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Abstract Micro-credentials are an element of the European Skills Agenda 2020. This five-year plan aims to develop improved applied and broader work skills in response to system demands from employers, industry and communities. Within the labour market, employees increasingly want to obtain new skills-based qualifications in a relatively short period of time. Micro-credentials, as a form of lifelong learning, in the health care sector provide significant opportunities for upskilling the workforce in response to rapid changes in health care and service delivery. Moreover, micro-credentials have also been introduced in the context of undergraduate and postgraduate education within the process of accelerated digitalisation during the pandemic. However, despite its relevance, there is limited discussion about the implications and challenges of micro-credentials in the healthcare sciences. According to the findings that emerged from a review of policy documents and scientific papers, a reflective exercise has been conducted to debate the possibilities and challenges of emerging education based on micro-credentials within health care education and employment. Health care delivery is multidisciplinary and statutorily regulated to protect citizens. In such a complex sector, developing a micro-credential friendly ecosystem will require cooperation between various stakeholders if its potential is to be effectively realised.

Abstract Background Pain experienced by women in the perinatal period constitutes a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. The aim of the study was to assess conditions of pain locus of control and pain reduction in post-cesarean section parturients. Materials and methods A cross-sectional quantitative study with convenience sampling was performed among 175 hospitalized post-cesarean section women in hospitals in Eastern Poland in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. A self-design questionnaire regarding general information and obstetrics/gynaecology medical interview, The Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) and The Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire (BPCQ) were used. The inclusion criteria were as follows (1) age of ⩾18 years old; (2) cesarean section (CS); (3) period from the 13th hour to the end of the 72nd hour after the procedure; and (4) informed consent. The data was analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics. Results Internal locus of control (M = 14.02) was provided the highest value by the parturients and followed by chance events (M = 12.61) and doctors’ power (M = 12.18). Dominant coping with pain strategies in the post-cesarean parturients were coping self-statements (M = 19.06), praying or hoping (M = 18.86). The parturients assessed their pain coping (M = 3.31) strategies along with pain reduction (M = 3.35) at the moderate level. Higher pain control was correlated with cognitive pain coping strategies (β = 0.305; t = 4.632; p

ObjectiveThe aim of the article is to describe the validation process of a research tool used to measure the intensity and direction of medical personnel’s attitudes towards immigrant patients.DesignAn instrument validation design with a cross-sectional survey was conducted. The validation process was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, the content validity of the tool was analyzed. The competent judges method was used. The reliability of the judges was verified in terms of the consistency of evaluations (the I-CVI index was calculated). In phase 2, the questionnaire was tested among 340 healthcare professionals who have professional contact with immigrants, in terms of its factorial validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), internal consistency (reliability measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient) and absolute stability (measured by the test-retest method).ResultsThe research results indicate satisfactory content validity of the tool (I-CVI>0.8). The reliability of the tool measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was high (0.86). The reliability study based on the test - retest method (after 3 weeks) showed high consistency of measurements (0.75). Exploratory factor analysis allowed extracting 1 factor, which explains 55.7% of the variance. The validity of the one-factor solution was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Satisfactory goodness of fit indices were obtained (RMSEA = 0.038; PCLOSE = 0.624; AGFI = 0.966; GFI = 0.990; CFI = 0.996).ConclusionThe presented tool has satisfactory psychometric properties. The AHPI is a tool that can be used for quick assessment of the intensity and direction of attitudes of medical students and healthcare professionals towards immigrant patients, which can help shape educational and training processes.

Abstract Trauma scientists have raised the alarm about the devastating consequences of the Ukraine war on mental health. We examined how higher education students—as indirect victims—coped with this conflict and how they emotionally reacted during 2022. We involved 2314 students from 16 countries through an online survey. A structural equation model indicated significant relations between war-related worry about military and macroeconomics domains and two coping strategies (opposition, support giving), in turn significantly linked with six emotions. The model was strongly invariant across gender, study field, and geographic area. The most frequent emotions were anger and anxiety, followed by two future-centred emotions (hopelessness and hope). Emotions were more frequent for females and students of the countries geographically close to the war region. Our findings call for evidence-based policy recommendations to be implemented by institutions to combat the negative short and long-term psychological sequelae of being witnesses of armed conflicts.

Objective:Workplace violence is a prevalent phenomenon in hospital settings which critical care nurses are particularly exposed to. The aim of this study was to research abuse against Critical Care Nurses in five European countries, and its association with and impact on Healthy Work Environments.Methods:This was a multinational cross-sectional study. The 1,183 participants were nurses working in intensive care units from five European countries: Croatia, Cyprus, Poland, Spain, and Romania. The participants were selected by the convenience sampling method from 1 January 2021 to April 2022.Results:Of 1,033 critical care nurses who answered questions about abuse, 646 reported at least one incident in the previous year. The highest number of incidents came from patients (2,050), followed by another nurse (1,453) and physicians (1,039).Conclusion:Although nurses in ICUs are aware that a healthy working environment benefits them in their daily work, most of them still face some form of abuse. Organizations must take a realistic approach to prevent abuse and to educate nurses and nurse managers by implementing standards for healthy work environments.

Aim: The aim of the study was threefold: 1) to validate and analyze the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Caring Ability Inventory (CAI-PL); 2) to analyze the impact of the motivation for choosing a career in nursing on the ability to provide care; and 3) to determine whether previous experience in providing care as part of volunteer work affected respondents' caring ability. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was performed in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Data were collected using the online form between May and July 2021. Construct validity and reliability of the instrument were tested using SPSS 25.0. Results: A satisfactory level of CAI content validity was observed; the CAI-PL was composed of 36 items and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.715, confirming high internal consistency. The mean score obtained by respondents on the Caring Ability Inventory was 189.55. Conclusion: The study showed satisfactory psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Caring Ability Inventory, confirming its potential to measure nurses' level of caring ability - both in education and research.

BackgroundThe learning process in clinical placements for health care students is a multifaceted endeavor that engages numerous actors and stakeholders, including students, clinical tutors, link teachers, and academic assessors. Successfully navigating this complex process requires the implementation of tasks and mentorships that are synchronized with educational and clinical processes, seamlessly embedded within their respective contexts. Given the escalating number of students and the rising demand for health care services from the general population, it becomes imperative to develop additional tools that support the learning process. These tools aim to simplify day-to-day clinical practice, allowing a concentrated focus on value-based activities. This paper introduces a project funded by the European Commission that involves 5 European countries. The project’s objective is to comprehensively outline the entire process of development and ultimately implement mobile technology in practice placements. The project tackles the existing gap by constructing tailored mobile apps designed for students, teachers, tutors, and supervisors within each participating organization. This approach leverages practice-based learning, mobile technology, and technology adoption to enhance the overall educational experience. ObjectiveThis study aims to introduce mobile technology in clinical practice placements with the goal of facilitating and enhancing practice-based learning. The objective is to improve the overall effectiveness of the process for all stakeholders involved. MethodsThe “4D in the Digitalization of Learning in Practice Placement” (4D Project) will use a mixed methods research design, encompassing 3 distinct study phases: phase 1 (preliminary research), which incorporates focus groups and a scoping review, to define the problem, identify necessities, and analyze contextual factors; phase 2 (collaborative app development), which involves researchers and prospective users working together to cocreate and co-design tailored apps; and phase 3, which involves feasibility testing of these mobile apps within practice settings. ResultsThe study’s potential impact will primarily focus on improving communication and interaction processes, fostering connections among stakeholders in practice placements, and enhancing the assessment of training needs. The literature review and focus groups will play a crucial role in identifying barriers, facilitators, and factors supporting the integration of mobile technology in clinical education. The cocreation process of mobile learning apps will reveal the core values and needs of various stakeholders, including students, teachers, and health care professionals. This process also involves adapting and using mobile apps to meet the specific requirements of practice placements. A pilot study aimed at validating the app will test and assess mobile technology in practice placements. The study will determine results related to usability and design, learning outcomes, student engagement, communication among stakeholders, user behavior, potential issues, and compliance with regulations. ConclusionsHealth care education, encompassing disciplines such as medicine, nursing, midwifery, and others, confronts evolving challenges in clinical training. Essential to addressing these challenges is bridging the gap between health care institutions and academic settings. The introduction of a new digital tool holds promise for empowering health students and mentors in effectively navigating the intricacies of the learning process. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/53284

Educational migration benefits students and receiving countries, but universities are challenged to meet a variety of needs, such as cultural adaptation and changes in health behaviours such as dietary habits. This study aimed to assess the health-related behaviours, encompassing dietary/eating habits, among international students in Poland, while also elucidating the factors influencing these behaviours. The study consisted of two phases: (phase 1) cross-sectional research among 231 foreign students using the Fantastic Lifestyle Questionnaire (FLQ); and (phase 2) focus group interviews with 15 international students. The study was conducted in accordance with STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology) and COREQ (COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research) Checklists. It was shown that the respondents highly value health. Students’ health-related behaviours are related to their financial situation, health condition, self-assessment of their lifestyle, the importance attached to being healthy, and their country of origin. The qualitative analysis allowed us to identify (1) the barriers related to the exhibiting of health-related behaviours, (2) expectations of foreign students regarding the exhibiting of health-related behaviours, (3) changes in the health-related behaviours, and (4) factors facilitating the exhibiting of health-related behaviours. There is a need for inter-university cooperation on a strategy to promote health-promoting behaviours of foreign students studying in Poland.

