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Abstract A natural product is a compound or substance originating from a living organism and found in nature. Daidzein belongs to the class of bioflavonoids, which are plant‐derived compounds with various biological activities. Predominantly exists in soybeans and several legumes in either glycoside or aglycone forms. Its primary chemical constituents include metabolites like equol and trihydroxy isoflavone, generated through the influence of intestinal bacteria. Daidzein has exhibited pharmacological impacts on different ailments, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, skin disorders, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Daidzein's mechanisms of action involve interactions with estrogen receptors, as well as its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, along with its ability to regulate apoptosis and the cell cycle. In efforts to enhance its solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeting, daidzein has been innovatively formulated into novel dosage forms, including nanoparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, and nanosuspensions. As a promising nutraceutical, daidzein presents multiple health benefits and holds potential for various clinical applications. Additional investigation is required to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon and assess its safety. The purpose of this review is to provide a short description of the therapeutic properties, chemical composition, traditional use, toxicology profile, new insights on the dosage form, and future prospects of daidzein.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is prima facie a cause for numerous macro and micro vascular complications. A common macroscopic complication associated with diabetes is cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy refers to diseases of the heart muscle, where the heart muscle becomes enlarged, thick, or rigid. As cardiomyopathy worsens, the heart becomes weaker and is unable to conduct the right amount of blood through the body and maintain a normal electrical rhythm. This can lead to heart failure or arrhythmias. Chronic diabetes is one of the instigating factors behind the etiology of this cardiac complication. Type-II diabetes is associated with impaired glucose metabolism that increases the dependence of a diabetic heart on fatty acid oxidation to meet its functional demands, resulting in mitochondrial uncoupling, glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and initially subclinical cardiac dysfunction that finally gives way to heart failure. The increasing diabetic population with cardiac disorders and the ironically decreasing trend in newer medications to counter this complication leave us at a crossroads for pharmacological management of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Keeping this in view, the present study proclaims a newly developed polyherbal combination (PHC) with three herbs, namely Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Boerhavia diffusa based in olive oil and administered in fixed dose (PHC-6 and PHC-10) to screen its cardioprotective potential against a well-established experimental model for diabetic cardiomyopathy. The three herbs mentioned have been known through the traditional literature for their antidiabetic and cardioprotective roles, hence they became the obvious choice. The study follows an experimental model proposed by Reed et al., where the capacity of the β-cell is unobtrusively impeded without totally compromising insulin release, bringing about a moderate disability in glucose resilience. Various sophisticated parameters, namely intraventricular septum thickness of hearts, Western blot of α/β- MHC monoclonal antibody (Ab), cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, medium chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) enzyme, etc. showed promising results where treatment with PHC (PHC-6 and PHC-10) significantly (*** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001) prevented the symptoms of cardiomyopathy in subsequent groups when compared to disease control group.

Objective: Medicinal plants having antioxidant potential possess numerous constituents which are responsible for different beneficial effects and are used as an alternative resource of medicine to lessen diseases linked with oxidative stress. Flavonoids are identified in the plants since ages and display wide spectrum of biological actions that might be able to stimulate the steps which are disturbed in different diseases. Flavonoids are significant natural compounds with various biologic properties, among which the most common is the anti-oxidant potential.Citrus flavonoids establish an important stream of flavonoids. Naringin, very common flavonoids present in the diet, belongs to the family of flavanone. It is the principal constituent of citrus family that contains flavonoids for example tomatoes, grapefruits and oranges.Materials and Methods: In this article, we reviewed naringin with respect to sources, chemical property, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activity, and novel formulations. The literature survey has been done by searching different databases such as Psyc INFO, Science Direct, PubMed, EMBASE, Google, Google Scholar, Medline.Results: Naringin is known to behave as an antioxidant and possess anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-atherosclerotic, neuroprotective, anti-psychotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-tussive, cardioprotective, and anti-obesity activity. Further clinical studies using large sample sizes remain essential to obtain the appropriate dose and form of naringin for averting diseases. Furthermore, the therapeutic approach of these bioflavonoids is significantly inappropriate due to the lack of clinical evidence. Different plants must be explored further to find these bioflavonoids in them.Conclusion: The results of this exploration provides biological actions of bioflavonoid (naringin), predominantly on pharmacological and novel dosage forms of naringin.

Abstract Arecacatechu, commonly known as supari, consists of dried ripe nuts that came under Arecaceae family, which is cultivated in the tropical region of India and Southeast Asia. It is a prevalent traditional herbal medicine that is chewed to separate collected fluid in the alimentary canal and for killing worms. Areca catechu seed contains alkaloids (arecoline, arecaine, arecaidine, guvacoline, guvacine, and choline), tannin, gallic acid, gum, and various minerals such as copper, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. The chemical constituents of this plant have been used as antidiabetic, stomatitis, bleeding gums, gingivitis, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, leucorrhoea, urinary disorders, anorexia, diarrhea, blood pressure regulating activity, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant activity, anticonvulsant activity, central nervous system stimulant activity, antifertility, oxytocic activity, antiviral activity, anthelmintic, and foul breath. It showed a dose‐dependent toxicity profile, and various research has been done regarding its safety analysis and it would be considered safe when administered in the prescribed dose. The purpose of the present paper is to make available an up‐to‐date review on the ethnic, traditional description, morphology, phytochemistry, and the pharmacological and toxicological profile of this plant. Furthermore, the possible advances, trends, and a perspective for forthcoming research of this plant have also conversed.

