symptoms and vaccine development.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the physical, psychological and familial problems of the healthcare provider working in emergency health care services that develop due to their work and working conditions. METHODS: 297 people working in emergency health services in three different cities were included in the study. The study was carried out between November 15 and December 15, 2020 by conducting an online questionnaire. The participants in the study were asked questions about their physiological and psychological health conditions through the questionnaire. The answers received were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: In this study conducted with 297 people working in emergency health services (EHS), 189 (63.6%) people had health problems, 249 (83.8%) people worked even though they were ill, 186 (62.6%) people did not go to regular check-ups about their diseases, 282 (94.9%) were found to be under occupational stress and 141 (47.5%) of them needed psychological support. It has been determined that women have more health problems than men, are constantly using medication and need psychological support more (p=0.002, p=0.001, p=0.001). The health status of EHS employees who worked on duty was worse than those working overtime. This situation was statistically significant (p=0.002). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is observed that emergency health care workers have some physical and mental problems. All stressful situations on healthcare provider should be identified and working conditions should be improved.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the efficiency and rates of correction by hemiepiphysiodesis using 8-plate to manage genu valgum deformity in children with skeletal dysplasia. Methods: Eleven children with skeletal dysplasia (three female, eight male; mean age = 10.5 years; age range = 7-13) who underwent temporary hemiepiphysiodesis using 8-plates for genu valgum deformity were retrospectively reviewed. There were nine bilateral cases and two unilateral cases. The mean follow-up time from the index surgery to the final follow-up was 45 (ranging from 24 to 72) months. Radiographical assessment including preoperative and final follow-up measurements of joint orientation angles and mechanical axis deviation (MAD) were conducted. Results: Deformities were completely corrected in nine lower extremities (45%) and partially corrected in seven extremities (35%). In four extremities of two children with Morquio syndrome, MAD worsened. The correction rate of MAD was 1.25 ± 1.62 mm/mo. Conclusion: Though hemiepiphysiodesis using 8-plate requires a longer treatment period, it seems to be an effective treatment for correction of genu valgum in children with skeletal dysplasia. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.