Abstract Background: The hospital ethical climate affects the quality of nursing care. A positive ethical climate is likely to reduce the proportion of those who consider leaving the profession, so it is necessary to develop tools which will enable assessment and analysis of the hospital ethical climate. The aim of this study was to examine selected psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey, assess the hospital ethical climate perceived by nurses and midwives from Polish hospitals, and to determine its correlations with job-related variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study among 558 nurses and midwives working in hospitals in Poland. Results: The 21-item model showed acceptable model fitness between the hypothetical model of ethical climate and the data in the study. Five items with low factor loadings were removed from the study. The internal consistency was satisfactory (0.93). The mean score for the overall hospital ethical climate was 3.62. The highest mean score of hospital ethical climate in the present study was found in the ”peers” subscale and the lowest in the ”physicians” subscale. A positive correlation was found between overall hospital ethical climate and respondents’ satisfaction with work, salary, and working time. The hospital ethical climate was associated with problems found in nurses and midwives’ work, such as: limited time for direct face-to-face care, the lack of equipment and resources to provide high-quality health care, strained relations with hospital managers and other health care professionals, limitations to one’s own competences or those of other medical professionals, moral dilemmas related to patient care, the low prestige of nurses’/midwives‘ work, physical and mental burden, and the risk of making a mistake. Conclusion: The Polish 21-item version of the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey is a reliable tool. Correlations revealed that relationships with managers and physicians, and working conditions should be improved in order for the hospital ethical climate to improve.

Abstract Background Providing effective spiritual nursing care requires development of professional competence which, when regularly evaluated, allows one to direct undergraduate and postgraduate nursing education in order to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes of nurses in the scope of spiritual care. Aim The aim of this study was to analyse the level of spiritual competence of professionally active nurses in Poland and, additionally, to analyse the psychometric properties of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale (SCCS). Methods A cross-sectional study among Polish nurses (n = 343) was performed in accordance with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Results An exploratory factor analysis identified five factors with 27 items explaining a total variance of 64.75%. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the subscales ranged from 0.70 for ‘Attitude toward the patient’s spirituality’ to 0.92 for ‘Professionalisation and improving the quality of spiritual care’. Nurses reported a high level of spiritual competence (104.39 points) with better results in ‘Attitude toward the patient’s spirituality’ and ‘Communication, personal support and patient counselling’ than in the ‘Assessment and implementation of spiritual care’, ‘Professionalisation and improving the quality of spiritual care’, and ‘Referral, consultation and spiritual care’. Significant correlation was found between nurses’ age, job seniority and spiritual competence, and between religiosity and spiritual competence. Conclusions The study showed satisfactory psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale, confirming its potential to measure the level of spiritual competence of nurses, both in education and research processes. SCCS-PL revealed five-factor structure with good internal consistency. The findings highlight the importance of providing professional education in respect of spiritual nursing care, especially in its practical dimension regarding skills development in which nurses obtained lower scores.

IntroductionDomestic violence against a woman, inflicted by her husband/partner, disrupts the socially recognized model of partnership and family life and endangers the health and life of the victim. The aim of the study was to assess the level of satisfaction with the life of Polish women experiencing domestic violence and compare it to results of women not experiencing domestic violence.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of 610 Polish women divided in two groups: victims of domestic violence (Group 1, n = 305) and women not experiencing domestic violence (Group 2, n = 305).Results and ConclusionsMost Polish women experiencing domestic violence are characterized by low life satisfaction. The mean value of life satisfaction in Group 1 was 13.78, SD = 4.88, significantly lower when compared to Group 2 (M = 21.04, SD = 5.61). Their satisfaction with life is related, among other things, to the form of violence inflicted upon them by their husband/partner. Abused women with low life satisfaction are most often victims of psychological violence. The most common cause is the perpetrator's addiction to alcohol and/or drugs. Assessment of their life satisfaction is unrelated to help-seeking and to the occurrence of violence in their family home in the past.

BackgroundNurse managers play an important role in coordinating the multidisciplinary teamwork, which is specifically important in emergency and crises situations like the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this qualitative study is twofold: (1) to explore the experiences of the Intensive care units (ICU) nurse managers regarding their work during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) to analyse what implications might be provided based on experiences of nurse managers for future possible epidemiological crises.MethodsIn-depth phone interviews were conducted to explore the experiences of ward managers-nurses (n = 15) working in different hospitals across Poland. Interviews were taped and transcribed verbatim, and then qualitatively analysed.ResultsThree main categories were identified: (1) Challenge of working with the unknown, (2) Nurse managers' expectations, and (3) Methods of coping and received support. The COVID-19 pandemic strongly affected the work of ICU nurse managers and uncovered the malfunctioning of the healthcare system.ConclusionIt is important to improve the knowledge and competence of hospital management personnel through exercises and in-service training on how to handle emergencies in order to improve the management of healthcare facilities, increase the safety of patients and employees, and the quality of healthcare.

Abstract Background This study aimed to map and summarise the state of the research regarding doctoral programs in nursing, as well as the issues debated in the context of nursing doctoral education. A Scoping Review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis extension scoping reviews statement (PRISMA-ScR) was conducted. Three electronic bibliographic data bases were searched: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Complete, Medline (on EBSCO Host) and SCOPUS to identify empirical studies published between January 2009 and December 2019. The review process was based on framework identified by Arksey and O’Malley and further revised by Levac and colleagues. Analysis was performed with the use of the Donabedian framework regarding the structure of the doctorate programmes, the process, and the outcomes. Results The review included 41 articles, mostly originating in the United States (n=26) and Europe (n=8), mainly by collecting the perceptions of students and faculty members with descriptive studies. The following issues were investigated at the (a) structure level: Prerequisite for doctoral candidates, Qualifications of faculty members, Mission of doctoral programs; (b) process level: Doctoral programs contents, Doctoral programs resources and quality, Mentoring and supervision, Doing doctorate abroad; and (c) outcome level: Academic performance outcomes in doctoral programs, Doctoral graduates’ competences, Doctoral students/graduates’ satisfaction, Doctoral graduates’ challenges. Conclusions Doctoral programs have mainly been investigated to date with descriptive studies, suggesting more robust research investigating the effectiveness of strategies to prepare future scientists in the nursing discipline. Doctorates are different across countries, and there is no visible cooperation of scholars internationally; their structure and processes have been reported to be stable over the years, thus not following the research development in nursing, discipline and practice expectations. Moreover, no clear framework of outcomes in the short- and long-term have been established to date to measure the quality and effectiveness of doctorate education. National and global strategies might establish common structure, process and outcome frameworks, as well as promote robust studies that are capable of assessing the effectiveness of this field of education.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the work of many medical professionals, including the group of nurses. This study aimed at assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on job satisfaction of nursing staff in five European countries. The study was conducted using the Job Satisfaction Scale (SSP) and original questions on the job satisfaction. The cross-sectional online study was conducted with a sample of 1,012 professionally active nurses working in Poland, Germany, Italy, Great Britain and Sweden, who assessed their job satisfaction before (retrospectively) and during the pandemic. The results showed a significant decrease in job satisfaction due to the need to perform it during the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In 8 out of 10 examined parameters of job satisfaction, a statistically significant decrease in job satisfaction was observed at the level of p < 0.05. Among the examined factors influencing job satisfaction, the highest decrease was recorded based on the assessment of working conditions (1,480). A high level of satisfaction with the work of nurses has a significant impact on providing better patient care as well as reducing the risk of professional burnout of nurses.

The ethical climate reflects the principles and guidelines of an organisation. A positive ethical climate is characterised by a common vision of caring for work, in which the therapeutic team members inform and support each other, and which meets the needs of patients and their families. The aim of this study was to analyse nursing research on the hospital’s ethical climate conducted with the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS) and to analyse factors which correlate and are related to nurses’ work. A critical review of the literature from 1995 to 2021 was conducted with the following keywords: ethical climate, hospital ethical climate survey, HECS, and nurses. The hospital ethical climate correlates with nurses’ moral sensitivity/courage/distress, job satisfaction, job burnout, and ethical leadership. This makes it possible to monitor and assess elements of the organisation climate and how they influence nurses’ professional performance. This in turn helps nursing managers to develop strategies to promote better working conditions for nurses, improve job satisfaction, and prevent intent to change their workplace.

