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Abstract In the domain of education, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has ushered in a paradigm shift towards a more technologically-driven landscape, demonstrating its efficacy as an emergent strategy. The pervasive influence of computer technology has catalyzed a surge in online learning within the country, yielding positive educational outcomes. Despite these advancements, a considerable number of educational institutions in Nigeria have yet to leverage AI technologies. Recognizing the expanding significance of AI in education, this study seeks to align with this trajectory by aggregating instances of AI implementation in education from developed countries. The methodology employed involves a comprehensive review of current advancements in AI applications within the Nigerian educational context. The review process, spanning papers retrieved from four digital libraries published between 2008 and 2022, culminated in the inclusion of 74 papers. These selected papers demonstrated the utilization of AI software tools and technologies, adhering to predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria. The findings of the study reveal a prevalent use of AI technologies in education in Nigeria, encompassing evolutionary software modelling, student performance prediction, multimedia e-learning platforms and frameworks, and the incorporation of Moodle learning. This discernible trend indicates a growing demand for the application of AI technology in the educational landscape of Nigeria. However, the study highlights a discrepancy: sophisticated AI techniques like intelligent tutoring systems, learnable robots, web-based educational systems, and advanced learning management systems are infrequently applied in Nigeria. The study suggests that Nigerian educational institutions should adopt AI practices from advanced nations to enhance student learning and bridge the gap in AI integration.

Background: The aim of the study was to clinically and microbiologically evaluate the efficacy of an oxygen-releasing gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The study was in accordance with the ethical standards of the Indian Council of Medical Research. A total of selected 30 sites were divided into Group A (control) – SRP and Group B (Test) – SRP with oxygen-releasing gel. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline, 1, and 3 months. A plaque sample was sent for microbiological analysis (culture for colony count and polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) at baseline and 3 months. All Clinical and microbiological analysis were performed, and information was fed into an Excel® database for subsequent statistical analysis (SPSS 22.0). Results: A statistically significant difference in PI, GI, PPD, and CAL in both the groups was observed between baseline, 1, and 3 months (P < 0.05). Intergroup comparison showed a statistically higher significant reduction in PPD (3.60 ± 0.507 vs. 4.93 ± 0.594) and CAL ((3.60 ± 0.507 vs. 4.93 ± 0.594) in the test group when compared to the control group at 3 months from baseline. Reduction in colony count and PCR values of Porphyromonas gingivalis between baseline and 3 months was more in the test Group 3-month follow-up. However, no statistically significant difference was found in PI and GI between both groups. Conclusion: Oxygen-releasing gel, as an adjunct to SRP, is beneficial compared to scaling and root planning alone in chronic periodontitis.

Abstract Neurons deploy diverse adaptive strategies to ensure survival and neurotransmission amid cellular stress. When these adaptive pathways are overwhelmed, functional impairment or neurodegeneration follows. Here we show that stressed neurons actively induce a state of transmissive dormancy as a protective measure. Extending observations of neurotrauma in C. elegans and mice, human dopaminergic neurons capable of surviving severe cellular challenges both decrease spontaneous activity and modulate dopamine homeostasis through the transcriptional regulator Yin Yang 1 (YY1). To bolster stress resilience and mitigate dopamine toxicity, YY1 increases expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2, vMAT2, while coordinately inhibiting dopamine synthesis through stabilization of a guanine quadruplex in intron 10 of tyrosine hydroxylase, TH. This dopaminergic stress response has the potential to cause circuit inactivation, yet safeguards neurons by minimizing the toxic accumulation of cytosolic dopamine and inducing a state of neuronal dormancy. In essence, neurons appear to actively prioritize viability over functionality.

Introduction: Conservative and surgical approach timeline in post-operative spondylodiscitis (POS) following lumbar disc herniation (LDH) surgery is ill defined, and patients have a protracted recovery phase with social, psychological, and financial implications. Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of patients operated by transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) in POS was done. Confirmed clinico-radiological diagnosed POS cases, not responding within three to four weeks were included. Normalisation of CRP and radiological stable reconstruction was assessed for objective clearance of POS and bony union. Results: Ninety-five patients were included in the study with minimum follow-up period of two years. The mean age was 51.63±13.63 years. There were organisms cultured in 55 patients (57.89%). The ODI improvement of the patients was noted to improve from 88.71±5.3 to 20.80±9.7 (8 weeks) and was incremental at 2 years follow-up (10.12±6.41) and maintained further at final follow-up at 9±4.3. Bony union achieved in all with stable reconstruction. The resumption of activities of daily living (ADL) was quick (15.90±8.20 days) and job (3.67±1.31 months) was achieved in all the patients. In poor outcomes, two patients didn’t respond, and one patient died due to uncontrolled infection. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and intervention is the key to effective management of POS. Utilisation of aggressive TLIF yields faster ADL resumption.

Abstract Background The maternity continuum of care is a strategy to provide timely and quality maternal and child healthcare through preconception, pregnancy, childbirth, postnatal, and the early childhood periods. The maternity continuum of care effectively reduces global maternal and neonatal deaths. However, several factors are reported to cause low completion of the maternity continuum of care in sub–Saharan Africa. There has been substantial debate in the literature as to whether pregnancy intention influences the completion of the maternity continuum of care. Although several studies have been conducted to determine the influence of pregnancy intention on the completion of the maternity continuum of care, findings are inconsistent and have not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, this review aims to determine the effect of pregnancy intention on the completion of the maternity continuum of care in sub–Saharan African countries. Methods A systematic search of articles was performed from MEDLINE Complete, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Maternity & Infant Care, Global Health, Scopus, and Web of Science. The identified articles were imported into Covidence and independently screened by two researchers for abstract and title, and then full-text. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The Cochran’s Q test and I2 were used for assessing the potential heterogeneity of the studies. Publication bias was assessed using Egger’s regression test and inspection of a funnel plot. A fixed-effects meta-analysis model was used to compute the effect of pregnancy intention on the completion of the maternity continuum of care. Results Ten studies involving 343,932 participants were included in the final analysis. The pooled estimate of the meta-analysis found that women with intended pregnancy had 2.12 times higher odds of completing the maternity continuum of care (pooled odds ratio: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.33, 3.36) as compared to women with unintended pregnancy. Conclusion Intended pregnancy has a statistically significant positive effect on completing the maternity continuum of care. Policymakers and healthcare providers need to implement strategies to encourage women to plan their pregnancies through the strengthening of pre-conception care and contraceptive counselling to prevent unintended pregnancies. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42023409134.

Abstract The ‘decade of action’ intended to accomplish the ambitious 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) faces notable challenges. Our investigation into the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on SDG progress reveals important lessons for shaping effective policy interventions to ensure resilient societies and overall well-being. Through systematic mapping and a rapid review approach, our analysis reveals that nearly 90% of the SDGs, specifically 144 targets, were adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, there is a glimmer of opportunity: 66 targets stand to gain from the crisis-induced transformations, provided that the right choices are made. Achieving this goal demands a comprehensive approach and decisive leadership to steer an inclusive economic recovery that also safeguards the environment while safeguarding the environment. The intricate interplay between the ongoing planetary and post-COVID-19 crises, environmental challenges, and conflicts underscores the need for a proactive, deliberate and well-informed approach, marked by collaborative decision-making, which is imperative for effectively steering the ‘decade of action’ toward achieving the SDGs. These complex challenges demand collective, decisive action, all with the overarching aim of securing a just and sustainable future for all.

