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Single-Event Multilevel Surgery (SEMLS) is the standard for surgical correction of secondary orthopedic deformities in cerebral palsy (CP). SEMLS include simultaneous correction of soft tissue contractures, bone deformities, incomplete and complete joint dislocation to improve the gait and functional activity of patients with CP. The surgery volume determines the need for planned and long-term postoperative rehabilitation, however, there are no confirmed guidelines, neither Russian, nor foreign, on the patient’s management during postoperative period. This review provides an analysis of rehabilitation approaches after SEMLS at CP, offers recommendations on preparation and step-by-step postoperative restoration of motor function, and prevention of any associated complications.

The increase in industrialization has led to an exponential increase in heavy metal (HM) soil contamination, which poses a serious threat to public health and ecosystem stability. This review emphasizes the urgent need to develop innovative technologies for the environmental remediation of intensive anthropogenic pollution. Phytoremediation is a sustainable and cost-effective approach for the detoxification of contaminated soils using various plant species. This review discusses in detail the basic principles of phytoremediation and emphasizes its ecological advantages over other methods for cleaning contaminated areas and its technical viability. Much attention has been given to the selection of hyperaccumulator plants for phytoremediation that can grow on heavy metal-contaminated soils, and the biochemical mechanisms that allow these plants to isolate, detoxify, and accumulate heavy metals are discussed in detail. The novelty of our study lies in reviewing the mechanisms of plant–microorganism interactions that greatly enhance the efficiency of phytoremediation as well as in discussing genetic modifications that could revolutionize the cleanup of contaminated soils. Moreover, this manuscript discusses potential applications of phytoremediation beyond soil detoxification, including its role in bioenergy production and biodiversity restoration in degraded habitats. This review concludes by listing the serious problems that result from anthropogenic environmental pollution that future generations still need to overcome and suggests promising research directions in which the integration of nano- and biotechnology will play an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of phytoremediation. These contributions are critical for environmental scientists, policy makers, and practitioners seeking to utilize phytoremediation to maintain the ecological stability of the environment and its restoration.

Congenital aniridia manifests with total or partial absence of the iris. The association of the disease with the PAX6 gene has been proven. Changes in the PAX6 structure lead to intrauterine pathology, visual organ malformation, malformation of master regulator proteins of organogenesis affecting various cells’ differentiation (central nervous system cells included). Such disorders result into the development of PAX6-associated syndromes with various brain malformations, neurological disorders, and systemic pathology (thyroid pathology, Wilms tumor, glucose intolerance). Isolated congenital aniridia is also accompanied by psychoneurological disorders. It can be associated with brain structures’ disorders during embryogenesis and with impact of external stress factors on the child (frequent medical checkup, surgical treatments). The psychoneurological disorders’ pathogenesis as well as congenital aniridia’s genetic mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, it is crucial to review new relevant data within the context of previously obtained information to gather full picture of the clinical signs of the disease and to improve the management of children with congenital aniridia.

In this study, the various amounts of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVPr) were added to the cement paste, and some parameters - flowing, initial and final setting points, water absorption, compressive strength, and flexural strength were determined. The concrete containing 0.8% PVPr exhibited high water absorption, specifically, at 14 and 28 days, increased from 15.65% to 20.71% and from 16.74% to 21.67%, respectively. The final setting time increased from 238 min to 261 min. It was determined that the compressive strength of the cement mortar increased from 54.8 MPa to 58.5 MPa when the PVPr content was 0.8–1.0%. The flexural strength also improved due to the presence of PVPr, increasing from 11.58 MPa to 14.27 MPa. According to the FTIR characterization, the PVPr macromolecule interacts with Ca2+ and Al3+ ions. TGA analysis reveals that the chemical interaction of PVPr with calcium and aluminum ions limits its mass loss up to 4–5% until 400 °C.

Background Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI‐CS) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices increase systemic blood pressure and end organ perfusion while reducing cardiac filling pressures. Methods and Results The National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative (NCT03677180) is a single‐arm, multicenter study. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing early MCS with Impella in patients presenting with AMI‐CS. The primary end point was in‐hospital mortality. A total of 406 patients were enrolled at 80 sites between 2016 and 2020. Average age was 64±12 years, 24% were female, 17% had a witnessed out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest, 27% had in‐hospital cardiac arrest, and 9% were under active cardiopulmonary resuscitation during MCS implantation. Patients presented with a mean systolic blood pressure of 77.2±19.2 mm Hg, 85% of patients were on vasopressors or inotropes, mean lactate was 4.8±3.9 mmol/L and cardiac power output was 0.67±0.29 watts. At 24 hours, mean systolic blood pressure improved to 103.9±17.8 mm Hg, lactate to 2.7±2.8 mmol/L, and cardiac power output to 1.0±1.3 watts. Procedural survival, survival to discharge, survival to 30 days, and survival to 1 year were 99%, 71%, 68%, and 53%, respectively. Conclusions Early use of MCS in AMI‐CS is feasible across varying health care settings and resulted in improvements to early hemodynamics and perfusion. Survival rates to hospital discharge were high. Given the encouraging results from our analysis, randomized clinical trials are warranted to assess the role of utilizing early MCS, using a standardized, multidisciplinary approach.

Khista Rahman,1 Gowhar Ali,1,2 Rasool Khan,3 Imad Khan,3 Izaz Ali,1 Osama F Mosa,4,5 Alshebli Ahmed,4,6 Muhammad Ayaz,7 Asif Nawaz,7 HC Ananda Murthy8 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; 2The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; 3Institute of Chemistry Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; 4Public Health Department,Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 5Biochemistry Department Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan; 6University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and environmental Health, Khartoum, Sudan; 7Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KP, Pakistan; 8Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Gowhar Ali; HC Ananda Murthy, Email gowhar_ali@uop.edu.pk; anandkps350@gmail.comPurpose: Gastric ulcer induced by NSAIDs is the major medical concern and researchers are utilizing several approaches to combat this medical issue. In the current study, we investigated the efficacy of thiadiazinethione derivative (2,2’(2-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinane-3,5-diyl) diacetic acid, as new less ulcerogenic compound.Methods: 2,2’(2-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinane-3,5-diyl) diacetic acid was evaluated using standard animal models including hot plate, writhing test and formalin induced nociceptive models. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via carrageenan-induced paw oedema model. Involvement of opioidergic nociceptive mechanism was confirmed via naloxone administration in hot plat assay. The gastro-ulcerogenic potential of test and standard compounds were evaluated via NSAID-induced pyloric ligation model followed by standard histopathological and biochemical analysis.Results: In acetic acid-induced writhing test, our compound significantly reduced abdominal constrictions at the tested doses of 15 (p < 0.05), 30 (p < 0.01) and 45 mg kg− 1 (p < 0.001) as compared to control (p < 0.001). In hot plate test, after 30 min of administration, our test compound showed significant anti-nociceptive potential (p < 0.05 at 15 and 30 mg kg− 1 and p < 0.01 at 45 mg kg− 1) and tramadol (p ˂ 0.001) at 30 mg kg− 1 dose. After 60 min tramadol (30 kg− 1) and test sample (30, 45 mg kg− 1) exhibited significant anti-nociceptive activity p < 0.001. In Formalin-induced nociceptive response, a significant decline (p ˂ 0.001) was observed for aspirin and test compound during acute and chronic phases. Decline in the anti-nociceptive potential of tramadol and test sample via administration of naloxone indicate the involvement of opioidergic mechanism. Our compound exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in second phase of carrageenan induced paw oedema model. Histological and biochemical parameters exhibited less ulcerogenic potential as compared to aspirin.Conclusion: Our findings suggests that our test compound has desirable anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials with less propensity to cause gastric ulcer.Keywords: NSAIDs, nociception, inflammation, gastric ulcer, hot plate