Schizophrenia is a chronic and relapsing disorder that is characterized not only by delusions and hallucinations but also mainly by the progressive development of cognitive and social deficits. These deficits are related to impaired synaptic plasticity and impaired neurotransmission in the nervous system. Currently, technological innovations and medical advances make it possible to use various self-regulatory methods to improve impaired synaptic plasticity. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of various rehabilitation methods, we reviewed methods that modify synaptic plasticity and improve the cognitive and executive processes of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar bibliographic databases were searched with the keywords mentioned below. A total of 555 records were identified. Modern methods of schizophrenia therapy with neuroplastic potential, including neurofeedback, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, virtual reality therapy, and cognitive remediation therapy, were reviewed and analyzed. Since randomized controlled studies of long-term schizophrenia treatment do not exceed 2–3 years, and the pharmacological treatment itself has an incompletely estimated benefit-risk ratio, treatment methods based on other paradigms, including neuronal self-regulatory and neural plasticity mechanisms, should be considered. Methods available for monitoring neuroplastic effects in vivo (e.g., fMRI, neuropeptides in serum), as well as unfavorable parameters (e.g., features of the metabolic syndrome), enable individualized monitoring of the effectiveness of long-term treatment of schizophrenia.

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide primarily produced within three brainstem regions including locus coeruleus, trigeminal nerve nucleus, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. NPS is involved in the central regulation of stress, fear, and cognitive integration. NPS is a mediator of behavior, seeking food, and the proliferation of new adipocytes in the setting of obesity. So far, current research of NPS is only limited to animal models; data regarding its functions in humans is still scarce. Animal studies showed that anxiety and appetite might be suppressed by the action of NPS. The discovery of this neuromodulator peptide is effective considering its strong anxiolytic action, which has the potential to be an interesting therapeutic option in treating neuropsychiatric disorders. In this article, we aimed to analyze the pharmaceutical properties of NPS as well as its influence on several neurophysiological aspects—modulation of behavior, association with obesity, as well as its potential application in rehabilitation and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Abstract Background The Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher Scale (CLES+T) instrument is internationally used for the evaluation of clinical learning environment in undergraduate nursing education. However, no evidence is available on the possible applications of this instrument in the context of postgraduate nursing education. Purpose To examine the basic psychometric properties of CLES+T in the context of clinical postgraduate nursing education in Poland. Methods Study among a sample of 417 nurses participating in the clinical postgraduate training in Poland. Results Cronbach’s alpha for the total scale was 0.97. A five-factor structure was confirmed in accordance with the assumptions adopted by the authors of the original version of the scale. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the Polish version of the CLES+T subscales ranged from 0.83 (Nursing care on the ward) to 0.95 (The content of supervisory relationship). The mean results for individual subscales ranged from 4.52 ± 0.63 for nursing care on the ward to 4.73 ± 0.45 for role of the nurse teacher. Conclusions Having shown satisfactory psychometric properties, CLES+T can be considered a useful instrument to assess those elements of clinical learning environment which are important for the assurance of education quality at the postgraduate level.

Introduction Health education aims to provide healthy or sick people with the knowledge and skills required for health-friendly behaviour. School plays a special role in the implementation of health education because health education is the fundamental right of every child. Objective The aim of the study was an analysis of the expectations of parents of young school-age children in relation to school health education and health promotion activities in the teaching and upbringing environment, and examining the relationship between these expectations and health behaviours of the family. Material and methods The diagnostic survey method was applied. Research was conducted with author’s own questionnaire and the Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI) questionnaire by Juczyński. The study covered parents of young school-age children (6–9-years-old). Results Over half of the surveyed parents confirmed that the school implemented activities promoting health among its students. Almost 100% of parents expected that during talks on health promotion, they would raise the topics of: the principles of healthy eating, effects of using stimulants and addictions, regular visits to the doctor and dentist, and ways for coping with stress. The increase in the opinions of respondents about the implementation of active counselling in the field of nursing care was statistically related to the result in terms of proper eating habits, preventive behaviours and general assessment of health behaviours on the HBI scale. The more the respondents agreed with the statement that medical activities should not be carried out at school, the lower the result observed of health practices on the HBI scale. Conclusions The expectations of parents of young schoolage children regarding school medical care and healthy school activities are very high. The study demonstrated the existence of a relationship between parents’ expectations of health promoting activities in the teaching and upbringing environment and health behaviours in the child’s family.

Introduction Research on the meaning of health and health behaviors is important for the development of health education programmes which should be tailored to the needs of patients. Objective The aim of the study is to determine whether the place of residence and age have an impact on health behaviours and the perception of health by women past menopause. Material and methods A survey method and three research instruments were employed: authors’ questionnaire, the Health Behaviour Inventory and the Health Criteria List by Juczyński, and the Kupperman Index. The study was carried out among a sample of 102 women after menopause hospitalised in a hospital in eastern Poland. Results The overall health behaviour indicator (HBI) in the study group was found to reach an average value of 80.1±12.7points. A higher HBI indicator was found to be characteristic of urban rather than rural residents; however, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). The age of respondents did not differentiate statistically their health behaviours (p>0.05). Women who reported their last menstruation before the age of 50 obtained higher results in the dimension of health practices (HPs) than those whose last menstruation ceased after the age of 50 (p

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a factor associated with the central regulation of body weight, stress, anxiety, learning, memory consolidation, wakefulness–sleep cycle, and anti-inflammatory and neuroplastic effects. Its stress-reducing, anti-anxiety, arousal without anxiety, and pro-cognitive effects represent an interesting option for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of the study was to examine the potential associations of NPS levels in the blood with clinical and metabolic parameters during the rehabilitation therapy of patients with schizophrenia. Thirty-three male subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly divided into two groups. The rehabilitation group (REH, N16) consisted of patients who were subjected to structured, 3-month intensive rehabilitation therapy, and the control group (CON, N17) consisted of patients who were subjected to a standard support mechanism. Both groups continued their pharmacological treatment as usual. The NPS concentration, as well as clinical and metabolic parameters, were compared in both groups. Additionally, a group of healthy (H) males (N15) was tested for NPS reference scores. To look for the specificity and selectivity of the NPS relationship with clinical results, various factor models of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) were analyzed, including the original PANSS 2/3 model, its modified four-factor version, the male-specific four-factor model, and two five-factorial models validated in large groups in clinical and multi-ethnic studies. Results and conclusions: (1) Structured rehabilitation therapy, compared to unstructured supportive therapy, significantly reduced the level of schizophrenia disorders defined by various factor models derived from PANSS. (2) The clinical improvement within the 3-month rehabilitation therapy course was correlated with a significant decrease in neuropeptide S (NPS) serum level. (3) The excitement/Hostility (E/H) factor, which included schizophrenic symptoms of the psychotic disorganization, was specific and selective for the reduction in serum NPS, which was stable across all analyzed factor models. (4) The long-term relationship between serum NPS and clinical factors was not accompanied by basic metabolic parameters.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically shaped higher education and seen the distinct rise of e-learning as a compulsory element of the modern educational landscape. Accordingly, this study highlights the factors which have influenced how students perceive their academic performance during this emergency changeover to e-learning. The empirical analysis is performed on a sample of 10,092 higher education students from 10 countries across 4 continents during the pandemic’s first wave through an online survey. A structural equation model revealed the quality of e-learning was mainly derived from service quality, the teacher’s active role in the process of online education, and the overall system quality, while the students’ digital competencies and online interactions with their colleagues and teachers were considered to be slightly less important factors. The impact of e-learning quality on the students’ performance was strongly mediated by their satisfaction with e-learning. In general, the model gave quite consistent results across countries, gender, study fields, and levels of study. The findings provide a basis for policy recommendations to support decision-makers incorporate e-learning issues in the current and any new similar circumstances.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically shaped higher education and seen the distinct rise of e-learning as a compulsory element of the modern educational landscape. Accordingly, this study highlights the factors which have influenced how students perceive their academic performance during this emergency changeover to e-learning. The empirical analysis is performed on a sample of 10,092 higher education students from 10 countries across 4 continents during the pandemic's first wave through an online survey. A structural equation model revealed the quality of e-learning was mainly derived from service quality, the teacher's active role in the process of online education, and the overall system quality, while the students' digital competencies and online interactions with their colleagues and teachers were considered to be slightly less important factors. The impact of e-learning quality on the students' performance was strongly mediated by their satisfaction with e-learning. In general, the model gave quite consistent results across countries, gender, study fields, and levels of study. The findings provide a basis for policy recommendations to support decision-makers incorporate e-learning issues in the current and any new similar circumstances.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to use neurofeedback (NF) training as the add-on therapy in patients with schizophrenia to improve their clinical, cognitive, and psychosocial condition. The study, thanks to the monitoring of various conditions, quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), was supposed to give an insight into mechanisms underlying NF training results. Methods. Forty-four male patients with schizophrenia, currently in a stable, incomplete remission, were recruited into two, 3-month rehabilitation programs, with standard rehabilitation as a control group (R) or with add-on NF training (NF). Pre- and posttherapy primary outcomes were compared: clinical (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)), cognitive (Color Trails Test (CTT), d2 test), psychosocial functioning (General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), and Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS)), quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG), auditory event-related potentials (ERPs), and serum level of BDNF. Results. Both groups R and NF improved significantly in clinical ratings (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)). In-between analyses unveiled some advantages of add-on NF therapy over standard rehabilitation. GSES scores improved significantly, giving the NF group of patients greater ability to cope with stressful or difficult social demands. Also, the serum-level BDNF increased significantly more in the NF group. Post hoc analyses indicated the possibility of creating a separate PANSS subsyndrome, specifically related to cognitive, psychosocial, and BDNF effects of NF therapy. Conclusions. Neurofeedback can be effectively used as the add-on therapy in schizophrenia rehabilitation programs. The method requires further research regarding its clinical specificity and understanding mechanisms of action.