Humans and human societies have different attitudes about the role and position of money and wealth. Some of them use all their efforts to earn money and wealth. In acquiring money and wealth, some make efforts in the right way and others in the wrong way. Some of the harms of the present age, such as war, are rooted in the wrong way of acquiring wealth and money. One of the thinkers who addressed this issue in some of his works is Immanuel Kant. According to Kant, wealth in individual and social life is strongly influenced by his material foundations. This research compares his view on money and wealth with Allamah Tabatabai's view using descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. The findings of the research indicate the existence of commonalities and differences. Paying attention to money and wealth and staying away from poverty are common concerns of these two thinkers. But the macro view and the small view of these two have fundamental differences with each other. Allamah Tabatabai explains a more comprehensive policy about money and wealth with a religious perspective, which can be a model for the present age.

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is the collective term for disorders affecting glucose homeostasis. The pancreas is situated in the retroperitoneum within the anterior pararenal fascial space and positioned anteriorly to the aorta and inferior vena cava. Specifically, the pancreas is commonly located just below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery. Ultrasound imaging serves as a valuable tool for acquiring detailed information about the pancreas, encompassing factors such as pancreatic size, echotexture, ductal anatomy, and the surrounding structures. This imaging modality not only facilitates diagnostic evaluations but also allows for interventional procedures, all accomplished efficiently within a brief time frame and at a minimal cost. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and fifty healthy adults as controls and 150 diabetic patients of the same age group >65 years of age group were evaluated by ultrasound sonography. Results: The mean pancreatic head and body is 2.01 ± 0.38 cm and 1.26 ± 0.18 cm, respectively, in diabetic participants, whereas in controls, it is 2.40 ± 0.13 cm and 1.59 ± 0.17 cm. This showed a significant decrease in pancreatic head and body size in diabetic individuals. Interpretation and Conclusions: Diabetic individuals exhibit smaller pancreatic head and body compared to normal controls.

Abstract Background A blood-based diagnostic test is a promising strategy for colorectal cancer (CRC). The MethyDT test (IColohunter), which detects methylation levels of NTMT1 and MAP3K14 -AS1, exhibited potential in discriminating CRC, but its clinical performance needs to be validated in large-scale populations. Methods A multicenter, double-blinded, cross-sectional study that enrolled 1194 participants was performed. Plasma samples were collected to detect methylation levels of NTMT1 and MAP3K14 -AS1 using quantitative methylation-specific PCR with the MethyDT test, and the accuracy was further evaluated by Sanger sequencing. Results The sensitivities of the MethyDT test for detecting CRC, early stages of CRC (I and II), advanced adenoma (AA), and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN) were 91.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.4–94.0), 87.4% (95% CI, 82.5–92.2), 43.5% (95% CI, 35.7–51.4), and 72.7% (95% CI, 57.5–87.9), respectively. The specificities for participants with non-AA, interfering diseases (ID), and no evidence of disease (NED) were 85.0% (95% CI, 78.8–91.3), 93.7% (95% CI, 91.4–95.9) and 97.3% (95% CI, 90.5–99.7), respectively, and its overall specificity for all-controls was 92.4% (95% CI, 90.3–94.4). The consistency of the MethyDT test with pathology for CRC was high with a kappa value of 0.830 (95% CI, 0.795–0.865). Additionally, the MethyDT test was comparable to Sanger sequencing for detecting methylation with kappa values > 0.97. Conclusions The MethyDT test demonstrates excellent sensitivity and specificity for CRC and high consistency with Sanger sequencing for methylation, suggesting it may serve as a potential noninvasive diagnostic tool for the detection of CRC. Trial registration This clinical trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05508503).

Introduction: Using short fiber-reinforced composite (SFRC) materials, individualized root posts can be fabricated to reinforce root canal treated teeth (Bioblock technique). The question regarding this technique is the efficiency of SFRC polymerization in different depths of the root canals. Additionally, whether the polymerization of SFRC could be improved with light transmission methods remains a question to be answered. Materials and methods: 20 plastic teeth (4 groups, n = 5/group) simulating root canal treatments were used for this research, which). All teeth were restored with SFRC material, starting from 6 mm deep in the root canal till the orifice. In group 1 and 3, the root canal was filled with SFRC material in layers, while in groups 2 and 4, it was filled in a bulkfill manner. In group 1 and 3, the SFRC material was light cured through a fiberglass post, whereas in group 2 and 4, a modified light source was utilized. After embedding and sectioning the samples hardness of the SFRC material at 2 mm intervals in the root canal were measured (1st, 2nd and 3rd layer, from apical to coronal direction). Results: For the 1st layer, light curing through the fiberglass post (group 3) resulted in significantly higher hardness compared to the modified light conductor (group 4) in the bulk-fill application method. In the 2nd layer, both group 1 and 3 showed significantly higher hardness compared to group 4. Conclusion: Illumination through a fiberglass post provides outstanding hardness for SFRC material in bulk-fill application in the apical and middle layers.

Background Alveolar ridge is dynamic in nature. Preservation of residual alveolar ridge is always desirable. Bone grafts and platelet concentrates can be used for socket preservation. Maintenance of bone volume is essential and various ridge augmentation techniques are used for desirable functional and esthetic outcomes. Aim Evaluation and comparison of the efficacy of autogenous dentin block versus allograft block in preserving alveolar ridge dimension with 6-month follow-up. Materials and Methods Twenty subjects indicated for tooth extraction were randomly divided into three groups. In Group I, autogenous dentin graft with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane was used as socket filling material, Group II: allogenic bone graft with PRF membrane, or Group III: control group (socket left ungrafted). Clinical and radiographic examinations were done using periodontal probe and cone-beam computed tomography. Results On intragroup comparison of socket size, the mean for Group I was found to be 33.270 mm2 at baseline and 25.358 mm after 12 months for Group II was found to be 53.250 mm2 at baseline and socket fill was 41.875 mm2 at 12 months. Group III was found to be 43.483 mm2 at baseline, and socket fill was 15.063 mm2 at 12 months. On intergroup comparison, the values were found to be statistically nonsignificant both at baseline (12 months postoperatively. The crestal bone loss was 0.975 for Group I, 1.075 for Group II, and 2.925 mm for Group III. Crestal bone loss was seen highest in Group III and lowest for Group I. The mean percentage of socket fill was found to be 80.01% for Group I, 76.13% for Group II, and 34.03% for Group I. Conclusion A significant amount of radiographic socket fill was appreciated over 12 months in all the three groups. The percentage of socket fill in Group I was 80.01% and in Group II was 76.13% and the difference between them was statistically nonsignificant. Statistically significant socket fill was seen for both Group 1 and Group 2.