Sajjad Ahmad,1 Mater H Mahnashi,2 Bandar A Alyami,2 Yahya S Alqahtani,2 Farhat Ullah,1 Muhammad Ayaz,1 Muhammad Tariq,3 Abdul Sadiq,1 Umer Rashid4 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; 3Department PCB, Rokhan University, Jalalabad, Nangrahar, Afghanistan; 4Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, PakistanCorrespondence: Abdul SadiqDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000 Dir (L), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanTel +92 301 2297 102Email sadiquom@yahoo.comUmer RashidDepartment of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, PakistanTel +92-334 5171999Email umerrashid@cuiatd.edu.pkBackground: Organocatalytic asymmetric Michael addition is a strong approach for C-C bond formation. The objective of the study is to design molecules by exploiting the efficiency of Michael Adducts. We proceeded with the synthesis of Michael adducts by tailoring the substitution pattern on maleimide and trans-β-nitro styrene as Michael acceptors. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for dual cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition.Methods: The compounds (4, 9– 11) were synthesized through Michael additions. The cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and 2) and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) assays were used for in vitro evaluations of compounds. After the acute toxicity studies, the in vivo analgesic potential was determined with acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion, and formalin tests. Furthermore, the possible roles of adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors were also studied. Extensive computational studies were performed to get a better understanding regarding the binding of this compound with protein target.Results: Four Michael adducts (4, 9– 11) were synthesized. Compound 4 was obtained in enantio- and diastereopure form. The stereopure compound 4 showed encouraging COX-1 and-2 inhibitions with IC50 values of 128 and 65 μM with SI of 1.94. Benzyl derivative 11 showed excellent COX-2 inhibition with the IC50 value of 5.79 μM and SI value 7.96. Compounds 4 and 11 showed good results in in vivo models of analgesia like acetic acid test, tail immersion, and formalin tests. Our compounds were not active in dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways and so were acting centrally. Through extensive computational studies, we computed binding energies, and pharmacokinetic predictions.Conclusion: Our findings conclude that our synthesized Michael products (pyrrolidinedione 4 and nitroalkane 11) can be potent centrally acting analgesics. Our in silico predictions suggested that the compounds have excellent pharmacokinetic properties. It is concluded here that dual inhibition of COX/LOX pathways provides a convincing step towards the discovery of safe lead analgesic molecules.Keywords: Michael products, succinimides, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, analgesic, molecular docking, adrenergic and dopaminergic

Ashfaq Ahmad,1,2 Farhat Ullah,2 Abdul Sadiq,2 Muhammad Ayaz,2 Muhammad Saeed Jan,2 Muhammad Shahid,2 Abdul Wadood,3 Fawad Mahmood,2 Umer Rashid,4 Riaz Ullah,5 Muhammad Umar Khayam Sahibzada,1 Ali S Alqahtani,5 Hafiz Majid Mahmood6 1Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science & Technology, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, KP, Pakistan; 3Department of Biochemistry, UCS, Shankar Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; 4Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; 5Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center (MAPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Abdul SadiqDepartment of Pharmacy,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, KP, PakistanTel +92 301-2297-102Email sadiquom@yahoo.comAshfaq AhmadDepartment of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Information Technology, Peshawar, PakistanEmail ashfaqpharma123@gmail.comIntroduction: The current study was designed to synthesize derivatives of succinimide and compare their biological potency in anticholinesterase, alpha-glucosidase inhibition, and antioxidant assays.Methods: In this research, two succinimide derivatives including (S)-1-(2,5-dioxo-1-phenylpyrrolidin-3-yl) cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (Compound 1) and (R)-2-((S)-2,5-dioxo-1-phenylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-2-phenylpropanal (Compound 2) were synthesized using Michael addition. Both the compounds, ie, 1 and 2 were evaluated for in-vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylctcholinesterase (BChE), antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) to explore the binding mode of both the compounds against different enzymes. Lineweaver–Burk plots of enzyme inhibitions representing the reciprocal of initial enzyme velocity versus the reciprocal of substrate concentration in the presence of synthesized compounds and standard drugs were constructed using Michaelis–Menten kinetics.Results: In AChE inhibitory assay, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited IC50 of 343.45 and 422.98 μM, respectively, against AChE enzyme. Similarly, both the compounds showed IC50 of 276.86 and 357.91 μM, respectively, against BChE enzyme. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed IC50 of 157.71 and 471.79 μM against α-glucosidase enzyme, respectively. In a similar pattern, compound 1 exhibited to be more potent as compared to compound 2 in all the three antioxidant assays. Compound 1 exhibited IC50 values of 297.98, 332.94, and 825.92 μM against DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 free radicals, respectively. Molecular docking showed a triple fold in the AChE and BChE activity for compound 1 compared with compound 2. The compound 1 revealed good interaction against both the AChE and BChE enzymes which revealed the high potency of this compound compared to compound 2.Conclusion: Both succinimide derivatives exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against cholinesterases and α-glucosidase enzymes. Of these two, compound 1 revealed to be more potent against all the in-vitro targets which was supported by molecular docking with the lowest binding energies. Moreover, compound 1 also proved to have antiradical properties.Keywords: succinimides, Alzheimer’s disease, cholinesterase, antioxidant, glucosidase, molecular docking