BackgroundSpirituality is vital in the holistic approach to nursing care. The personal spirituality of nurses has been documented to have an impact on the spiritual nursing care they provide.AimTo validate the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List (SAIL) among nurses and to describe spiritual attitudes and involvement of nurses as measured with the tool.DesignA cross-sectional, validation study was performed according to the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology guidelines.MethodsStudy involving 163 nurses, with the use of four tools: (a) the SAIL; (b) the Self-Description Questionnaire; (c) the Scale of Spiritual Transcendence; and (d) the Brief Religious Coping questionnaire.ResultsThe Explanatory Factor Analysis identified six factors and 25 items were retained explaining a total variance of 67.96%. In the Confirmative Factor Analysis, acceptable index fit values were obtained. Correlations were found between SAIL and the Brief Religious Coping questionnaire, the Self-Description Questionnaire, and the Spiritual Transcendence Scale. Nurses reported the highest scores on 'Meaningfulness' (= 4.95 out of 6.0, Standard Deviation [SD] 0.56) and the lowest on the 'Transcendent Experiences' factor (= 3.21 out of 6.0, SD 0.93). A strong correlation was found between 'Spiritual Activities' and the religious involvement of nurses (r = 0.506), and between 'Connectedness with nature' and the nurses' age and work experience (r = 0.315 and r = 0.321, respectively).ConclusionThe Polish version of SAIL shows acceptable psychometric properties and construct validity. With the validation of SAIL, future studies can be undertaken with the aim of measuring the personal spirituality of nurses in various settings (hospital vs. community), cultures, and countries, thus increasing the opportunity to compare findings. Moreover, more studies should be performed in order to assess whether there is any connection between personal spirituality and the spiritual nursing care provided to patients.

Background Spirituality is vital in the holistic approach to nursing care. The personal spirituality of nurses has been documented to have an impact on the spiritual nursing care they provide. Aim To validate the Polish version of the Spiritual Attitude and Involvement List (SAIL) among nurses and to describe spiritual attitudes and involvement of nurses as measured with the tool. Design A cross-sectional, validation study was performed according to the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Methods Study involving 163 nurses, with the use of four tools: (a) the SAIL; (b) the Self-Description Questionnaire; (c) the Scale of Spiritual Transcendence; and (d) the Brief Religious Coping questionnaire. Results The Explanatory Factor Analysis identified six factors and 25 items were retained explaining a total variance of 67.96%. In the Confirmative Factor Analysis, acceptable index fit values were obtained. Correlations were found between SAIL and the Brief Religious Coping questionnaire, the Self-Description Questionnaire, and the Spiritual Transcendence Scale. Nurses reported the highest scores on ‘Meaningfulness’ (= 4.95 out of 6.0, Standard Deviation [SD] 0.56) and the lowest on the ‘Transcendent Experiences’ factor (= 3.21 out of 6.0, SD 0.93). A strong correlation was found between ‘Spiritual Activities’ and the religious involvement of nurses (r = 0.506), and between ‘Connectedness with nature’ and the nurses’ age and work experience (r = 0.315 and r = 0.321, respectively). Conclusion The Polish version of SAIL shows acceptable psychometric properties and construct validity. With the validation of SAIL, future studies can be undertaken with the aim of measuring the personal spirituality of nurses in various settings (hospital vs. community), cultures, and countries, thus increasing the opportunity to compare findings. Moreover, more studies should be performed in order to assess whether there is any connection between personal spirituality and the spiritual nursing care provided to patients.

Abstract Introduction. Rationing of medical services is based on several rules, among which stand out the ethical rules. This means equal access to health care for everyone regardless of age, religion, gender or social status. Possible discrimination because of age is called ageism, which consists of resentment, making unjust and unfair judgment or abusive choices in relation to the elderly. Purpose of the work. The aim of this study was to investigate the views of staff of hospital emergency departments on the ethical aspects of the rationing of health care services to the elderly. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2017 in a group of 60 nurses and 60 paramedics working in emergency departments Lublin province. Diagnostic survey method was used. The collected material was subjected to statistical analysis using the software SPSS IBM Statistic. Results. The age of the patient, in determining order of medical care, was important to 18.4% (n = 22) tested. For nurses, the criterion of age was statistically more significant than for paramedics (p

Introduction: The ethics of treatment virtues is currently one of the major ethical trends that enjoys great interest, especially among representatives of medical professions. Medical education is mainly based on character training i.e. preparing students for fulfilling determined roles and attitudes. It is based to exemplarism, mentoring and underlines the importance of master– student relations. A characteristic feature of these types of professions is the fidelity to ethos and moral values cultivated for hundreds of years. Objective: The aim of this article is to present the role of compassion virtue in the work of medical professionals and to provide examples of applying knowledge from this field to clinical and educational practice. Conclusions: The theory of virtues applied to the field of medical ethics allowing for the creation of a catalogue of moral dispositions necessary for adequate fulfilment of professional duties by health care providers. One of the most favoured virtues is that of compassion. This moral disposition is considered, by some theoreticians of the medical and nursing principles, a key and fundamental attribute of a good doctor and nurse. The virtue of compassion due to its typical components i.e. the moral and intellectual dimension, ensures the realization of the goal of medical profession, as well as expectations and needs of a specific patient, undergoing the treatment process. The fully developed virtue of compassion helps to maintain the balance between overprotection and excessive identification with the patient's fate and lack of empathy and formalism. That way the virtue of compassion allows for pursuing medical goals by fulfilling all standards and guidelines in a caring and empathetic way.

Introduction A healthy lifestyle can help older people maintain their functional ability and, therefore, satisfaction with life. An important aspect of health promotion is the assessment of lifestyle factors over which patients have some control. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the lifestyle of the elderly in urban and rural areas using the Fantastic Life Inventory (FLI). Material and methods The research group comprised 138 people aged 65–94 years (M = 72.41, SD = 6.90). Participants were recruited from urban 78 (56.5%) and rural 60 (43.5%) areas. The FLI used in this study has 25 closed-ended questions that explore nine domains, including physical, psychological, and social lifestyle components. Results The overall lifestyle of most seniors was ‘excellent’ (45.7%) or ‘very good’ (41.3%); none of the respondents scored in the lowest category – ‘needs improvement’. The domains that mostly demonstrated the need for a change were related to activity, nutrition, insight, sleep, stress. Participants from rural areas tended to have lower scores in the activity (p= 0.017) and nutrition (p= 0.015) domains. The lifestyle of the elderly is determined by several factors, including age, gender, health status, level of education, and the place of residence. Conclusions The majority of older persons demonstrated an ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ lifestyle with healthy habits. The adoption of healthy lifestyle patterns, in particular a regular balanced diet and proper physical activity, can help prevent functional limitations among the elderly in rural areas.

COVID-19 vaccination raises numerous concerns among the public, and also among medical personnel including nurses. As nurses play a crucial role in the process of vaccination, it is important to recognize the attitudes of students of nursing, nurses in spe, toward COVID-19 vaccination, as well as to define the factors influencing students’ pro-vaccine choices. The study was conducted between March and April 2021 at all medical universities in Poland educating nurses in spe. The study included 793 first-degree students from 12 universities. The results revealed that the vast majority of students of nursing (77.2%) were vaccinated against COVID-19, as 61.2% received an mRNA vaccine and 16% a viral vector vaccine. Every other person in the non-vaccinated group declared their intention to get a vaccination. A trend was observed whereby people co-living with persons from the risk group, who are at risk of a severe form of COVID-19, showed greater willingness to get a vaccine. The study results identified the role of universities in increasing the vaccination rate among students, both in terms of education about vaccinations and in shaping pro-vaccine attitudes among students, as well as organizing vaccinations on university campuses to facilitate the process.