Abstract Background The newborn and infant continuum of care such as essential newborn care, early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, and immunisation are highly recommended for improving the quality of life and survival of infants. However, newborn and infant mortality remains high across Sub-Saharan African countries. While unintended pregnancies are associated with adverse newborn and infant health outcomes, there is inconclusive evidence on whether pregnancy intention influences newborn and infant continuum of care completion. Therefore, this review aimed to pool findings reported in the literature on the association between pregnancy intention and newborn and infant health care across the continuum of care in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We searched MEDLINE Complete, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete, and Global Health databases for studies potentially eligible for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Two researchers independently screened the identified articles by abstract and title, and then full-text using Covidence. We used the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of the included studies. The Cochran’s Q test and I2 were executed to detect and quantify the presence of statistical heterogeneity in the studies. Meta-analysis was done for each outcome when more than one original study reported relevant data, using Stata statistical software version 18. Results Eleven studies were included from a total of 235 articles identified by the search. The odds of completing essential newborn care (pooled odds ratio: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.56, 5.90), early initiation of breastfeeding (pooled odds ratio: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.52), exclusive breastfeeding (pooled odds ratio: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.68, 2.89), and being fully immunised (pooled odds ratio: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.16, 6.40) were higher among infants born to women with intended pregnancies as compared to women with unintended pregnancies. Conclusion Intended pregnancy was positively associated with essential newborn care completion, early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding, and full immunisation of infants in SSA countries. Thus, policy-makers and stakeholders should strengthen the provision of quality family planning services to prevent unintended pregnancy. Furthermore, follow-up of women with unintended pregnancies is needed to increase women’s opportunity to access essential newborn health care services that further reduce the risk of newborn and infant morbidity and mortality. Systematic review registration PROSPERO registration number CRD42023409148.

Abstract Background Adverse perinatal health outcomes are notably high among African-born women living in Australia. This problem is partly attributed to their lower engagement in maternity care services as compared to Australian-born women. Various barriers might limit African-born women’s access to and use of services; however, these barriers are not well documented. Therefore, this review aimed to synthesise current qualitative evidence on barriers and facilitators of access to maternity care for African-born women living in Australia. Methods The search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsychInfo, and Maternity and Infant Care databases on 16 April 2023. All articles retrieved were meticulously screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers with any disagreements resolved through discussion. The quality of the included articles was evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Studies were screened in Covidence and analysed in NVivo. The findings were organised and presented using Levesque’s framework of healthcare access. Results Out of 558 identified papers, 11 studies comprising a total of 472 participants met the eligibility criteria. The review highlighted provider-side barriers such as shortage of information, unmet cultural needs, long waiting times, low engagement of women in care, discrimination, and lack of continuity of care. User-side barriers identified include communication issues, difficulty navigating the health system, and lack of trustful relationships with healthcare providers. In contrast, the review pinpointed provider-side facilitators including positive staff attitudes, service availability, and the proximity of facilities to residential homes, while user-side facilitators such as cultural assimilation and feeling valued by healthcare providers were noted. Conclusions This review identified barriers and facilitators of access to maternity care for African-born women living in Australia. Empirical evidence that would inform potential changes to policy and practice to address African-born women’s unique health needs was highlighted. Designing and implementing a culturally safe service delivery model could remove the identified access barriers and improve African-born women’s engagement in maternity care. Moreover, reinforcing factors associated with positive healthcare experiences is essential for improving maternity care access for this priority population. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42023405458.

Tambourissa comorensis (TC) is a member of the Monimiaceae family endemic to the Comoros Islands where it is regarded as a medicinal plant. In this study, the fatty acids (FA) composition and profile of air-dried powdered fruits of TC were examined by GC-MS. Based on the results, four major common fatty acids were tentatively identified as well as five other minor fatty acids. The analysis revealed the presence of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The dried fruits exhibited oleic acid (30.64%) and linoleic acid (29.13%) as the dominant fatty acids, while palmitic acid (17.95%) and stearic acid (4.25%) were the main saturated FA identified. These fatty acids were isolated as pure compounds, with the exception of stearic acid, which was obtained as a mixture from crude lipid n-hexane extract fractionation on a silica gel column chromatography and identified in their free form by 2D-1H-NMR (300 MHz), 13C-NMR (75 MHz) and infrared (IR) spectroscopies. The average oil content in dried powdered fruits of T. comorensis species was estimated to be approximately 8%, with saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated ones constituting about 22.67%, 32.07%, and 29.13%, respectively. T. comorensis fruits were found to be rich in health-promoting compounds, suggesting potential applications in the food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. This study is the first to profile the fatty acids in T. comorensis fruits, laying foundations for further exploration into their nutritional and therapeutic properties, as well as their potential roles in regional biodiversity and chemodiversity.

Abstract Magmatic processes at the crust‐mantle boundary (i.e., Moho) are commonly studied post facto at fossil ophiolites, oceanic core complexes, or inferred from the compositions of crystals or melt inclusions. The 2021 eruption at Fagradalsfjall on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, was supplied from magma bodies near the Moho and offers a unique opportunity to study the timescales, structure, and syn‐eruptive processes of near‐Moho magmatic systems at ∼15 km depth. Here, we present a comprehensive petrological and geochemical investigation of the full 183 day eruption that is based on frequent sampling of the eruption. Lavas erupted in the first 45 days displayed significant and sudden changes in geochemistry, followed by lower amplitude fluctuations until the end of the eruption. This variability can be explained by contribution from multiple magma bodies, as best distinguished using Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotope systematics. The lavas display unusual trace element and radiogenic isotope compositions compared to other Icelandic basalts, but are similar to other rare, highly incompatible element enriched lavas on the Reykjanes Peninsula, and thus these lavas may represent a distinct suite of Reykjanes Peninsula basalts. Our geochemical and petrological observations show that numerous, compositionally variable bodies of magma must exist in the lowermost crust or at the crust‐mantle boundary. These near‐Moho magma bodies transfer magma between one another on timescales as short as days‐to‐months, but partially crystallize over longer time periods, and periodically inject into the overlying crust.

Abstract Basaltic fissure eruptions emit volatile and environmentally reactive gases and particulate matter (PM) into the lower troposphere (e.g., SO2, HCl, and HF in the gas phase; Se, As, Pb as complexes in the PM phase). Lava flows from fissure eruptions can be spatially extensive, but the composition and fluxes of their emissions are poorly characterized compared to those from main vent(s). Using uncrewed aircraft systems‐mounted (drone) samplers and ground‐based remote Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, we investigated the down‐flow compositional evolution of emissions from active lava flows during the Fagradalsfjall 2021–2023 eruptions. The calculated fluxes of volatile trace metals from lava flows are considerable relative to both main vent degassing and anthropogenic fluxes in Iceland. We demonstrate a fractionation in major gas emissions with decreasing S/halogen ratio down‐flow. This S‐Cl fractionation is reflected in the trace element degassing profile, where the abundance of predominantly sulfur‐complexing elements (e.g., Se, Te, As, Pb) decreases more rapidly in down‐flow emissions relative to elements complexing as chlorides (e.g., Cu, Rb, Cs), oxides (e.g., La, Ce) and hydroxides (e.g., Fe, Mg, Al, Ti). Using thermochemical modeling, we explain this relationship through temperature and composition dependent element speciation as the lava flow ages and cools. As a result, some chloride‐complexing elements (such as Cu) become relatively more abundant in emissions further down‐flow, compared to emissions from the main vent or more proximal lava flows. This variability in down‐flow element fluxes suggests that the output of metals to the environment may change depending on lava flow age and thermal evolution.