Sajid Hussain,1,2 Farhat Ullah,1 Muhammad Ayaz,1 Syed Adnan Ali Shah,3 Azhar-ul-Haq Ali Shah,4 Syed Majid Shah,1,2 Abdul Wadood,5 Waqar Aman,2 Riaz Ullah,6 Abdelaaty A Shahat,6,7 Fahd A Nasr6 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Malakand, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan; 3Research Institute of Natural Products for Drug Discovery (RiND), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia; 4Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan; 5Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; 6Department of Pharmacognosy (Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; 7Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, EgyptCorrespondence: Sajid Hussain; Farhat UllahDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Dir (L), Chakdara 18000, KPK, PakistanTel +92 3339178183; +92 3339361513Email hussain77pk2003@yahoo.com; farhataziz80@hotmail.comBackground: Cancer is one of the chronic health conditions worldwide. Various therapeutically active compounds from medicinal plants were the current focus of this research in order to uncover a treatment regimen for cancer. Anchusa arvensis (A. anchusa) (L.) M.Bieb. contains many biologically active compounds.Methods: In the current study, new ester 3-hydroxyoctyl -5- trans-docosenoate (compound-1) was isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of A. anchusa using column chromatography. Using MTT assay, the anticancer effect of the compound was determined in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG-2) compared with normal epithelial cell line (Vero). DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were performed to assess the antioxidant potential. The Molecular Operating Environment (MOE-2016) tool was used against tyrosine kinase.Results: The structure of the compound was elucidated based on IR, EI, and NMR spectroscopy technique. It exhibited a considerable cytotoxic effect against HepG-2 cell lines with IC50 value of 6.50 ± 0.70 μg/mL in comparison to positive control (doxorubicin) which showed IC50 value of 1.3±0.21 μg/mL. The compound did not show a cytotoxic effect against normal epithelial cell line (Vero). The compound also exhibited significant DPHH scavenging ability with IC50 value of 12 ± 0.80 μg/mL, whereas ascorbic acid, used as positive control, demonstrated activity with IC50 = 05 ± 0.15 μg/mL. Similarly, it showed ABTS radical scavenging ability (IC50 = 130 ± 0.20 μg/mL) compared with the value obtained for ascorbic acid (06 ± 0.85 μg/mL). In docking studies using MOE-2016 tool, it was observed that compound-1 was highly bound to tyrosine kinase by having two hydrogen bonds at the hinge region. This good bonding network by the compound might be one of the reasons for showing significant activity against this enzyme.Conclusion: Our findings led to the isolation of a new compound from A. anchusa which has significant cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 cell lines with marked antioxidant potential.Keywords: cancer, Anchusa arvensis, 3-hydroxyoctyl-5, trans-docosenoate, cytotoxicity against HepG-2 cell lines, antioxidant

Ashfaq Ahmad,1 Farhat Ullah,1 Abdul Sadiq,1 Muhammad Ayaz,1 Haroon Rahim,2 Umer Rashid,3 Sajjad Ahmad,1 Muhammad Saeed Jan,1 Riaz Ullah,4 Abdelaat A Shahat,4,5 Hafiz Majid Mahmood6 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), KP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 18000, Pakistan; 2Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar, KP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Pakistan; 3Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, KP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Pakistan; 4Department of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 5Phytochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt; 6Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Haroon Rahim; Abdul SadiqDepartment of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Chakdara 18800, PakistanTel +92-3329461642; +92-301-2297102Email hrahimpk@gmail.com, sadiquom@yahoo.comPurpose: The current work was designed to synthesize a bioactive derivative of succinimide and evaluate it for anti-Alzheimer, anticancer and anti-diabetic potentials.Methods: The compound was synthesized by Michael addition of butyraldehyde with N-phenylmaleimide. The synthesized compound was screened for biological potentials including anti-cholinesterase, in-vitro anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anthelmintic potentials. The anti-cholinesterase potential was evaluated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), anti-diabetic potential against α-glucosidase, antioxidant potential against ABTS, DPPH and H2O2 and anthelmintic potential against Perethima posthuma and Ascaridia galli respectively.Results: The compound demonstrated significant AChE and BChE inhibition i.e., 71.34±1.92 and 73.42 ±1.92 at the concentration of 1000 μg/mL respectively. Other dilutions exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against both enzymes. In the MTT assay, the newly synthesized compound was found active against all of the cell lines viz, HCT-116, MDA-MB231, NIH/3T3 and MCF-7 and the highest cytotoxicity potential was observed against the colon cancer cell line (HCT-116) with an IC50 value of 78 μg/mL exhibiting its highest potential. Moreover, the compound exhibited prominent α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials (79.86±2.54% at 1000 μg/mL) with IC50 value of 156.23 μg/mL. Further, our test compound exhibited considerable scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS and H2O2 free radicals with percent inhibitions of 75.84±1.58, 72.85±1.17 and 54.82±1.82 and IC50 values of 84.36, 139.74 and 752.21 μg/mL respectively. Our test sample exhibited significant anthelmintic potentials. It demonstrated significant paralysis and death of the test worms in an unbelievably short time in comparison with albendazole.Conclusion: Going into the detail of all observations, it may be deduced that the newly synthesized succinimide derivative could be an important drug candidate against neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus and worms. Further detailed studies in animal models are required for in-vivo analysis of the compound.Keywords: Succinimide, Alzheimer’s disease, MTT, oxidative stress, diabetes, helminthiasis

Autosomal recessive peripheral neuropathy with neuromyotonia (ARAN-NM) is a relatively newly described disease associated with mutations in the HINT1 gene. It accounts for a significant part of the poorly differentiated forms of axonal polyneuropathies. We present the first in Russia description of the genetically confirmed case of ARAN-NM in a boy aged 14 years and 11 months without the hereditary-tainted anamnesis. On presentation, the patient experienced progressive distal muscular weakness, asymmetric foot deformity, gait disorders and minimal manifestations of neuromyotonia (stiffness in the fingers). During examination, we detected an increase in the level of creatine phosphokinase up to 635 U/l, a disturbance of conduction of motor and, to a lesser extent, sensory fibers of the peripheral nerves (according to the stimulation electromyography, EMG), denervation-reinnervation changes, single positive acute waves, fibrillation potentials, complex repeated discharge (according to the data of needle EMG). In the study of exome, a homozygous mutation c.110G>C, p.R37P was determined in exon 01 of the HINT1 gene, which confirmed the presence of ARAN-NM. A molecular-genetic examination of the patient's immediate relatives was carried out. The described case is compared with literature data. An overview of currently available information on ARAN-NM is provided. Diagnostic criteria of the disease are presented.

The botulinum therapy remains the most effective and safe method for reducing local spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). However, the list of indications for injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) in cerebral palsy is limited both in terms of target muscles and the treatment initiation age. In this regard, doctors are guided by the data of clinical studies, reviews and consensuses of experts, which are advisory in nature. One of the most urgent issues in the modern CP botulinum therapy is the evaluation of risks andbenefits of initiating injections at an early age (up to 2 years) in order to prevent orthopedic complications and stimulate the optimal motor development of a child. The review analyzes the history of the development of modern approaches to the use of botulinum therapy in cerebral palsy and the tactics of selecting target muscles and doses for multilevel injections. The authors focus on the latest international data on the feasibility and safety of reducing the admissible initiation age for botulinum therapy in cerebral palsy. The results from the studies of the effect of the early initiation of BTA injections on motor development, formation of secondary orthopedic complications in children under 2 years of age, and morphological changes in the neuromotor apparatus in animal experiments are presented. The concept of «key muscles» is considered in detail as one of the possible reference points in the planning of safe andeffective early injections.