Several preventive measures have been applied to limit the COVID-19 pandemic, including successful the development and introduction of vaccines. The aim of this study was to investigate adherence to preventive measures and vaccination intentions among nursing students in three European countries and the factors associated with vaccination intention and advising vaccination. A cross-sectional study using convenience/snow-ball sampling strategy was performed in Slovenia, Poland, and Serbia between 12 February and 5 March 2021. Data from 872 eligible respondents were analyzed (mean age 23.5 ± 6.5 years, 89% female). Higher adherence to preventive behavior was declared by those working in healthcare (p < 0.001), engaged in COVID-19 departments (p < 0.001), had not had the disease yet (p < 0.001), and had children (p = 0.01). Those groups also expressed higher vaccination intention and advised vaccination to others. Higher vaccination intention and advising vaccination were mostly associated with belief in benefits of vaccine, trust in institutions, perceived effectiveness of vaccine, influence of social environment, protection of patients and perceived health care professionals’ duty. Fear of side effects and general refusal of vaccines are the main reasons for vaccination hesitancy. The results of the study indicate how higher education institutions can support the development of appropriate professional attitudes and behaviors among nursing students.

Introduction. The phenomenon of multiculturalism confronts nurses with new challenges. Therefore, scientific research on multicultural issues in nursing practice is of great importance. Their results can improve both education and clinical practice. Aim. The aim of this paper was to analyse the results of empirical studies available in the Polish academic nursing literature on multiculturalism in nursing practice Material and methods. The research involved a systematic review of the academic nursing literature from 2011-2016. The databases of ranked nursing journals and the Google Scholar database were searched by combination of the following keywords: multiculturalism; culturally different patient; nursing care; multicultural nursing; patient from another culture; cultural sensitivity in nursing care. Results. Searching process resulted with 14 papers that met the inclusion criteria. The dominant research method used was the survey method with the utilisation of authors’ questionnaire and standardized research tools. The study was conducted in different groups, e.g. foreign students, nursing students, health workers, representatives of local communities, followers of some religions and patients. Among the main issues in analyzed research were: the cultural competences of nursing staff, the impact of religious creed on the selected aspects of medical care, the standards of nursing education with regard to patients coming from different cultural backgrounds, the attitudes of Polish society to people from different cultural backgrounds, and the health-related behaviour of people representing different cultural areas. Conclusions. Polish nurses undertake scientific research on various aspects of multiculturalism in medical care. However, there is a need to introduce multidisciplinary and multi-centre scientific research tackling multiculturalism issues in medical care in a broader way.

Introduction. Medical staff, including nurses and midwives, should play a significant role in recognizing violence, its forms and victims. Aim of the study. Verify that the course of their professional nurses and midwives are in contact with victims of domestic violence and then they take action. Material and methods. The study included 295 nurses and midwives, participating in one of the forms of postgraduate education - specialist education or specialized course in your chosen field. The research was conducted in November and December 2015 the Center for Postgraduate Education of Nurses and Midwives in Radom and Lublin. The criterion for inclusion in the group of respondents was an agreement to participate in them. The study used diagnostic survey method using a questionnaire of our own design. The collected material was analyzed by descriptive and statistical, using computer software IBM SPSS (version 21). Research results. Most of the respondents (241; 81.7%) stated that during the execution of work had been in contact with victims of domestic violence, with significantly more so than claimed a nurse midwives (p

Introduction. The progressing globalisation process creates new challenges for healthcare in Poland, which are related mainly providing cultural security for patients from different culture circles. Aim. The objective of the study is to analyse chosen aspects of medical care in Poland for patients from the Islamic culture. Methods. A qualitative, contextual analysis of the material from interviews conducted among five followers of Islam who live in Lublin. The survey was carried out from 20 June to 8 July 2016 at the Islamic Cultural Centre in Lublin. The process of sampling the representatives of Islamic culture involved the snowball sampling method. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Results. The qualitative analysis of the data obtained made it possible to specify the following categories of issues related to care for patients representing the Islamic culture in nursing practice: prayer in the hospital environment, fasting in hospital conditions, meals in hospitals, care and nursing and the carer's sex, treatment and medications, challenges in care for patients from different culture circles. Conclusions. The survey results show that religious practices, cultural differences related to meals, medications, selected medical and care procedures and communication are issues which require greater attention of medical personnel in the process of care for patients representing different cultures – in this case the Islamic culture. Patients from the Islamic culture staying in Polish hospitals are ready to adjust to the healthcare system and to seek alternative procedures enabling them to preserve their cultural identity. Developing the cultural competence of medical students and occupationally active medical professionals is an important issue aiming at protecting cultural safety of the patient.

Technological advances in the 20th c. and development of neonatology have created a chance to survive for the infants born before term, underdeveloped and unable to survive outside the mother’s womb. The triumph of reason over nature has given newborns a chance of undisturbed development, however there are infants who have no hopes to function independently, whose life is overburdened with pain and suffering. From the ethical point of view all activities undertaken by the medical staff require respect for the human being and individualized management. The issues like decision as to continue or withheld resuscitation, differentiation between persistant therapy and euthanasia, withdrawal from persistant life supporting therapy and treatment, the limits of decision making are the main dilemmas of the medical staff and parents. The purpose of study was to present opinions of the medical school students on the care of neonates born at the borderline of viability. The study was carried out in the group of 360 students of medical schools, 211 (58.6%) from the Medical University of Lublin, and 149 (41.4%) students of theMedicalUniversityinWrocław. The respondents were diagnostically surveyed by means of a questionnaire developed by the authors and evaluated by competent judges. The study was approved by the Ethical Board, Medical University of Lublin, No KE – 0254/180/2013. The results revealed that over half respondents stated that it is impassible to define the limit of neonate’s viability, i.e. maturity to live outsider the mother’s womb and that each baby should be approached individually. The majority of students believed that resuscitation of a newborn on the verge of viability is the right approach. Almost every fourth student thought that the question should consider parental opinion, and 1/3 believed that once started, the treatment should be continued in any situation.

Pilewska–Kozak Anna Bogusława, Stadnicka Grażyna, Łepecka–Klusek Celina, Dobrowolska Beata, Pałucka Klaudia, Pawłowska‑Muc Agnieszka Konstancja, Kozak Łukasz Adam. Dolegliwości bólowe pleców u kobiet w ciąży – doniesienie wstępne = The back pain in pregnant women – a preliminary report. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):245-254. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.166317 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3991 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 22.10.2016. Revised 30.10.2016. Accepted: 11.11.2016. Dolegliwości bólowe pleców u kobiet w ciąży – doniesienie wstępne The back pain in pregnant women – a preliminary report Pilewska–Kozak Anna Bogusława1, Stadnicka Grażyna2, Łepecka–Klusek Celina1, Dobrowolska Beata3, Pałucka Klaudia1, Pawłowska-Muc Agnieszka Konstancja4, Kozak Łukasz Adam5 1 Katedra i Klinika Ginekologii i Endokrynologii Ginekologicznej Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 2 Zakład Podstaw Położnictwa Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 3 Katedra Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 4 Powiatowe Centrum Medyczne w Grójcu Sp. z o. o 5 Oddział Urazowo – Ortopedyczny z Chirurgią Kręgosłupa Samodzielnego Publicznego Szpitala Wojewódzkiego w Chełmie Adres do korespondencji: Dr n. med. Anna B. Pilewska-Kozak ul. Aleje Racławickie 23, 20-049 Lublin e-mail: apilewska@poczta.wp.pl tel. 26 118 32 86 Streszczenie Badaniami objęto 80 kobiet między25. a36. tygodniem ciąży, uczestniczących w zajęciach szkół rodzenia. Wiek kobiet wahał się w granicach od 19 do 42 lat (średnia wieku wynosiła 27,8 ± 4 lata). Wykorzystano kwestionariusz ankiety, własnej konstrukcji oraz wizualną analogową skalę VAS (0 – brak bólu do 10- ból nie do wytrzymania) do oceny bólu kręgosłupa. Celem pracy było sprawdzenie czy u kobiet w ciąży występuje ból kręgosłupa oraz w jakich sytuacjach się nasila. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że większości kobiet odczuwała ból kręgosłupa w odcinku lędźwiowym. Wśród sytuacji nasilających dolegliwość najwięcej wymieniało pozycję stojącą, co trzecia siedzącą, a co piąta chodzenie. Słowa kluczowe: ból kręgosłupa, ciąża Summary The study involved 80 women between the 25th and 36th week of pregnancy attending antenatal classes. The age of women ranged from 19 to 42 years old (the age median was 27,8 ± 4 years). The questionnaire of our own design and the Visual Analogue Scale VAS (0 – no pain to 10 - unbearable pain) were used to evaluate back pain. The aim of the study was to check whether pregnant women suffer from back pain and in which situations it is increasing. Based on the survey, it was found that the majority of women experienced pain in the lumbar region of the spine. Among the situations which increased back pain most of women mentioned standing position, one in three sitting position and one in five walking. Key words: back pain, pregnancy