Background: Granulomatous inflammation is a persistent inflammatory reaction marked by the presence of aggregations of active histiocytes, epithelioid cells, and multinucleate giant cells. This phenomenon is reported in several viral and non-infectious diseases and is classified as a type IV delayed hypersensitivity response. Research Materials and Procedures: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the histopathology section of the Department of Pathology, MMIMSR, Mullana, from October 2022 to October 2023. A total of 100 cases presenting with granulomatous lesions were analyzed. Detailed clinical data, including age, sex, site of the lesion, and duration of disease, were recorded. Histopathological examination was performed using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain, with additional special stains like Ziehl-Neelsen and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) applied where necessary. Materials and Methods: This investigation was conducted at the histology division of the Department of Pathology, MMIMSR, Mullana, between October 2022 and October 2023. The analysis included a total of 100 patients that had granulomatous lesions. Precise clinical information, such as age, gender, location of the lesion, and length of illness, was documented. The histological analysis was conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain, along with supplementary specific stains, such as Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) when needed. Results: Lesions of granulomatous nature were more common in individuals in their third and fourth decades of life, with a little higher occurrence in females (male: female ratio = 1:1.43). The primary location of infection was the gastrointestinal system, accounting for 16% of cases, followed by the urogenital tract at 15% and soft tissues at 13%. Granulomatous pathology-not otherwise specified (GP-NOS) was the most prevalent histological category, representing 52% of cases. It was followed by granulomatous pathology-tubercular (GP-TB) at 15%, granulomatous pathology-leprosy (GP-L) at 3%, and one case of granulomatous pathology-fungal (GP-F). The etiology of 25% of cases was attributed to tuberculosis, whereas in 3% of instances, it was diagnosed as leprosy. The main kind of neoplasms seen were epithelioid cell granulomas, with caseous necrosis being the most prevalent form of necrosis. About 10% of patients had fibrosis, and Langhans giant cells were often documented. Conclusion: Histopathology, with the use of certain stains, continues to be the most reliable method for identifying and classifying granulomatous lesions. Despite the broad use of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, infections, including tuberculosis (TB), remain the primary cause of granulomatous lesions in our community.

Abstract With the issue of plastic waste persisting and the need for more sustainable solutions to the ever‐increasing demand for lightweight and durable plastic products, this review has become imminent and compelling. Poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) is a biodegradable polymer with exceptional film‐forming ability resembling those of low‐density polyethylene. PBAT has a huge advantage for packaging applications due to its remarkably high elongation at break, giving it a good processing window for its application in packaging. However, certain defiant intrinsic properties stand in the way of its full commercialization. The development of blends and biocomposites of PBAT has, therefore, become imperative for complementing its properties and producing a superior material. This paper focuses on the recent developments in preparing PBAT‐based blends and biocomposites with superior mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties and, most importantly, has also investigated how the development of these blends and biocomposites impacts the biodegradation rate of PBAT. It also highlights the possible synthesis of bio‐based PBAT and the commercialization, market trends, and prospects of PBAT‐based materials for flexible, rigid packaging, and other industrial applications compared with biodegradable alternatives.

Piedmont fans are prominent geomorphic features formed at the transition between mountain slopes and valley floors. This study investigates the morphology of alluvial fans in the Zanskar Basin (ZB) to uncover the key variables influencing their development and morphodynamics. Utilizing advanced GIS and remote sensing techniques, along with field investigations, we conducted a detailed spatial analysis of 103 alluvial fans along the Doda, Tsarap, and Zanskar rivers. This approach allowed for precise mapping and characterization of these fans within complex depositional settings of ZB, particularly where fans merge into bajadas. Our analysis revealed distinct characteristics for the fans, including Fan Area (FA), Fan Slope (SF), Radius (R), Base Length of Fan (BF), Fan Maximum Entrenchment (FME), and Flow Expansion Angle (FEA). A morphometric analysis was then conducted to evaluate the correlation between the fans and their upstream basins. The linear regression analysis demonstrated both positive and negative correlations between these parameters, highlighting the important role of the upstream basins in controlling sediment delivery to fans. The findings suggest that larger basins contribute to the morphological development of fan systems, with larger, less steep fans forming as a result of greater flows and increased sediment supply from basins with denser drainage networks. Lower values of Mountain Front Sinuosity, Valley Floor Width to Valley Height ratio and Basin Elongation suggest that upstream basins in the ZB are significantly influenced by tectonic forces, resulting in linear mountain fronts, V-shaped valleys and elongated upstream basins. The F-99 fan, in particular, has developed a prominent stepped-fan morphology, attributed to differential uplift, vertical incision, and lateral migration of channels across the fan surface. Along the various fronts of the Zanskar, fan morphology is controlled by a complex interplay of long-term tectonic processes, climate, upstream lithology, and basin characteristics. Tectonic forces, particularly the NW-SE-trending ZSZ/STD and ZCT, exert first-order control on fan morphology by influencing sediment-flux and accommodation space. This influence is evident in tectonically modified landforms such as active mountain fronts, fan terraces, elongated basin shapes, wine-glass valleys and triangular facets, all indicating recent uplift and active tectonics in the region. Our results indicate that ZSZ and ZCT exert significant tectonic control over the geometry and evolution of fans, alongside substantial climatic influences.

With the rapidly expanding availability of online courses, concerns have been raised about student engagement and connection within the online environment. Using an experimental design, we examined the effects of video camera, microphone, and chat box communication mediums on students’ experiences of social presence, peer rapport, motivation, satisfaction, and anxiety. A total of 133 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to a video, audio, or chat box condition and asked to complete an online interactive group task and a post-task survey. One-ways ANOVAs indicated that participants in the chat box condition reported lower levels of social presence, peer rapport, motivation and satisfaction compared to both the video and audio conditions, with no differences between the video and audio conditions. Those in the video condition reported higher anxiety levels than those in the chat box condition. We recommend that students participate in their online classes using video cameras and/or microphones to increase engagement and interpersonal connections with peers.

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) has fundamentally transformed diagnostic methodologies for small-bowel (SB) abnormalities, providing a comprehensive and non-invasive gastrointestinal assessment in contrast to conventional endoscopic procedures. The King Abdulaziz University Hospital Capsule (KAUHC) dataset comprises annotated WCE images specifically curated for Saudi Arabian residents. Comprising 10.7 million frames derived from 157 studies, KAUHC has been classified into Normal, Arteriovenous Malformations, and Ulcer categories. Following the application of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 3301 labeled frames derived from WCE 86 studies were identified. Upon admission of patients, the data collection phase of KAUHC was initiated, involving the administration of the OMOM capsule and the use of the OMOM recording device for video documentation. A thorough evaluation of these recordings was undertaken by multiple gastroenterologists to identify any pathological abnormalities. The identified observations are subsequently extracted, categorized, and prepared for validation using Machine Learning (ML) classifiers. The dataset aims not only to address the scarcity of annotated endoscopic imaging resources in the Middle East but also to advance the development of diagnostic tools for ML applications in SB abnormalities and exploratory research on gastrointestinal diseases.