In the present investigation, the effects of processing parameters, such as roughing, finishing and coiling temperatures, on the strain hardening exponent and yield strength of a Nb-microalloyed steel has been studied by Taguchi method. In order to achieve maximum n-value and yield strength, tests were done in a laboratorial pilot considering a L16 orthogonal array of Taguchi method under following condition: roughing temperature of 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150 °C, finishing temperature of 800, 850, 900, 950 °C, coiling temperature of 550, 600, 650, 700 °C. Then, analysis of variance and signal to noise ratios are performed on the measured data. The results indicated that the finishing and coiling temperatures were the major factor affecting the mechanical properties. The confirmation tests at optimal conditions approve the effectiveness of this robust design methodology in investigating the hot rolling process of the microalloyed steels.

This study introduces an environmentally sustainable approach for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (DHPMs), via the Biginelli reaction. A heterogeneous catalyst, Heteropolyacid-Clay (HPA-Clay), is developed by immobilizing H5PV2W10O40 on Montmorillonite KSF clay. The catalyst exhibits enhanced stability and catalytic efficiency, confirmed through X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Utilizing a one-pot multi-component strategy under solvent-free conditions, various aldehydes, urea or thiourea, and ethylacetoacetate generate DHPMs with excellent yields and reduced reaction times. Catalysed by 2 mol% HPA-Clay, the process aligns with green chemistry principles, emphasizing cost-efficiency, environmental sustainability, and recyclability. The catalyst demonstrates consistent activity over multiple cycles, highlighting its potential for advancing Biginelli reactions.

Food security for the increasing global population is a significant challenge of the current times particularly highlighting the protein deficiencies. Plant-based proteins could be considered as alternate source of the protein. The digestibility and PDCASS value of these proteins are still a concern. Blue proteins, the new approach of utilizing the proteins from aquatic sources could be a possible solution as it contains all the essential amino acids. However, the conjugation of these proteins with fats and glycogen interferes with their techno-functional properties and consequently their applicability. The application of power ultrasound for extraction and modification of these proteins from aquatic sources to break open the cellular structure, increase extractability, alter the protein structure and consequently provide proteins with higher bioavailability and bioactive properties could be a potential approach for their effective utilization into food systems. The current review focuses on the application of power ultrasound when applied as extraction treatment, alters the sulphite and peptide bond and modifies protein to elevated digestibility. The degree of alteration is influenced by intensity, frequency, and exposure time. The extracted proteins will serve as a source of essential amino acids. Furthermore, modification will lead to the development of bioactive peptides with different functional applications. Numerous studies reveal that blue proteins have beneficial impacts on amino acid availability, and subsequently food security with higher PDCAAS values. In many cases, converted peptides give anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and anti-oxidant activity. Therefore, researchers are concentrating on ultrasound-based extraction, modification, and application in food and pharmaceutical systems.

Chitosan is a biopolymer abundantly present in the exoskeletons of crustaceans like shrimp and crabs. Chitosan is derived from chitin by a process called deacetylation, which includes demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation steps. Its many attributes, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial action, have made it extensively useful in food processing sector. Chitosan, due to its different reactive groups (primary -OH, secondary -OH, and -NH2), has been discovered to impede the growth of wide range of fungi and both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This is achieved through electrostatic interactions with the cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasmic components of the microorganisms. Papaya is a significant tropical fruit belonging to the genus Carica. Post-harvest losses in papaya are high, owing to factors such as physical damage, microbial proliferation, and moisture depletion. Utilizing chitosan coating, either alone or in combination with other preservative components, has been discovered to effectively mitigate these variables, resulting in decreased post-harvest losses and enhanced papaya shelflife. The review analyzes the impact of chitosan coating on the antibacterial characteristics, quality preservation, and decrease of post-harvest losses in papaya. Applying a chitosan coating on papaya has great potential in enhancing the sustainability of papaya production and supply.

Biomarkers are specific indicators that can be used to authenticate vegetable oils by reflecting unique characteristics such as variety or geographical origin. Biomarkers can originate from the primary components of the vegetable oil itself or from contaminants and trace substances linked to processing methods or adulterants. The review highlights the key findings in the identification of novel biomarkers for vegetable oil authentication. Various analytical techniques have proven effective in distinguishing unique biomarkers associated with specific vegetable oil varieties or geographical origins. The use of biomarkers of vegetable oils and associated contaminants or trace substances offers a comprehensive approach to authentication. However, the identification of novel biomarkers holds immense potential for enhancing food safety, preventing fraud, and safeguarding consumer health in the vegetable oil industry. The ongoing research and advancements in biomarker identification represent a promising avenue for addressing authenticity concerns in vegetable oils.

The study focused on utilizing lemon grass straw to generate cellulose through the process of delignification, which involves the removal of hemicelluloses, followed by bleaching. The study involves the microwave-assisted alkali extraction, followed by characterizing the extracted material. At microwave power of 540 W using 8 % NaOH for 3 min for lignin removal and 540 W for 2 min for bleaching showed the maximum yield of 37.46 %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is employed to analyze the physical properties of extracted cellulose, namely the hydroxyl (OH), carbonyl (C=O), C–H bonds, C–O and C–C bonds, and glycosidic linkage (C–O–C) within the cellulose polymer chain. The extracted cellulose exhibited excellent thermal stability, as indicated by its high breakdown temperature. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed prominent peaks at 14.8°, 16.5°, and 22.5°, demonstrating the presence of crystalline cellulose. The crystallinity index value of 70.02 % further confirmed the crystalline nature of the extracted cellulose.

Background: Moringa oleifera is one of the most nutrient-packed species, commonly known as the drumstick tree or miracle tree, and has garnered substantial popularity for its health benefits, phytochemical profile, and therapeutic potential. Moringa oleifera is a plant that is native to the Indian subcontinent and has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years owing to its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Methods: The leaves, seeds, pods, roots, and flowers of this plant are enriched with a wide range of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids. Therefore, it is considered a reservoir crop for both nutritional and medicinal applications. Result: The recent rediscovery of the plant is at the forefront of changes in nutrition, medicine, and public health. Owing to its varied clinical applications, the plant is a potential candidate for research in new drug development and functional foods. Conclusions: Potential applications of Moringa compounds in the treatment of chronic diseases include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial (bacterial or fungal), and anticancerous effects. In this review, various phytochemical extraction techniques, therapeutic properties, and applications are discussed.