Raczyńska Grażyna, Jędrzejkiewicz Bernadeta, Sykut Anna, Dobrowolska Beata. Udział pielęgniarki w działaniach edukacyjnych podnoszących poziom świadomości pacjentów na temat profilaktyki raka jelita grubego = Participation of a nurse in educational activities increasing the level of patient awareness about the prevention of colorectal carcinoma. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):195-204. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.166115 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3986 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 22.10.2016. Revised 30.10.2016. Accepted: 11.11.2016. Udział pielęgniarki w działaniach edukacyjnych podnoszących poziom świadomości pacjentów na temat profilaktyki raka jelita grubego Participation of a nurse in educational activities increasing the level of patient awareness about the prevention of colorectal carcinoma Grażyna Raczyńska1, Bernadeta Jędrzejkiewicz2, Anna Sykut3, Beata Dobrowolska4 1Szpital Powiatowy w Rykach County Hospital in Ryki 2,3doktorantka, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu,Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie PhD student, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin 4Katedra Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa; Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie Department of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin mgr Grażyna Raczyńska, mgr Bernadeta Jędrzejkiewicz, mgr Anna Sykut, dr n. hum Beata Dobrowolska Słowa kluczowe: profilaktyka, rak jelita grubego, pielęgniarka, działania edukacyjne Key words: prophylaxis, colorectal carcinoma, nurse, education Streszczenie Wprowadzenie. Dane i wskaźniki epidemiologiczne raka jelita grubego są alarmujące. Nowotwór ten dotyka osób po 50 tym roku życia, wzrasta wraz z wiekiem, jest przyczyną około 12% zgonów nowotworowych. Szacuje się, że w 2025 roku liczba zachorowań wyniesie około 15 500 u mężczyzn i 9 100 u kobiet. Przykładem walki z rakiem jelita grubego jest Przesiewowy Program Badań. Należy podejmować działania poszerzające wiedzę ludzi na temat raka jelita grubego. Edukacja zdrowotna jest jedną z funkcji zawodowych pielęgniarek. Cel pracy. Celem pracy była analiza udziału pielęgniarki w działaniach edukacyjnych podnoszących poziom świadomości pacjentów na temat profilaktyki raka jelita grubego. Materiał i metoda. Badanie ankietowe zostało przeprowadzone wśród 107 (100%) aktywnych zawodowo pielęgniarek z województwa lubelskiego. Wyniki. W opinii respondentek osobą w największym stopniu odpowiedzialną za edukację pacjenta w zakresie profilaktyki raka jelita grubego jest lekarz rodzinny (n=84 ;78,5%). Najskuteczniejsze formy realizacji edukacji pacjentów to według respondentów indywidualne wręczanie zaproszeń na badania (n= 57; 53,3%) oraz pogadanki (n=56; 52,3%). Zdecydowana większość ankietowanych (n= 84; 78,5%) nie prowadzi edukacji wśród pacjentów. Badane, które takie działanie podejmują robią to przy okazji odwiedzin w środowisku (n= 16; 14,9%) i spotkań środowiskowych (n= 12; 11,2%). Badane pielęgniarki dość krytycznie oceniły poziom realizacji profilaktyki. Choć 48,6% (n=52) uznało go za poprawny to aż 34,6% (n=37) za słaby. Wnioski. Jedną z funkcji zawodowych pielęgniarki jest udzielanie świadczeń z dziedziny promocji zdrowia i edukacji zdrowotnej. Z badań wynika jednak, że udział pielęgniarki w działaniach edukacyjnych w profilaktyce raka jelita grubego jest ograniczony. Abstract Introduction. The data and epidemiological indicators of colorectal carcinoma are alarming. This cancer affects people over 50 years of age and increases with age. It is the cause of about 12% of cancer deaths. It is estimated that in year of 2025 the number of cases will be about 15500 in men and 9100 in women populations. An example of the fight against colorectal cancer is the Screening Research Program. Steps to expand the development of people knowledge about colorectal carcinoma should be undertaken and it is one of the professional functions of nurses. Aim of the study. The aim of the study was the analysis of participation of a nurse in educational activities increasing the level of patient awareness about the prevention of colorectal carcinoma. Materials and method. The survey was conducted among 107 (100%) professionally active nurses from Lublin Province. Results. In the opinion of respondents, the greatest responsibility for patient education in the scope of prevention of colorectal carcinoma takes a family doctor (GP) (n= 84; 78.5%). According to nurses surveyed, the most effective form of patients’ education is giving individual invitations for examination (n= 57; 53.3%) and short talks with patients (n=56; 52.3%). The vast majority of respondents (n= 84; 78.5%) does not conduct education among patients. Nurses who conduct education among patients usually do it in the occasion of visit in the patient’s home environment (n= 16; 14.9%) and community meetings (n=12; 11.2%). Nurses critically assessed the level of prophylaxis. Although, 48.6% (n=52) assessed it as correct, 34.6% (n=37) as week. Conclusions. One of the professional functions of a nurse is to provide health promotion and education. However, the research shows that the participation of a nurse in educational activities in the prevention of colorectal carcinoma is limited.

Pietraszek Agata, Charzyńska-Gula Marianna, Dobrowolska Beata, Stanisławek Andrzej, Łuczyk Marta. The life satisfaction of Polish nurses at the retirement age = Satysfakcja z życia pielęgnairek w wieku emerytalnym. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(9):333-344. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.61885 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3806 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/746747 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.08.2016. Revised 25.08.2016. Accepted: 06.09.2016. The life satisfaction of Polish nurses at the retirement age Satysfakcja z życia pielęgnairek w wieku emerytalnym Agata Pietraszek1, Marianna Charzyńska-Gula2, Beata Dobrowolska3, Andrzej Stanisławek1, Marta Łuczyk1 • Chair of Oncology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Poland • Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Higher Vocational School Memorial of Prof. Stanislaw Tarnowski in Tarnobrzeg, Poland • Chair of Development in Nursing. Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Poland Corresponding author: AgataPietraszek, Chair of Oncology and Community Health Care, Medical University of Lublin; StanisławaStaszica4/6 (Collegium Maximum), 20-081 Lublin, Poland; telephone: +48 609456804; fax: +48 81 4486811 email: krzos.agata@gmail.com, agata.pietraszek.umlub@gmail.com Abstract Background: Research on the life satisfaction of nurses at the retirement age can help identify elements which have an impact on this aspect of the quality of nurses’ life. In spite of the number of studies available in the field there is still no consistent data regarding the issue of life satisfaction among nurses at this stage of life.The aim of the study was to explore chosen factors associated with the life satisfaction of Polish nurses at the retirement age. Methods: A quantitative approach was adopted. Data was collected using a survey questionnaire to be completed by 135 nurses (100%) at the retirement age from seven randomly chosen District Chambers of Nurses and Midwives in Poland. Two research tools were used: a questionnaire developed by the authors and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) by E. Diener. The collected data was analysed using STATISTICA version 10.0. Results: Statistically significant variables affecting the level of life satisfaction included the type of professional activity, type of workplace and managerial functions served, and also affiliation with a given District Chamber of Nurses and Midwives. There was no significant correlation between the level of life satisfaction and the level of job satisfaction among the nurses surveyed. Conclusions: A correlation was identified between some elements of professional activity and the life satisfaction of nurses at the retirement age. This should be taken into account when considering different aspects of the organisation of nurses’ work. In the light of the changes of retirement schemes across the world a broader discussion is needed regarding the issue of the life satisfaction of nurses at the retirement age in order to study the possible correlations between their professional activity and satisfaction with life. Developing a clear strategy for planning the forms of activation of retired nurses and using their potential and experience in the healthcare system is recommended, especially given the situation of nurses shortage. Key words: Ageing, Job satisfaction, Nurses, Personal satisfaction, Poland, Retirement