As Covid-19 circulated worldwide, lockdowns forced individuals to connect virtually in order to continue maintaining relationships. The current study sought to understand the impact of these online interactions on students’ mental health and wellbeing. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 17 students. Two main themes were uncovered: control (1) and no control (2). Participants reported that having control over online interactions helped them to choose when, how often and with whom to connect as well as disconnect which benefited and enhanced their wellbeing during the lockdown period. On the other hand, lack of control over interactions online resulted in students feeling anxious, stressed and unable to maintain healthy boundaries. The concept of control and its link to wellbeing has previously been explored in literature and this study reinforces the idea that individuals experience an enhanced sense of wellbeing when able to control important areas of their lives.

Background: In kidney transplant recipients prone to infections like cytomegalovirus (CMV), a vital need for an accurate diagnostic method is evident. This study at Khorshid Laboratory in Tehran rigorously compares real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CMV detection in transplant patients. Methods: In January to March 1400, 70 kidney transplant recipients were assessed for CMV DNA using RT-PCR and concurrent ELISA tests, with statistical analysis aided by SPSS. Results: In kidney transplant patients (average age: 49.40 ± 13.64 years), 4.3% tested positive for CMV via PCR. Strong correlation between serological and molecular methods. IgG and IgM antibody detection both showed high sensitivity and specificity, advocating for efficient CMV diagnosis at Khorshid Laboratory, Tehran. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for a quick and efficient CMV diagnostic approach in kidney transplant patients. The strong correlation between molecular and serological methods favors using the faster RT-PCR method, crucial for timely management, especially with the increasing age-related CMV incidence. The findings strongly recommend RT-PCR integration for enhanced sensitivity in kidney transplant patients at Khorshid Laboratory, Tehran.

This manifesto critically examines the unfolding integration of Generative AI (GenAI), chatbots, and algorithms into higher education, using a collective and thoughtful approach to navigate the future of teaching and learning. GenAI, while celebrated for its potential to personalize learning, enhance efficiency, and expand educational accessibility, is far from a neutral tool. Algorithms now shape human interaction, communication, and content creation, raising profound questions about human agency and biases and values embedded in their designs. As GenAI continues to evolve, we face critical challenges in maintaining human oversight, safeguarding equity, and facilitating meaningful, authentic learning experiences. This manifesto emphasizes that GenAI is not ideologically and culturally neutral. Instead, it reflects worldviews that can reinforce existing biases and marginalize diverse voices. Furthermore, as the use of GenAI reshapes education, it risks eroding essential human elements—creativity, critical thinking, and empathy—and could displace meaningful human interactions with algorithmic solutions. This manifesto calls for robust, evidence-based research and conscious decision-making to ensure that GenAI enhances, rather than diminishes, human agency and ethical responsibility in education.

Purpose: The current study was aimed to find correlation of glycosylated hemoglobin with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and central macular thickness (CMT) in the diabetic population in North India. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study of 300 diabetic patients divided equally in two groups with and without retinopathy, and 150 people were included as control. The study was conducted from October 2020 to August 2022. All patients underwent slitlamp fundoscopy with a +78 D lens, and spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography was performed to measure the RNFLT and CMT, and the staging of retinopathy was done as per the ETDRS classification. Along with that, blood investigations were ordered, including fasting (FBS) and post-prandial (PPBS) blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Quantitative variables were compared using one-way analysis of variance, or Kruskal–Wallis test was applied for inter-group comparison, followed by a Student Newman Keuls Test. Results: The mean age of the patients in the diabetic group with retinopathy was 52.62 ± 9.38 years. The overall male: female ratio was 3:2. The mean FBS in the diabetic group with retinopathy was 146.54 ± 45.40mg/dl; the PPBS and HbA1c in the same were 210.39 ± 63.71mg/dl and 7.85 ± 1.33%, respectively. RNFL thinning was found in all four quadrants in diabetics irrespective of the status of retinopathy (P-value = 0.000) with a significant weak negative (r 0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that neurodegeneration occurs in diabetic retinopathy as evident with nerve fiber layer thinning, and it is negatively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

Abstract How people experience nature influences their attitudes and actions towards it. Having had a negative encounter with an animal may facilitate avoidance and freezing responses which may encourage negative feelings towards it and the environment in which it is found. Animals associated with fear, such as snakes, are often the victims of hunting and killing, possibly in part due to an overperception of their inherent danger. Past research has shown that fear affects approach–avoidance response at both the preparatory and executive stages of movement. However, the way one reacts to different threats may also depend on its proximity and how fearful one is of that specific threat. We employed a mouse‐tracking paradigm where participants (N = 40) categorized pictures of threatening and non‐threatening animals (snakes and butterflies respectively). The picture could appear at the middle, top or bottom of the screen. Participants initiated the movement from the centre of the screen and the category labels appeared on the top of the screen. Participants therefore had to either move towards the picture on the top or move away from the picture (presented centrally or at the bottom). Participants were split into fearful and non‐fearful groups based on self‐report snake fear. Non‐fearful participants were generally slower when a threat was present. But, in the fearful group, we found longer movement initiation times for central threats and shorter initiation times for off‐centre threats (compared to neutral targets). Fearful participants were also slower to initiate movement when moving away from the threat, but faster when moving towards it (compared to neutral targets). The slower start and execution may be due to the lack of active planning and/or may imply the presence of a passive temporary freezing response. Strong negative emotions towards nature and animals serve as crucial factors both in animal phobias and anti‐animal behaviours (i.e. the purposeful decimation of certain species). Understanding the action dynamics of approach–avoid behaviours in response to threatening animals may help to inform both the prevention and treatment of phobias, and relatedly, the promotion of conservationist endeavours. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

India is a vast and diverse country with a complex healthcare scheme that faces significant challenges in providing quality care to its population. Obstetric care is a complex area of healthcare. The history of clinical care pathways in obstetric care reflects a continued effort to improve the quality and safety of healthcare for mothers and infants. This comprehensive review provides an overview of clinical care pathways in obstetric care. It sheds light on the current evidence supporting the use of clinical care pathways for the management of anaemia during pregnancy, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), pre-eclampsia, and Preterm Labour (PTL). The primary aim of this review is to recognise the accessibility and strength of evidence for the use of clinical care pathways in the management of common complications of pregnancy.

Background: There is no doubt that the use of rhGH in patients with TS brings satisfactory results regarding the improvement of height growth, realizing the improvement of the final adult height. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the type/characteristic of the genetic anomaly on sex chromosome X on the outcome of treatment with rhGH among Albanian children diagnosed with TS. Methods and Results: This analytical-observational study was conducted at the Pediatric Endocrine Unit at University Hospital Centre Mother Teresa in Tirana, the only one of its kind treating TS pediatrics in Albania. Only TS patients who had attained near-adult height (NAH) by December 2023 were included in the analysis of this study. Near-adult height was obtained for 44(72.1%) patients. The mean age of starting treatment was 12.68±3.03 years. After a treatment duration of 3.60±2.26 years, the patients recovered 0.88±0.56 in height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), resulting in HAZ at the end of treatment of -2.73±0.87. They achieved their NAH of 144.56±6.53cm. Conclusion: Despite starting treatment late, our patients managed to gain 17.70±12.53cm in length. The progression of height improvement under rhGH treatment showed differences between chromosomal groups. The non-monosomy group had better results regarding NAH and HAZ at the treatment's end than the monosomy group.