The migration of chemical compounds from packaging polymers to food presents a multifaceted challenge with implications for food safety and public health. This review explores the interaction between packaging materials and food products, focusing on permeation, migration, and sorption processes. The different migration mechanisms of contact migration, gas phase migration, penetration migration, set-off migration, and condensation/distillation migration have been discussed comprehensively. The major migrating compounds are plasticizers, nanoparticles, antioxidants, light stabilizers, thermal stabilizers, monomers, oligomers, printing inks, and adhesives, posing potential health risks due to their association with endocrine disruption and carcinogenic effects. Advanced analytical methods help in the monitoring of migrated compounds, facilitating compliance with regulatory standards. Regulatory agencies enforce guidelines to limit migration, prompting the development of barrier coatings and safer packaging alternatives. Furthermore, there is a need to decipher the migration mechanism for mitigating it along with advancements in analytical techniques for monitoring the migration of compounds.

After calving, changes occur in the reproductive system of cows, aimed at restoring the ability to reproduce. These processes occur against the background of exhaustion from childbirth, lactation, and a negative energy balance, which often leads to violations of the reproductive function, so the search for methods that contribute to its restoration is urgent. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of the drug with nerotropic-metabolic action as a stimulator of postpartum recovery in cows and improvement of fertility. The drug included L-arginine, sodium succinate, sodium glutamate and carboxylates of food acids (Fe, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn). The study was conducted by the method of groups on cows of the Holstein breed. A control and two experimental groups of 15 heads each were formed. Cows of experimental group 1 were given injections in the subcaudal fold on the 5th, 7th and 9th day after calving, dividing the active substance into 3 parts. Cows of experimental group 2 were administered the drug intraparenterally in the first 1.5-2 hours after calving in a full dose once 21st days after calving, the cows of the experimental groups did not show any deviations in blood biochemical parameters compared to the reference values. But there was a tendency to decrease the amount of calcium, phosphorus, protein and carotene, compared to cows of the control group, which indicates the presence of an influence on metabolic processes. The content of total protein in the blood of cows of experimental group 2 was close to the lower limit of the physiological norm. No placental retention was observed in the cows of the experimental groups, while in the control group this disorder was present in 33% of cows. The introduction of the drug made it possible to reduce the frequency of endometritis by 20%, to shorten the period until the beginning of the first oestrus by 7th and 10th days, to increase fertility after the first insemination by 6 and 13 percentage points, and to shorten the service period by 16th and 22nd days. The second experimental group obtained a higher efficiency of using the drug. It is advisable to use the results of research on dairy farms. Intraparenteral administration of the drug 1.5-2 hours after calving will improve the process of restoring the sexual function of cows and their fertility

In this article, we used a novel semi-analytical approach, named the optimal auxiliary function method (OAFM), to solve integro-differential equations (IDEs). The OAFM includes an auxiliary function and convergence control parameters, which expedite the convergence of the method. To apply the proposed method, some assumptions regarding small or large parameters in the problem are necessary. We present numerical outcomes acquired via the OAFM alongside those obtained from other numerical techniques in tables. Furthermore, we demonstrate the efficacy and ease of implementing the proposed method for various IDEs using 2D graphs.

The metabolic needs of the human body and preventing infections require a diet with sufficient amounts of essential nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the importance of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) dried leaves as a healthy food source by determining the content of macro and trace elements in different habitats and regions. This study was conducted in Sudan and covered three different habitats, wetland (W), plainland (P), and mountain (M), in two regions (Blue Nile and Kordofan). The dry matter (DM) of Baobab leaves was considered for analyzed menials, and the results showed that the mean values were significantly affected by habitats where Baobab trees grew. The highest contents of potassium K (1653 ± 34 mg/100 g) and sodium (Na) 7.67 ± 1.18 mg/100 g were found in the W zone, whereas the highest contents of calcium (Ca) 2903 ± 187 mg/100 g and magnesium (Mg) 529 ± 101 mg/100 g were detected in the M and P zones, respectively. In addition, the two regions showed significant differences in trace and macro elements, i.e., higher levels of iron (Fe) 17.17 ± 2.76 mg/100 g and magnesium (556 ± 55 mg/100 g) were found in the Kordofan region while higher levels of zinc (Zn) 2.548 ± 0.55 mg/100 g and calcium (2689 ± 305 mg/100) were in the Blue Nile region. These varying amounts of elements can be used in our daily diets because of their potentially healthy effects, especially in areas where access to nutrient-rich foods is limited.

Carbon-based nanoparticles known as Carbon Dots (CDs) have attracted a lot of interest in the field of cancer therapy because of their special physicochemical characteristics and biocompatibility. They are attractive carriers for drug delivery systems due to their surface functional ability, superior water solubility, and size-dependent fluorescence. CDs are unique in that they have a large surface area, adjustable surface chemistry, and a remarkable ability to carry anticancer medications. Their lower systemic toxicity, regulated drug release, and capacity to get beyond biological barriers have completely changed the way that drugs are delivered. CDs have a variety of uses in the creation of anti-tumor nanodrug conjugates. CDs have been used in combination therapy, a multimodal strategy for cancer treatment that involves co-delivering various medications for synergistic benefits. The incorporation of CDs into anticancerous has-drug conjugates represents a noteworthy progression in the treatment of cancer medication delivery systems have been revolutionized by their capacity to improve medication stability, target specificity, and controlled release, which holds the promise of more effective and customized treatments. This review article deals with the synthesis of carbon dot-mediated nanodrug conjugate and their roles in cancer therapy.

Phalsa is a tropical and subtropical fruit that is high in nutritional value and is primarily cultivated for its fruit. As, Phalsa fruit contain high number of vitamins (A and C), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and iron), and fibre while being low in calories and fat. The fruit and seed of Phalsa contain 18 amino acids, the majority of which are aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and leucine. Based on in vivo and in vitro studies phalsa plant possess high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic properties. However, antioxidant properties are found in the form of vitamin C, total phenolic, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and tannin. The phalsa plant's fruits and leaves have substantial anticancer action against cancer cell lines. Because of the presence of a broad range of physiologically active chemicals, investigations on phalsa plants revealed that some plant parts have radioprotective qualities. The anti-glycosidase and anti-amylase activity of aqueous fresh fruit extract was shown to be substantial. The phalsa plant contains an abundance of biologically active chemicals, allowing it to control microorganisms through a variety of processes. Phalsa methanolic leaf extract was revealed to have antimalarial and antiemetic effects. The hot and cold polysaccharide fractions extracted from the phalsa plant have potent hepatoprotective and therapeutic properties. Therefore, this review is based on the nutritional, bioactive, phytochemicals, and potential pharmacological uses of phalsa. The potential health benefits and economic potential of the phalsa berry's phytochemicals are promising areas for further study.