Smoleń Ewa, Dobrowolska Beata. Wybrane zachowania zdrowotne oraz czynniki ryzyka raka piersi w grupie pielęgniarek województwa lubelskiego i podkarpackiego = Selected health behaviours and risk factors of breast cancer in nurses group from Lublin and Subcarpathian provinces. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):346-358. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.57969 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3697 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.06.2016. Revised 09.07.2016. Accepted: 09.07.2016. Wybrane zachowania zdrowotne oraz czynniki ryzyka raka piersi w grupie pielęgniarek województwa lubelskiego i podkarpackiego Selected health behaviours and risk factors of breast cancer in nurses group from Lublin and Subcarpathian provinces Ewa Smoleń1, Beata Dobrowolska2 1Zakład Pielęgniarstwa, Instytut Medyczny, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. J. Grodka w Sanoku Jan Grodek State Higher Vocational School in Sanok, Medical Institute, Department of Nursing, Sanok 2Katedra Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie Department of Development in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University, Lublin Słowa kluczowe: rak piersi, zapobieganie, ryzyko zachorowania, pielęgniarki. Key words: breast cancer, prevention, risk, nurses. Streszczenie Wstęp. Do najważniejszych czynników ryzyka zachorowania na raka piersi zalicza się: płeć żeńską, wiek powyżej 64 r.ż., mutacje genowe, rozpoznanie nowotworu piersi u dwóch lub więcej krewnych I stopnia, przebyty rak piersi oraz zmiany w piersi. W profilaktyce raka piersi ważne znaczenie obok badań przesiewowych ma podejmowanie prozdrowotnych zachowań zdrowotnych, zmniejszających ryzyko zachorowania. Cel pracy. Ocena zachowań zdrowotnych pielęgniarek w zakresie profilaktyki raka piersi oraz ryzyka rozwoju chorób nowotworowych w badanej grupie kobiet. Materiał i metody. Badania przeprowadzono metodą sondażu diagnostycznego w grupie 184 pielęgniarek województwa lubelskiego i podkarpackiego. Zastosowano kwestionariusz ankiety własnej konstrukcji. W analizie statystycznej posłużono się testem χ2 Pearsona. Wyniki. U ponad połowy respondentek w rodzinie notowano wystąpienie nowotworu, a u co dziesiątej był to nowotwór piersi. Jedna dziesiąta pielęgniarek deklarowała rozpoczęcie miesiączkowania w 12 r.ż. Większość pielęgniarek deklarowała karmienie naturalne w okresie macierzyństwa. Średnia wieku pierwszej wizyty u ginekologa to 20 lat. Ponad połowa badanych pielęgniarek deklarowała prawidłową masę ciała oraz podejmowanie aktywności fizycznej. Wykazano niewielkie różnice istotne statystycznie w poszczególnych zachowaniach w obu badanych grupach pielęgniarek. Wnioski. Zagrożenie wystąpieniem nowotworów piersi u badanych pielęgniarek związane było w głównej mierze z rodzinnym obciążeniem nowotworowym oraz wczesnym rozpoczęciem menstruacji, co zalicza się do czynników niepodlegających modyfikacji. Brak aktywności fizycznej oraz występowanie otyłości to czynniki ryzyka modyfikowalne, których intensyfikację można zmniejszyć poprzez zmianę stylu życia na prozdrowotny. Abstract Introduction. The most important risk factors of breast cancer include: female gender, age over 64 years, gene mutations, the diagnosis of breast cancer in two or more first degree relatives, previous breast cancer and changes in the breast. Besides screening, health behaviours reducing the risk of breast cancer are significant in its prevention. Aim. Assessment of health behaviours of nurses in the scope of prevention of breast cancer and risk factors of cancer development in women surveyed. Material and methods. The diagnostic survey with the use of self-constructed questionnaire was applied in the study. The survey was carried out in the group of 184 nurses from Lublin and Subcapathian provinces. Test χ2 was utilized in the statistical analysis. Results. Over half of surveyed group reported occurrence of cancer in their family, and in every tenth cases it was breast cancer. The one tenth of nurses declared that they started their menstruation in 12 years of age. Most of nurses declared breastfeeding in their maternity period. The average age of respondents of their first visit in gynaecologist was 20. More than half of nurses surveyed declared correct body weight and physical activity. Slight statistical differences were shown in individual behaviours of nurses from two provinces. Conclusions. The threat of the occurrence of breast cancer in the group of examined nurses was associated primarily with the cancer recorded in the family and the early start of menstruation, which is one of the unmodifiable factors. Physical inactivity and obesity are modifiable risk factors which intensity can be reduced by changing lifestyle.

Deluga Alina, Dobrowolska Beata, Kosicka Bogumiła, Brzozowska Agnieszka. Wartościowanie zdrowia w opinii pielęgniarek w odniesieniu do zmiennych społeczno – demograficznych = Health evaluation with relation to socio-demographic variables – nurses’ opinions. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(4):167-180. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.50028 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3460 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.03.2016. Revised 17.04.2016. Accepted: 17.04.2016. Wartościowanie zdrowia w opinii pielęgniarek w odniesieniu do zmiennych społeczno – demograficznych Health evaluation with relation to socio-demographic variables – nurses’ opinions Alina Deluga, Beata Dobrowolska, Bogumiła Kosicka, Agnieszka Brzozowska 1. dr n med. Alina Deluga Alina Deluga, MSc, PhD Zakład Medycyny Rodzinnej i Pielęgniarstwa Środowiskowego, UM Lublin Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin 2. dr n hum. Beata Dobrowolska Beata Dobrowolska, MSc, PhD Katedra Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa, UM Lublin Department of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin 3. dr n med. Bogumiła Kosicka Bogumila Kosicka, MSc, PhD Katedra i Zakład Zarządzania w Pielęgniarstwie, UM Lublin Department of Management in Nursing, Medical University of Lublin 4. mgr Agnieszka Brzozowska Agnieszka Brzozowska, MSc Zakład Matematyki i Biostatystyki Medycznej, UM Lublin Department of Mathematics and Medical Biostatistics, Medical University of Lublin Słowa kluczowe: wartościowanie zdrowia, pielęgniarki, zmienne społeczno-demograficzne Key words: health evaluation, nurses, socio-demographic variables Streszczenie Wstęp Zdrowie stanowi jedną z najważniejszych wartości, na podstawie której dokonuje się wyboru zachowań zdrowotnych będących składową stylu życia człowieka. Cel pracy Celem pracy jest ocena wartości zdrowia w opinii pielęgniarek w zależności od zmiennych społeczno – demograficznych. Materiał i metody Badania przeprowadzono w 2014 i 2015 roku. Objęto nimi 191 pielęgniarek, będących studentami – studiów pomostowych licencjackich i magisterskich w wieku od 22 do 47 lat. Do zebrania materiału użyto standaryzowanego narzędzia badawczego – LKZ (Lista Kryteriów Zdrowia), autorstwa Z. Juczyńskiego. Wyniki Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że pielęgniarki najwyższą wagę przypisują zdrowiu rozumianemu w kategorii właściwość i stan, określanemu przez stwierdzenia „nie odczuwać żadnych dolegliwości fizycznych”, „mieć sprawne wszystkie części ciała” oraz „czuć się szczęśliwym przez większość czasu”. Ankietowani po 40 roku życia, będący w związku małżeńskim, zamieszkujący małe miasta istotnie częściej wybierali kryterium zdrowia „nie odczuwać żadnych dolegliwości fizycznych”, (p=0,03) w porównaniu z badanymi z młodszych grup wiekowych, którzy częściej wskazywali na kryterium „potrafić dobrze współżyć z innymi ludźmi” (p=0,01). Wnioski Ocena znaczenia i wartościowania zdrowia jest ważnym elementem oceny świadomości prozdrowotnej pielęgniarek i jest zależna od zmiennych społeczno-demograficznych. Pielęgniarki najwyższą wagę przypisują zdrowiu utożsamianemu z właściwością i stanem, co charakteryzuje instrumentalne podejście do zdrowia. Abstract Introduction Health constitutes one of the most important values in human life and the basis for people’s decisions on their health behaviours which are components of their lifestyle. Aim The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the value of health in the opinion of nurses with relation to socio-demographic variables. Material and methods The study was carried out in years 2014 and 2015. It included 191 nurses who were students of nursing, both of bachelor bridging and master studies, from 22 to 47 years of age. The data were collected with a standardized research tool – the List of Health Criteria (LKZ Lista Kryteriów Zdrowia) by Z. Juczyński. Outcomes The study outcome showed that the respondents pay much attention mainly to health understood in the categories of property and state, described by the following statements: „not experiencing any ailments”, “having all the body parts healthy” and “feeling happy most of the time”. Those surveyed at the age of 40 plus, married and living in small towns more often chose the health criterion „not experiencing any ailments” (p = 0.03) than those younger ones who primarily marked the category “being able to efficiently coexist with other people” (p=0.01). Conclusions Health evaluation and significance are prominent elements of pro-health awareness in the nurses. Moreover, they/health behaviours depend on socio-demographic variables. The nurses pay much attention to health being associated with property and state, which characterizes an instrumental approach to health.