Teaching and learning materials are essential tools for enhancing the engagement of hearing-impaired pupils in inclusive classrooms. This study investigated enhancing the engagement of hearing-impaired pupils in teaching and learning materials. The study employed a qualitative, phenomenological design to gain insights into the lived experiences of the participants. Forty-four participants were purposefully selected, including head teachers, teachers, hearing-impaired pupils, and hearing pupils. Data were collected through interviews and observations and analyzed thematically using Excel pivot tables. The findings indicate that hearing-impaired pupils are engaged with teaching and learning materials, such as textbooks, reference books, maps, and diagrams, through prioritizing, showing the materials, and hands-on activities. However, their engagement is hindered by limited time and communication barriers. Furthermore, most teachers reported having limited proficiency in sign language, which hinders their ability to support these pupils in the learning process. The study recommends reviewing inclusive education policies, establishing teacher training programs, and emphasizing the use of sign language as a medium of instruction for hearing-impaired pupils.

Aims: To highlight possible correlations of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with microscopic / macroscopic characteristics of colorectal cancer tissues, along with the expression of Ten-Eleven Translocation 2 (TET2) and glutathione-S-transferase pi (GST-pi) proteins. Materials and methods: Tumors from 46 patients were embedded in paraffin blocks, stained with hematoxylin-eosin and studied microscopically. Immunohistochemical study of TET2 and GST-pi expression was performed. The results were analyzed and correlated with T2DM as comorbidity. Results: All tumors expressed GST-pi at three levels (weak, moderate, and strong); two out of three tumors showed either weak or moderate TET2 expression. Patients without T2DM tended to have tumors with weak or no expression of TET2 (p=0.038) whereas diabetic patients’ tumors showed a significantly higher percentage of strong or moderate GST-pi expression (p=0.034). On binomial logistic regression, tumors excised from T2DM patients were 6.9 times more likely to show moderate (rather than weak and none) TET2 expression compared to tumors from non-diabetic patients (95% CI [1.33, 35.75]), and a 2.7-fold higher relative likelihood of showing strong (rather than moderate and weak) GST-pi expression (95% CI [0.63, 12.09]), taking into account sex, age, and tumor size. The association between T2DM and TET2 expression remains statistically significant in additional binomial analysis that was performed taking into account certain histological tumor characteristics. Conclusions: TET2 and GST-pi are expressed in malignant colon tumors. T2DM in CRC patients was associated with the highest observed GST-pi expression; absence of T2DM was associated with the lowest observed TET2 expression. T2DM increases the probability of observing GST-pi and TET2 expression at maximum levels, independent of specific tumor microscopic features and certain patient characteristics.

Abstract Despite the therapeutic potential of chemogenetics, the method lacks comprehensive preclinical validation, hindering its progression to human clinical trials. We aimed to validate a robust but simple in vivo efficacy assay in rats which could support chemogenetic drug discovery by providing a quick, simple and reliable animal model. Key methodological parameters such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype, actuator drug, dose, and application routes were investigated by measuring the food-intake-reducing effect of chemogenetic inhibition of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) by hM4D(Gi) designer receptor stimulation. Subcutaneous deschloroclozapine in rats transfected with AAV9 resulted in a substantial reduction of food-intake, comparable to the efficacy of exenatide. We estimated that the effect of deschloroclozapine lasts 1–3 h post-administration. AAV5, oral administration of deschloroclozapine, and clozapine-N-oxide were also effective but with slightly less potency. The strongest effect on food-intake occurred within the first 30 min after re-feeding, suggesting this as the optimal experimental endpoint. This study demonstrates that general chemogenetic silencing of the LH can be utilized as an optimal, fast and reliable in vivo experimental model for conducting preclinical proof-of-concept studies in order to validate the in vivo effectiveness of novel chemogenetic treatments. We also hypothesize based on our results that universal LH silencing with existing and human translatable genetic neuroengineering techniques might be a viable strategy to affect food intake and influence obesity.

Abstract Having good digital skills is essential today, yet little is known about the cognitive factors that influence the development of these skills. Given the importance of executive functions (EFs) in adapting to environmental changes and acquiring skills, EFs might contribute to acquiring digital skills too. EFs might also influence people’s approach toward ICTs and affect digital skills through emotional variables. Therefore, here, we tested whether cognitive control and flexibility are connected to computer and smartphone skills through emotional factors (learning confidence, stress, and attitude). A total of 269 participants (56 males, M = 30 years) filled out our survey which included questionnaires on demographic variables (age, education, and socioeconomic status), ICT motivation, digital skills, EFs, and technology-related emotional factors. EFs were also investigated through two performance-based measures. We used generalized linear models and structural equation modeling to test the associations between these variables. The results showed that smartphone skills were positively associated with self-reported cognitive flexibility through ICT learning confidence and technology-induced stress. Self-reported cognitive control and age were connected to smartphone skills directly. Self-reported cognitive flexibility was also associated with computer skills through ICT learning confidence. In addition, performance-based cognitive control and the level of education were directly linked to computer skills. These results may provide guidance to support digital skills and create digital skill training.

AIM/BACKGROUND: Specialty education in our country follows core curricula within the ‘Regulation on Speciality Education in Medicine and Dentistry’. Despite this, differences exist between clinics. Assessing these differences was necessary to standardize education and raise awareness. METHODS: A total of 100 individuals from 87 clinics in Turkey, competent in infectious diseases and clinical microbiology (IDCM), were surveyed using a 52-item online questionnaire. The data from each respondent were compared within their respective centers. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 29.52 years, with a majority being female (71%). The mean number of faculty members per training clinic was 4.45 (range 1-13), and the mean number of residents was 13.19. Although one-third of faculty presence is recommended, this ratio was less than one-third in 40% of clinics. In outpatient clinics, 75% of residents were not accompanied by a lecturer, though a lecturer was accessible (97%). The mean number of computers in resident rooms was 2.82 (range 0-7), with 53% of residents waiting for a computer. About half of the teaching clinics lacked a microbiology laboratory.A significant difference was observed between hospital types regarding faculty members acting as narrators (63%), more pronounced in university and research hospitals (Table 1). The most common procedure was lumbar puncture (100%), and the least common was joint fluid sampling (7%). Annual or semi-annual assessments occurred in 90% of clinics. CONCLUSIONS: Discrepancies exist between clinics' facilities and the IDCM curriculum. Standardizing education requires adequate facilities and enough qualified staff.