The present investigation studied the effect of process parameters on the extraction of phytochemicals from red cabbage by the application of ultrasonication and temperature. The solvent selected for the study was deep eutectic solvent (DES) prepared by choline chloride and citric acid. The ultrasound assisted extraction process was modeled using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithm and integrated with the genetic algorithm for optimization purposes. The independent variables that influenced the responses (total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin activity, and total flavonoid content) were ultrasonication power, temperature, molar ratio of DES, and water content of DES. Each ANFIS model was formed by the training of three Gaussian-type membership functions (MF) for each input, trained by a hybrid algorithm with 500 epochs and linear type MF for output MF. The ANFIS model predicted each response close to the experimental data which is evident by the statistical parameters (R2>0.953 and RMSE

Syzygium aromaticum, commonly called clove, is a culinary spice with medical uses. Clove is utilized in cosmetics, medicine, gastronomy, and agriculture due to its abundance of bioactive components such as gallic acid, flavonoids, eugenol acetate, and eugenol. Clove essential oil has been revealed to have antibacterial, antinociceptive, antibacterial activities, antifungal, and anticancerous qualities. Anti-inflammatory chemicals, including eugenol and flavonoids, are found in clove that help decrease inflammation and alleviate pain. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities of clove oil have made it a popular natural cure for toothaches and gum discomfort. Due to its therapeutic potential, it has been used as a bioactive ingredient in coating fresh fruits and vegetables. This review article outlines the potential food processing applications of clove essential oil. The chemical structures of components, bioactive properties, and medicinal potential of clove essential oil, including phytochemical importance in food, have also been thoroughly addressed.

This study employs artificial neural network (ANN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to maximize antioxidant and antimicrobial activity from green coconut shells. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract obtained from ultrasound-assisted extraction performed at different combinations of time (10, 20, and 30 min), temperature (30, 35, and 40 °C), and the ratio of solid-solvent (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 g/ml). The presence of these bioactive compounds exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Quantitative analysis showed that the total phenolic compounds ranged from 7.08 to 33.46 mg GAE/g, flavonoids ranged from 2.09 to 28.46 mg QE/g, tannins ranged from 70.5 to 141.09 mg TAE/g, and antioxidant activity of 49.98–66.1 %. The FTIR analysis detected the presence of CO, O–H, and C–H bonds. The optimized condition of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was compared with the optimized condition of the microwave. The result of ultrasound-assisted extraction was observed to be better than microwave-assisted extraction.

AbstractThe main purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of performance appraisal system that highlights the role of performance appraisal reactions (i.e. performance appraisal fairness and performance appraisal satisfaction) in the relationship between leader-member exchange and effectiveness of performance appraisal. Fairness of performance appraisal reactions (i.e. distributive and procedural) mediates at step one and satisfaction with performance appraisal reaction mediates at step two, in a serial mediation model. The study was a cross-sectional quantitative study in which survey approach was used for data collection. The data were collected through a survey questionnaire, from 557 teachers, working in school education department of Punjab, Pakistan, using proportionate random sampling technique. The findings of this study showed the significant effect of the quality of the leader member exchange relationship on effectiveness of performance appraisal system. Further, in a serial mediation model, performance appraisal reactions, i.e. fairness of performance appraisal (distributive and procedural), were found as mediators at step one and satisfaction with performance appraisal as mediator at step two in the aforementioned relationship.

The 2022 Ukraine conflict has contributed to a major spike in international commodity prices. In this study, we conduct a top-down, macro-micro simulation analysis by combining Computable General Equilibrium simulations with data from the 2018–19 Pakistan Household Integrated Economic Survey to analyze the impact of global price shock to four major commodities, namely wheat, vegetable oil, petroleum, and fertilizers. We come up with evidence for a significant, non-negligible negative impact of the price shock, both at the aggregate and the household level: Real GDP shrinks and real household consumption and income decrease. The drop in consumption and income is more visible among farm households, with the two falling by 5% and 3.48% respectively. The consumption and income of the above-median income households fall more steeply, and income inequality decreases. The USD3.2 headcount poverty rate at the 2018 purchasing power parity increases by 1.15%. Urban households show the worst decline in food security, both in incidence and intensity. The role of petrol prices in driving poverty among rural farm households and that of food stuff (wheat and vegetable oil prices) in aggravating urban food security is particularly evident. These findings highlight the poverty and food security-worsening dimension of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict.

Berries have been gaining in popularity among consumers and producers due to their natural bioactive compounds that have beneficial effects on human health. This review aimed to identify effective techniques for the extraction of bioactive compounds from berries, consolidate the findings of recent studies using various extraction technologies, and provide a global perspective on the research trends in this field. These extraction techniques include pulsed electric field, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical CO2 extraction. The solid waste generated during the industrial berry juice production process is assumed to be a less expensive source of raw materials for the natural extraction of bioactive compounds. The main aim of modern techniques is to produce more of the desired compound and find a method to extract bioactive compounds from berries without the use of hazardous solvents. These include flavonoids, phenols, anthocyanins, and antioxidants. Regarding the characterization of the bioactive compounds that are isolated from berries, aspects such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance were reviewed.

Aonla, commonly known as Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), is a plant native to India with various therapeutic and dietary benefits. This review covers the taxonomical, morphological, and species-level classifications of aonla fruit, including its flower biology, maturation, harvesting, and yield metrics. It also discusses the nutritional, physico-chemical, and phytochemical characteristics and the total antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and mineral compositions of several aonla fruit cultivars. Additionally, the health benefits of aonla are reviewed, including its analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, ulcerogenic, chemo-protective, neuroprotective, free radical scavenging, hypoglycaemic, and immunogenic properties, which make it beneficial in the treatment and prevention of various illnesses. Further various forms of fruit extract are also considered to be beneficial for the improvement of plant and animal health. Overall, aonla is a valuable fruit with significant potential for use in improving human health.

The current study was conducted to examine the possible advantages of Heydotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. extract nanogel as a perspective for enhanced permeation and extended skin deposition in psoriasis-like dermatitis. Optimised nanophytosomes (NPs) were embedded in a pluronic gel base to obtain nanogel and tested ex vivo (skin penetration and dermatokinetics) and in vivo. The optimised NPs had a spherical form and entrapment efficiency of 73.05 ± 1.45% with a nanosized and zeta potential of 86.11 nm and −10.40 mV, respectively. Structural evaluations confirmed encapsulation of the drug in the NPs. Topical administration of prepared nanogel to a rat model of psoriasis-like dermatitis revealed its specific in vivo anti-psoriatic efficacy in terms of drug activity compared to the control and other formulations. Nanogel had improved skin integrity and downregulation of inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that developed phytoconstituent-based nanogel has the potential to alleviate psoriasis-like dermatitis with better skin retention and effectiveness.