Szymańska Aneta, Dobrowolska Beata, Pilewska-Kozak Anna Bogusława, Pawłowska-Muc Agnieszka Konstancja. Wybrane elementy stylu życia rodziny a problem nadwagi i otyłości u dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym. Doniesienie z badań = Selected elements of family lifestyle and the problem of overweight and obesity among young school children. The research report. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(12):137-148. ISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35214 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2812%29%3A137-148 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/678478 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.11.2015. Revised 25.11.2015. Accepted: 10.12.2015. Wybrane elementy stylu życia rodziny a problem nadwagi i otyłości u dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym. Doniesienie z badań Selected elements of family lifestyle and the problem of overweight and obesity among young school children. The research report Aneta Szymańska1, Beata Dobrowolska2, Anna Bogusława Pilewska-Kozak3, Agnieszka Konstancja Pawłowska-Muc4 1 Szpital Neuropsychiatryczny im. prof. M. Kaczyńskiego, Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej, Zakład Opiekuńczo-Leczniczy Lublin 2 Katedra Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 3 Katedra i Klinika Ginekologii i Endokrynologii Ginekologicznej, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 4 Ośrodek Kształcenia Podyplomowego Pielęgniarek i Położnych Radomski Szpital Specjalistyczny im. dr Tytusa Chałubińskiego w Radomiu Autor do korespondencji: Mgr Aneta Szymańska Szpital Neuropsychiatryczny im. prof. M. Kaczyńskiego Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej, Zakład Opiekuńczo-Leczniczy, ul. Abramowicka 2 20-442 Lublin Email: anetaszymanska3@wp.pl Słowa kluczowe: styl życia rodziny, nadwaga, otyłość, dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym. Keywords: family lifestyle, overweight, obesity, young school children. Streszczenie Wstęp. Nadwaga i otyłość dzieci stanowi współcześnie jeden z poważniejszych problemów zdrowotnych, co powinno stanowić wezwanie do wielosektorowych działań m.in. z zakresu promocji zdrowia i edukacji zdrowotnej obejmujących rodziny dzieci i ukierunkowanych na zmianę stylu życia. Cel. Poznanie i analiza wybranych elementów stylu życia rodzin dzieci z nadwagą i otyłością w wieku wczesnoszkolnym. Materiał i Metoda. Badania przeprowadzono w 2015 roku wśród 75 rodziców (100%) dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym z nadwagą lub otyłością, uczęszczających do klas 1-3 szkół podstawowych na terenie dwóch województw: lubelskiego i świętokrzyskiego. Wykorzystano autorski kwestionariusz ankiety. Wyniki. Na podstawie danych zebranych od rodziców, 12% dzieci miało otyłość I stopnia zaś 88% dzieci miało nadwagę. W opinii ponad połowy rodziców - 54,7% (n=41) ich dziecko waży lekko ponad normę. Posiłkiem, który rodzice bardzo często spożywali wraz z dzieckiem była kolacja – 85,3% oraz obiad – 40%. Produkty deklarowane przez rodziców jako obecne w diecie ich rodziny codziennie to najczęściej jasne pieczywo (48%) i wędliny (44%), a spośród napojów herbata (88%). Raz w tygodniu (24%) lub rzadziej (38,7%) pojawiało się w diecie ciemne pieczywo, podobnie kasze – raz w tygodniu (53,3%) i rzadziej (30,7%). Produkty typu Fast-food pojawiają się w diecie rodzin ankietowanych raz w tygodniu (37,3%) lub rzadziej (42,7%). Blisko co trzeci badany (32%, n=24) wskazał, że raczej nie prowadzi rozmowy na temat zdrowego odżywiania ze swoim dzieckiem. Co do form spędzania wolnego czasu wskazywano odpoczynek w domu przed telewizorem lub czytanie książek (60%), zabawa z dzieckiem i pomoc w lekcjach - 62,7% oraz chodzenie na spacery z dzieckiem - 60%. Połowa badanych rodziców zadeklarowała, że zawsze przygotowuje posiłki samodzielnie w domu (50,7%). Wnioski. Ankietowani rodzice dzieci z nadwagą i otyłością nie dostrzegają problemu nadmiernej masy ciała swoich dzieci. Nawyki żywieniowe oraz dotyczące aktywności fizycznej rodzin wymagają korekty. Abstract Introduction. The overweight and obesity among children is today one of the most serious health problems, which should be a call for an action, as e.g. multisectoral programs of health promotion and health education of the family directed to the change of the lifestyle. Aim. To understand and analyse selected elements of the lifestyle of the family with the young school children with the problem of overweight and obesity. Material and Methods. The study was conducted in 2015 among 75 parents (100%) of the young school children with the overweight and obesity in two Polish voivodships: Lubelskie and Świętorzyskie. Self-constructed questionnaire was applied in the study. Results. Based on the data collected from parents, 12% of children had obesity and 88% were overweight. In the opinion of more than half of parents - 54.7%, their child weighs slightly over the norm. The supper (85.3%) and the dinner (40%) were the most often mentioned meals which parents eat with their child. The most often indicated products declared by the parents as present in the diet of their families every day is the white bread (48%) and meat (44%), and tea among drinks (88%). Dark bread appears in the families diet once a week (24%) or less frequently (38.7%), similarly grits - once a week (53.3%) and less frequently (30.7%). Fast-food appear in the diet of families surveyed once a week (37.3%) or less frequently (42.7%). Nearly one third of respondents (32%) do not talk about healthy eating with their child. As for leisure activities, rest at home watching TV or reading books (60%), playing with the child and help with their homework - 62.7%, going for walks with their child - 60% were the most often mentioned. Half of the surveyed parents declared that always preparing meals by their own at home (50.7%). Conclusions. The surveyed parents of children who are overweight and obese do not see the problem of excessive weight of their child. The eating habits and physical activity of families require correction.

Health literacy (HL) is recognised as an important, modifiable factor in the self-management and health performance of elderly people. The aim of this preliminary study was to identify and analyse the level of health literacy among the elderly living in one of the eastern regions in Poland. The cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 200 seniors aged 65+ after cognitive pre-screening with the use of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale. To collect data, the Polish version of the HLS-EU-Q47 was used. More than half of the elderly surveyed presented problematic levels of general HL (GEN-HL), and also problematic levels of other dimensions: health care health literacy (HC-HL), disease prevention health literacy (DP-HL), and health promotion health literacy (HP-HL). The level of seniors’ HL is dependent on the level of their education, place of living, participation in activities run by Daily Center for the Elderly, and their self-assessment of health condition (p < 0.05). These results imply the important message that there is a need to create initiatives and programs improving health literacy targeted at seniors living in rural areas, those with lower levels of education, and those with poor access to activities organised by institutions supporting seniors.

The aim of this study was to confirm the correlation between social support and the quality of life of seniors who live without cognitive disorders, but are living in an institutional environment. The measurement of variables was based on a cross-sectional survey method. A representative sample of 957 seniors participated in the survey. The study covered public nursing homes (NHs) and residential care homes (RCHs) selected for the study by stratified sampling. The results confirmed a linear correlation between social support and the quality of life of seniors (p < 0.001). It was also confirmed that there were differences in the range of studied variables depending on the type of institution (NH versus RCH; p < 0.001). Social support is a significant component, and at the same time, a modifier of the perception of the quality of life for older people. Its variable level determines the subjective assessment of functioning in particular domains of quality of life. RCH as an institution of a social nature satisfies the needs for support at a higher level than NH, which translates into a better perception of older people’s quality of life.

Abstract Introduction. Rationing of medical services is based on several rules, among which stand out the ethical rules. This means equal access to health care for everyone regardless of age, religion, gender or social status. Possible discrimination because of age is called ageism, which consists of resentment, making unjust and unfair judgment or abusive choices in relation to the elderly. Purpose of the work. The aim of this study was to investigate the views of staff of hospital emergency departments on the ethical aspects of the rationing of health care services to the elderly. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2017 in a group of 60 nurses and 60 paramedics working in emergency departments Lublin province. Diagnostic survey method was used. The collected material was subjected to statistical analysis using the software SPSS IBM Statistic. Results. The age of the patient, in determining order of medical care, was important to 18.4% (n = 22) tested. For nurses, the criterion of age was statistically more significant than for paramedics (p

Introduction: The ethics of treatment virtues is currently one of the major ethical trends that enjoys great interest, especially among representatives of medical professions. Medical education is mainly based on character training i.e. preparing students for fulfilling determined roles and attitudes. It is based to exemplarism, mentoring and underlines the importance of master– student relations. A characteristic feature of these types of professions is the fidelity to ethos and moral values cultivated for hundreds of years. Objective: The aim of this article is to present the role of compassion virtue in the work of medical professionals and to provide examples of applying knowledge from this field to clinical and educational practice. Conclusions: The theory of virtues applied to the field of medical ethics allowing for the creation of a catalogue of moral dispositions necessary for adequate fulfilment of professional duties by health care providers. One of the most favoured virtues is that of compassion. This moral disposition is considered, by some theoreticians of the medical and nursing principles, a key and fundamental attribute of a good doctor and nurse. The virtue of compassion due to its typical components i.e. the moral and intellectual dimension, ensures the realization of the goal of medical profession, as well as expectations and needs of a specific patient, undergoing the treatment process. The fully developed virtue of compassion helps to maintain the balance between overprotection and excessive identification with the patient's fate and lack of empathy and formalism. That way the virtue of compassion allows for pursuing medical goals by fulfilling all standards and guidelines in a caring and empathetic way.