Background . Pediatric diarrhea remains a public health concern. This study explored caretaker’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the causes, treatments, and risks of diarrhea among under-fives in Korogwe and Handeni districts, north-eastern Tanzania. Methods . We conducted a qualitative, cross-sectional study. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, and they were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results . Most participants had good knowledge about the risks of diarrhea among under-fives. However, most participants had poor knowledge of the causes and treatments of diarrhea. A significant proportion of participants had negative attitudes and poor practices about the treatment of diarrhea. A small percentage of participants possessed positive attitudes and appropriate practices for managing diarrhea. Conclusion . To bridge the knowledge gaps among caretakers and promote positive attitudes and behaviors about the management of diarrheal diseases, health authorities are urged to strengthen health education in the study communities.

Bevezetés: A rövid üvegszál-megerősített kompozit (SFRC) anyagok használatával individualizált gyökércsapot készíthetünk a gyökérkezelt fogak megerősítésére (Bioblock technika). Kutatásunk célja, hogy nanoindentáció segítségével megvizsgáljuk az SFRC keménységét a Bioblock technika alkalmazását követően, különböző megvilágítási módok mellett. Anyag és módszer: 20 gyökérkezelést szimuláló műanyag fogat használtunk kutatásunkhoz (1–4 csoport, n = 5/csoport). Valamennyi fogat SFRC anyag segítségével restauráltuk a gyökércsatornában (1–2 csoportot rétegezve, 3–4 csoportot bulk-fill módon). Az 1. és 3. csoportok esetén az SFRC megvilágítása üvegszálas csapon keresztül, míg a 2. és 4. csoportokban egy módosított fényforrással történt. A minták beágyazását és szekcionálását követően megmértük a kompozit anyagok keménységét, 2 mm-es távolságonként a gyökércsatornában (1., 2., 3. réteg, apiko-koronális irányba). Eredmények: Az 1. és 2. réteg esetén az üvegszálas csapon keresztüli világítás (3. csoport) szignifikánsan nagyobb keménységet eredményezett a módosított fényvezetőn keresztüli megvilágításhoz (4 csoport) képest bulk-fill applikáció esetén. Konklúzió: Az üvegszálas csapon keresztüli megvilágítás kiemelkedő keménységet biztosít az SFRC restauratív anyagnak az anyag bulk-fill applikálása esetén.

IntroductionOne of the greatest challenges of our time is antimicrobial resistance, which could become the leading cause of death globally within a few decades. In the context of One Health, it is in the common interest to mitigate the global spread of antimicrobial resistance by seeking alternative solutions, alongside appropriate drug selection and responsible use. Probiotics offer a potential avenue to reduce antibiotic usage; however, there is a scarcity of research that examines commercial products in terms of carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) involved in resistance development through microbial vectors.MethodsOur study investigated 10 commercially available probiotic products for cats and dogs. Initially, we conducted phenotypic testing through determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for antibiotics important in animal and public health. Subsequently, we performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the products to elucidate the genetic background behind the decrease in phenotypic sensitivity.ResultsIn total, 19 types of ARGs were identified, with 57.9% being found on plasmids, and in two cases, carriage as mobile genetic elements were found. One of the genes identified was the APH(3′)-Ia gene, capable of inactivating aminoglycoside antibiotics through phosphotransferase enzyme production regulation, while the other was the tetS gene, capable of conferring reduced sensitivity to tetracycline antibiotics through target protection.DiscussionOur findings underscore the importance of approaching antimicrobial resistance investigations from a broader perspective. We suggest that further studies in this area are justified and raise questions regarding the need to extend legally required studies on probiotic products from their use in economic livestock to their use in companion animals.

Summary: To gain insight into how an adjuvant impacts vaccination responses, we use systems immunology to study human H5N1 influenza vaccination with or without the adjuvant AS03, longitudinally assessing 14 time points including multiple time points within the first day after prime and boost. We develop an unsupervised computational framework to discover high-dimensional response patterns, which uncover adjuvant- and immunogenicity-associated early response dynamics, including some that differ post prime versus boost. With or without adjuvant, some vaccine-induced transcriptional patterns persist to at least 100 days after initial vaccination. Single-cell profiling of surface proteins, transcriptomes, and chromatin accessibility implicates transcription factors in the erythroblast-transformation-specific (ETS) family as shaping these long-lasting signatures, primarily in classical monocytes but also in CD8+ naive-like T cells. These cell-type-specific signatures are elevated at baseline in high-antibody responders in an independent vaccination cohort, suggesting that antigen-agnostic baseline immune states can be modulated by vaccine antigens alone to enhance future responses.

BackgroundProstate cancer is the most common cancer in men and represents a major public health problem. The current method for the diagnosis or screening of prostate cancer is invasive and costly. There have been renewed and innovative studies searching for urinary biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of prostate cancer, especially with technologies based on urinary exosomes. However, technologies based on urine exosomes usually need expensive machines such as an ultracentrifuge and they are difficult to standardize, which hinder their application in clinical laboratories. We have optimized and standardized the isolation of urinary exosomes with the precipitation method. We have found that urinary exosomal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can be quantified by automatic Elecsys total PSA technique. ObjectiveIn this study, our objective is to utilize urinary exosomes from prostate cancer for the development of a test to aid in its diagnosis. MethodsExosomes from the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was used to set up the technique. To analyze urine samples from patients, the methods include the collection of first-void urine using the Colli-Pee device, the isolation of urine exosomes using the optimized precipitation method, and the quantification of exosomal PSA by Elecsys total PSA. ResultsThis will be a 2-year study. We will start including patients and controls in the last quarter of 2024. We expect the results to be published in the second quarter of 2027. ConclusionsThis is the first study to quantify urinary exosomal PSA using the Elecsys total PSA technique for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. This study emphasizes techniques that are suitable for implementation in clinical laboratories, which will facilitate the application of urinary exosomes to simplify and improve the diagnosis and screening of prostate cancer. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/63551

Goal: This study aims to examine the relationship between technological innovation and the performance of manufacturing firms operating in Ethiopian industrial parks through the mediating effect of competitive advantage. Design/Methodology/Approach: A mixed research-methods approach and an explanatory research design were applied to explore the relationship between the variables of the study. By using the non-probability sampling technique, the researchers collected data from 382 top and middle managers and purified it through Confirmatory Factor Analysis. To examine the effect of technological innovation and test the hypothesis, this study employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Result: The findings supported that technological innovation positively and significantly influences firms’ performance (b = 0.483, p

Summary: Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer progresses very slowly, even in animal models, making it difficult to study. Here, we present a protocol to establish an accelerated murine model for Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer. We describe steps for infecting mice with Helicobacter felis, harvesting gastric tissue, assessing disease severity by histopathologic scoring, and performing gene expression studies with RT-qPCR and RNA sequencing. The accelerated model shows rapid progression of the disease, with gastric precancerous lesions developing within 6 months post-infection with Helicobacter.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Bali et al.1 : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.