Dissolved arsenic (As) may appear at the tile line level through preferential flow (PF), leading to contamination of shallow water bodies. Limited work on the movement of As forms in field soils urged the need for more research. The PF of arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) compared to chloride (Cl) at constant flow under saturated (10 mm), slightly unsaturated (−10 mm), and unsaturated (−40 mm) pressure heads was evaluated in replicated large field columns varying in subsoil structure. A solute containing As(V), As(III), and Cl was pulsed until the Cl concentration ratio in the drainage samples reached maxima and flushed with solute-free irrigation. HYDRUS-1D software version 4.15 was utilized to fit the breakthroughs of As(V) and As(III) in the dual-porosity physical non-equilibrium model (DP-PNE). The Langmuir equation was used to fit the As(V) and As(III) sorption isotherms, and blue dye staining was used for the marking of flow paths. Dye leaching was observed up to 50 cm or deeper in the soils. Under saturated conditions (+10 mm), Kotli, Guliana, and Mansehra soils showed chemical non-equilibrium (CNE) for As(V) and As(III); however, the extent of CNE was less under unsaturated conditions (−40 mm). These results implied that these well-structured soils had enough large macropores, which cause PF, but at the same time, they were also small enough to retain water and leach solutes under unsaturated conditions (−40 mm). It is concluded that irrigation of contaminated water or dumping solid waste on well-aggregated soil may exhibit PF of dissolved As during and after rains, and additionally As(III), which is more toxic and mobile under reduced conditions, has equal or greater potential for movement.

Land use changes in the Kashmir Himalayas must be mapped and monitored for long-term development and efficient planning. This work uses geospatial technologies such as remote sensing and geographic information system to track changes in land cover trends in four main watersheds in the Kashmir Valley's north-eastern Himalayas from 2003 to 2013. Land cover maps were created using images from the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper. The watershed's land use/land cover (LULC) maps were created using supervised classification utilizing the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC). Over the previous decade, the LULC in the study watersheds has undergone a series of intricate changes as a result of deforestation, climate change, and agroforestry growth. A total of 11 major LULC classifications were discovered, indicating that forests are the most common land use in all four watersheds. Forest cover, river beds, water bodies, non-perennial snow, and glaciers have all decreased significantly, whereas scrubland, horticulture, rock mass, built-up areas, barren land, and agriculture have all increased significantly, except for Sindh watershed, where the scrubland class has decreased by 5.97% from 2003 to 2013. The study's methodology and conclusions point to crucial policy implications for long-term LULC management in the Kashmir Himalayas' Madhumati, Arin, Sindh, and Lidder watersheds. HIGHLIGHTS The current study makes use of the remote sensing and GIS approach, which is currently one of the most popular technologies for spatio-temporal analysis.; As a result of deforestation, climate change, and agroforestry expansion, the LULC in the study watersheds has undergone a series of complex changes during the past decade.; Forest cover has decreased drastically while agroforestry has shown an increasing trend.;

Today, the market for civil and commercial use of drones is actively developing, while the risks associated with their use are also increasing. At the same time, according to market research data from leading foreign companies, the rapidly developing market for civil and commercial use of drones has the greatest growth potential. Therefore, drone legislation is developing rapidly and is being improved every year. However, now it has come to a state of relative stability, allowing us to assert those general rules that will apply for a long time. The proper implementation of laws on the usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, is proposed for the successful innovation and development of infrastructure and agriculture in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Through the clear enforcement of laws and guidelines of UAVs, involving registration, certification, and regular surveillance of UAVs by the National Aviation Academy, the implementation of drones will be systemized, paving the way for further innovative development of Azerbaijan.

This work solves the problem of thin-film withdrawal and drainage of a steady incompressible couple stress fluid on the outer surface of a vertical cylinder. The governing equations for velocity and temperature distributions are subjected to the boundary conditions and solved with the help of homotopy analysis method. The obtained expressions for flow profile, temperature profile, average velocity, volume flow rate, and shear stress confirmed that the thin-film flow of couple stress fluid highly depends on involved parameters say Stokes number St , vorticity parameter λ, couple stress parameter η, and Brinkman number Br presented in the graphical description as well.

Background. Distal embolization due to microthrombus fragments formed during predilation ballooning is considered one of the possible mechanisms of slow flow/no-reflow (SF/NR). Therefore, this study aimed to compare the incidence of intraprocedure SF/NR during the primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with high thrombus burden (≥4 grade) with and without predilation ballooning for culprit lesion preparation. Methodology. This prospective descriptive cross-sectional study included patients with a high thrombus burden (≥4 grades) who underwent primary PCI. Propensity-matched cohorts of patients with and without predilation ballooning in a 1 : 1 ratio were compared for the incidence of intraprocedure SF/NR. Results. A total of 765 patients with high thrombus burden undergoing primary PCI were included in this study. The mean age was 55.75 ± 11.54 years, and 78.6% (601) were males. Predilation ballooning was conducted in 346 (45.2%) patients. The incidence of intraprocedure SF/NR was significantly higher (41.3% vs. 27.4%; p

Abstract There is a paucity of studies investigating the impact of chronic corticosteroid use for coexisting conditions in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Additionally, the information regarding the impact of chronic liver disease (CLD) on COVID-19 outcomes is evolving. Our study aims to investigate hospitalization outcomes of patients with COVID-19 on long term corticosteroids for coexisting conditions while also seeking to compare outcomes between such patients with a history of CLD to analyze the impact on mortality. We conducted a retrospective chart review across our 10-hospital network identifying patients on chronic corticosteroids (Prednisone ≥ 5 mg daily dose or equivalent dose of another steroid, for a duration of 30 days or more) who were hospitalized with COVID-19 from March 1, 2020 to June 30, 2020. Of these patients who met inclusion criteria, patients were then divided into groups based upon their history of CLD. Primary outcomes of the study looked to investigate the hospitalization outcomes of patients with a history of CLD and comorbid conditions requiring chronic corticosteroid use. Secondary outcomes sought to further investigate risk factors for mortality in our study sample. 837 charts were reviewed. 139 patients met inclusion criteria of which 34 patients had a history of CLD. Statistical analysis demonstrated no difference in length of hospital stay but increased ICU admission rate in the CLD group (41.2% vs 23.8%). No statistically significant difference was seen in between the CLD and non-CLD groups in term of complication rates and 28-day mortality. However, chronic corticosteroids patients were found to have higher rates of ICU admission and overall 28-day and ICU mortality in comparison to patients who were not on chronic corticosteroids prior to COVID-19 hospitalization. The larger contributor to COVID-19 severity was likely chronic corticosteroid use rather than CLD and thus chronic corticosteroid use should be limited throughout the COVID-19 pandemic especially in patients with additional speculated risk factors for COVID-19 such as CLD.