Even though Ethiopia recently adopted industrial park development as a policy instrument for fostering economic transformation, the effects of value chain management practices on firm performance has not been well researched. Thus, the study examined the effect of value chain management practices on the performance of manufacturing firms operating in Ethiopian industrial parks by using an explanatory research design. Employees of the industrial parks were considered as the target population and to select suitable respondents, a non-probability sampling technique was employed. The sample size was determined to be 382, which comprised of senior and middle managers. The study purified and validated scales for data collection by using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and to test the hypothesis, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used. The result of the study revealed that outbound logistics and marketing capabilities, statistically positively and significantly, affected financial and marketing performances. However, both inbound logistics and operations management capabilities did not significantly affect financial and marketing performance. Enhancing backward and forward linkage along the value chain and improving the efficiency of value chain management practices are paramount strategies. From the empirical evidence, the result of this study adds value to the existing knowledge of value chain management in industrial park contexts. Further, the paper significantly contributes to the field of industrial parks economic sustainability, in which the findings and suggestions can provide scientific knowledge to managers, practitioners, stakeholders, and policymakers.

In general, innovation is considered a success element behind growth and competitiveness of manufacturing firms. This study investigated the impact of product and process innovation capability practices on competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises in Ethiopia. It also intended to test whether competitive advantage mediated the relationship between product innovation and competitiveness as well as process innovation and competitiveness. Quantitative research approach was used to collect questionnaire based data from 300 randomly selected manufacturing firms in Ethiopia; out of these, 270 were correctly completed and returned. Structural equation modeling with AMOS v23 was used for data analysis. Measurement model’s validation was done using confirmatory factor analysis in which all of the variables were assessed for convergent, composite and discriminant validity tests. The findings indicated that both product and process innovations had a significant direct effect on manufacturing firm’s competitiveness of manufacturing firms in Ethiopia. Moreover, both product and process innovations had a significant indirect effect on competitiveness through competitive advantage as the mediating variable. Competitive advantage as a mediating variable had a significant mediating role between product innovation and competitiveness, and between process innovation and competitiveness. These findings have substantial implications for manufacturing firms in Ethiopia to gear their energies towards improvement of products offered to market as well as those processes intended to produce quality products which outshines the internal and external competitions in the market. Hence, Ethiopian businesses are recommended to invest more in product and process innovations to build competitive advantage and competitiveness.

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Many studies have identified delayed presentation, late-stage diagnosis, and inadequate treatment as the major challenges associated with poor breast cancer outcome. The number of deaths due to breast cancer is projected to increase in Nigeria. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate knowledge and associated risk factors of breast cancer among females in Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria using standard methods with three hundred participants. Of the 300 participants, the majority (51.7%) have never undergone breast cancer screening like a self-breast examination, mammography, or clinical breast examination. This is a serious public health concern. The most perceived barrier to seeking timely screening for breast cancer was the lack of awareness (28%), followed by financial limitations (24.1%), fear of stigma (17.6%), lack of healthcare facilities (17.1%), and cultural beliefs (13.2%). There is a poor knowledge of breast cancer among the study participants. We advocated for breast cancer awareness campaigns and accessible screening services.

Background: Distal forearm fracture is the most common fracture encountered in daily life. Patients with this type of injury suffer from meaningful pain after Emergency Department discharge. Various studies reported that short-arm, below-the-elbow casts perform as well as long-arm, above-the-elbow casts for maintaining a reduction of distal forearm fractures demonstrated with a comparable risk of complication. Consequently, short casts are the commonly used method of immobilization however, short casts carry a potential disadvantage. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the next-generation FlexiOH® (Short Arm Immobilizer). Settings and Design: This is a prospective, multicentre, and open-label clinical trial conducted in 5 different sites in India by recruiting a total of 137 subjects who were presented with distal forearm fractures. Materials and M ethods: Vital signs, concomitant medication taken by subjects during the study, X-ray results, and adverse events caused during all three visits were evaluated. Results: Overall patients showed normal vital signs, minimal adverse events, and relatively less concomitant medication consumption during the study period and at the end of the study, 100% healing was noted among all the study participants in the X-ray investigation. This clearly demonstrates the benefits over the conventional methods. Conclusion: For uncomplicated care of fractures and sports injuries of the limbs, FlexiOH® (Short Arm Immobilizer) technology offers more than just reliable immobilization and has advantages over contemporary plaster and cast bandages. This product is the most advanced orthopaedic immobilization technology and has the potential to be used and adopted worldwide. Keywords: FlexiOH®, Distal radius fractures, Short arm immobilizer, Adverse events

In the growing halal industry, there are differences of opinion among researchers about the effect of Islamic attributes on consumer satisfaction. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the effect of Islamic attributes on consumer satisfaction. The Prisma flow diagram indicated 23 papers and consists of 59 studies to analyze with JASP Software. The study identifies significant authors, dominant publishers, methodology, and theories commonly employed in this topic. The result proves that catering to Muslim needs through Islamic attributes can significantly enhance consumer satisfaction and th e presence of other variables as moderators will strengthen tourist satisfaction.

Policy design studies typically focus on broad policy goals and the types of tools that governments use to realize them. There is however limited scholarly understanding of how these goals and tools are operationalized “on-the-ground.” In this paper, we apply Capano and Howlett’s 2024 Framework on the Micro-Dimensions of Policy Design to understand how universal health coverage goals in the United States, Singapore, and Thailand are operationalized. The framework unpacks the “nuts and bolts” of policy design particularly the specification of policy targets and tools. A comparative analysis of three programs (Obamacare in the US, Medisave in Singapore, and Universal Coverage Scheme in Thailand) demonstrates how similar high-level policy goals are pursued through different tools and settings. Studying these micro dimensions provides insights into the actual operational ways in which high-level objectives are translated into impacts at the ground level. From an applied point of view, a comparative focus on the dimensions of the micro level of policy design is useful for generating evidence and informing health policy debates about what works or does not work on-the-ground.

Background: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare malignancy characterized by a malignant proliferation of cells in the reticuloendothelial system, mainly lymph node, and the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells with a relatively good prognosis compared to other pediatric malignancies. This study aimed to produce epidemiologic and clinical data on HL for Albania, aiming for a better understanding of the disease presentation to diagnose it at an earlier stage with the result of a better outcome. Methods and Results: This single-center, retrospective study performed in the Mother Theresa University Hospital Center (Tirana, Albania) analyzed epidemiological and clinical data of pediatric patients under 14 years of age diagnosed with HL during a 10-year study period from 2012 to 2022. During the last 10 years, 25 children (ages 0-14) were diagnosed with HL at UHC "Mother Theresa," Tirana. From the demographic data of our study, most patients (68%) were in the age group of 10-14. The male-to-female ratio was 2.12:1. The first clinical presentation was mainly because of lymphadenopathy in 92% of patients, with the presence of B symptoms in 68%. In most cases, the CBC was not affected, yet 24% of patients had high platelets, and 12% had low RBCs, while WBCs increased in 16% of patients and decreased in 12%. Lymphopenia and monocytosis were found in more than half of cases. Around 68% of patients had high levels of LDH and CRP. ESR and ALP were high in 64% of patients, Ferritin was high in 32%, and fibrinogen level was high in 28%. According to the Ann Arbor system, most of our patients were at stage II (32%), followed closely by stage I (28%) and stage III (24%), and only 16% were at stage IV upon presentation. The most common histopathologic type was nodular sclerosis classical HL, presented in 44% of cases. Conclusion: HL is a relatively frequent pediatric malignancy in young adults, affecting mainly males, and is diagnosed at a relatively early stage in our country.