The most common helminthic parasitic infection inhabiting human intestine is Ascaris lumbricoides (AL). Being the largest of the helminthic family, it infects almost one billion people worldwide, but any information about local population is unavailable especially in children. When patients present with abdominal pain, having ascaris induced pancreatitis never meets the differential diagnosis list even though AL itself is highly prevalent in our part of the world. Infected patients can present with a variety of symptoms depending on the location of parasite. If the biliary tree is inhabited, patients usually present with symptoms of choledocholithiasis or pancreatitis. We report the case series of 3 patients from paediatric age group, having acute pancreatitis secondary to AL. Patients had upper abdominal pain of varying duration. Ultrasound abdomen showed worm inside the Common Bile Duct (CBD) in all 3 patients. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) showed worms coming out of the ampullary orifice. ---Continue

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) is a tropical hardwood tree found in Southeast Asia. Sappan wood contains a water-soluble compound, which imparts a red color named brazilin. Sappan wood is utilized to produce dye for fabric and coloring agents for food and beverages, such as wine and meat. As a valuable medicinal plant, the tree is also known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It has been observed that sappan wood contains various bioactive compounds, including brazilin, brazilein, sappan chalcone, and protosappanin A. It has also been discovered that these substances have various health advantages; they lower inflammation, enhance blood circulation, and are anti-oxidative in nature. Sappan wood has been used as a medicine to address a range of illnesses, such as gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, and skin conditions. Studies have also suggested that sappan wood may have anticarcinogenic potential as it possesses cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Based on this, the present review emphasized the different medicinal properties, the role of phytochemicals, their health benefits, and several food and nonfood applications of sappan wood. Overall, sappan wood has demonstrated promising medicinal properties and is an important resource in traditional medicine. The present review has explored the potential role of sappan wood as an essential source of bioactive compounds for drug development.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an ascending, neurodegenerative disorder that attacks the brain’s nerve cells, i.e., neurons, resulting in loss of memory, language skills, and thinking and behavioural changes. It is one of the most common causes of dementia, a group of disorders that is marked by the decline of cognitive functioning. Probiotics are living microorganisms that are beneficial for human well-being. They help in balancing the extent of bacteria in the gut and support the defensive immune system of the body. Studies have found that probiotics can help with a variety of conditions, including mental health. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can help to maintain and strengthen a healthy gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is important for healthy brain function, as it is linked to the production of neurotransmitters and hormones that regulate mood and behaviour. This review article includes detailed review on the origination of probiotics and its significance in the treatment of AD.

Abstract Objective: To determine the factors associated with generalized anxiety disorders in patients presenting with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Gynecology and Psychiatric outpatient department of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, SZABMU, Islamabad, from Jan to Jul 2016. Methodology: Patients presenting with polycystic ovarian syndrome were enrolled. Patients were selected from the gynaecological and Medicine department. Patient’s history was taken and diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder was made utilising Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. Patients having diabetes mellitus, hypertension, Cushing’s syndrome, hypoglycaemia, co-morbid psychiatric illnesses, history of psychiatric illness in past and family history of psychiatric illness were excluded from the study. Results: Among 105 patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome, 79 (75%) patients had no generalized anxiety disorders while, 26 (25%) had generalized anxiety disorders. 2 out of 12 (16.6%) patients of age range of 15-20 year had generalized anxiety disorders, 9 out of 63 14.2% patients having age 21-30 years had generalized anxiety disorders and 15 out of 30 (50%) patients having age 31-40 years age had generalized anxiety disorders. Chi-square test revealed age, education level and socioeconomic status has a significant association with presence of generalized anxiety disorder among patients of polycystic ovarian disorder (with p-value

The hydrodynamic flow of an incompressible and isotropic Casson fluid through a yawed cylinder is investigated by employing continuity, momentum, and energy equations satisfying suitable boundary conditions. The density variation is governed by Boussinesq approximation. The model equations consisting of coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed by applying non-similar transformation relations. The set of transformed PDEs is solved using the analytical technique of homotopy analysis method (HAM). The impacts of varying yaw angle, and mixed convection and Casson parameters over fluid velocity (chordwise and spanwise components), its temperature, Nusselt number, and skin friction coefficients are investigated and explained through various graphs. It is found that the enhancing yaw angle, Casson parameter, and convection parameter augment the fluid velocity, heat transfer rate, and skin friction and reduce the fluid temperature. The agreement of present and published results justifies the application of HAM in modeling the mixed convective Casson fluid flow past a yawed cylinder.

Shikonin and its derivatives, isolated from traditional medicinal plant species of the genus Lithospermum, Alkanna, Arnebia, Anchusa, Onosma, and Echium belonging to the Boraginaceae family, have numerous applications in foods, cosmetics, and textiles. Shikonin, a potent bioactive red pigment, has been used in traditional medicinal systems to cure various ailments and is well known for its diverse pharmacological potential such as anticancer, antithrombotic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-gonadotropic, antioxidants, antimicrobial and insecticidal. Herein, updated research on the natural sources, pharmacology, toxicity studies, and various patents filed worldwide related to shikonin and approaches to shikonin’s biogenic and chemical synthesis are reviewed. Furthermore, recent studies to establish reliable production systems to meet market demand, functional identification, and future clinical development of shikonin and its derivatives against various diseases are presented.

Purpose: In the city of Uch, if one looks critically at the current practice of demolishing old traditional houses and constructing new ones, it can easily be ascertained that in any society or a part of society there are internal and external factors that influence the local trends in every walk of life including building design and construction. Design/Methodology/Approach: Whether those trends are socio-culturally appropriate or not in their entirety, we need to enquire if there is a justifiable and positive balance between those internal and external societal factors that result in the demolition of the traditional houses. In the field survey of Uch Sharif, one contemporary building was evaluated as compared to a traditional building for selection based on the approximate age of the building. Findings: The degree to which the original design was modified, its cultural appropriateness, environmental comfort in terms of temperature and relative humidity audited inside the building, use of local materials and techniques, plan type and presence of architectural elements. The results show that traditional buildings are fast diminishing causing irreplaceable examples of traditional wisdom and ingenious craftsmanship to be struck down one after the other by the cyclone of urbanization supercharged by market forces. Implications/Originality/Value: Through research, it was concluded that the Contemporary buildings, which are replacing traditional buildings, are less responsive to the local climate, culture, skills, and the issue of cost which core of the design criteria of traditional buildings.

In this article, the generalized plane Couette flow of Vogel’s model of incompressible, non-isothermal, couple stress fluid flowing steadily between two parallel walls is investigated. The governing equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations. To investigate the non-linear coupled system of differential equations, the optimal homotopy asymptotic method with DJ polynomial and asymptotic homotopy perturbation method have been used. Important flow properties are presented and discussed. We have obtained expressions for velocity, average velocity, shear stress, volume flux and temperature. The results gained employing these techniques are in the form of infinite series; thus, the results can be easily calculated. Comparison of various results, obtained through the suggested approaches, is carried out and an excellent agreement is achieved.