Nanotechnology has emerged as an inspiring tool for the effective delivery of drugs to help treat Coronary heart disease (CHD) which represents the most prevalent reason for mortality and morbidity globally. The current study focuses on the assessment of the cardioprotective prospective ofanovel combination nanoformulation of sericin and carvedilol. Sericin is a silk protein obtained from Bombyx mori cocoon and carvedilol is a synthetic nonselective β-blocker. In this present study, preparation of chitosan nanoparticles was performed via ionic gelation method and were evaluated for cardioprotective activity in doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity. Serum biochemical markers of myocardial damage play a substantial role in the analysis of cardiovascular ailments and their increased levels have been observed to be significantly decreased in treatment groups. Treatment groups showed a decline in the positivity frequency of the Troponin T test as well. The NTG (Nanoparticle Treated Group), CSG (Carvedilol Standard Group), and SSG (Sericin Standard Group) were revealed to have reduced lipid peroxide levels (Plasma and heart tissue) highly significantly at a level of p < 0.01 in comparison with the TCG (Toxic Control Group). Levels of antioxidants in the plasma and the cardiac tissue were also established to be within range of the treated groups in comparison to TCG. Mitochondrial enzymes in cardiac tissue were found to be elevated in treated groups. Lysosomal hydrolases accomplish a significant role in counteracting the inflammatory pathogenesis followed by disease infliction, as perceived in the TCG group. These enzyme levels in the cardiac tissue were significantly improved after treatment with the nanoformulation. Total collagen content in the cardiac tissue of the NTG, SSG, and CSG groups was established to be highly statistically significant at p < 0.001 as well as statistically significant at p < 0.01, respectively. Hence, the outcomes of this study suggest that the developed nanoparticle formulation is effective against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.

Abstract Background Curcumin, quercetin and rutin are flavonoids having strong antioxidant potential, individually used in treatment of numerous ailments. The safety assessment of each of them is already established but no toxicological assessment has been done that would guarantee the safe use of these three flavonoids when used as a polyherbal combination (PHC). The aim of this study to evaluate the possible toxicological effect of polyherbal combination of these three flavonoids in female Swiss albino mice. Methods In acute toxicity study, the oral dose of poly herbal combination was administered to four groups stepwise in single dose and general behaviour, adverse effects and mortality were determined up to 14 days and compared to normal group. In sub-acute study, the tested poly herbal combination was administered orally for 28 days to the four experimental groups and their body weight was measured each alternate day from the first day of dosing. On 29th day the final body weight was recorded and euthanized by using thiopentone sodium, blood was collected and later haematological, lipid profile, biochemical parameter was evaluated and compared to normal group. Result In acute toxicity study, no abnormal general behaviour, adverse effects were reported. No significant changes were reported in body weight, haematological, lipid profile, biochemical parameter in sub-acute toxicity study. No mortality was reported in both the study. Histopathological examination revealed no alterations in clinical signs or organ weight at any dose. Conclusion The result concludes that the oral administration of Polyherbal combination did not produce any significant toxic effect in swiss albino mice. Hence, the Polyherbal combination can be utilized safely for therapeutic use.

The silkworm cocoon has been used in the treatment of various ailments in different Asian countries. This research was designed to evaluate the effect of sericin on myocardial necrosis and hypertrophy in isoproterenol-challenged rats. The rats were administered with sericin (500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days, followed by administration of isoprenaline (85 mg/kg, s.c.) on the 29th and 30th days. The cardioprotective activity was assessed by various physical, enzymatic, and histopathological parameters along with apoptotic marker expression. The cardioprotective effect showed that pre-treatment of rats with sericin significantly increased the non-enzymatic antioxidants marker in serum and heart tissue (glutathione, vitamin E, and vitamin C). The results were the same in enzymatic antioxidant marker, mitochondrial enzymes, and protein. The grading of heart, heart/body weight ratio, gross morphology, cardiac markers, oxidative stress markers in serum and heart tissue, glucose, serum lipid profiling and Lysosomal hydrolases, heart apoptotic markers such as MHC expression by western blot, apoptosis by flow cytometry, total myocardial collagen content, fibrosis estimation, myocyte size were significantly decreased when compared with isoproterenol (ISG) group however histopathological studies showed normal architecture of heart in both control and treated rats. The pharmacological study reflects that sericin on both doses i.e., 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg have potent cardioprotective action against the experimental model which was confirmed by various physical, biochemical, and histopathological parameters evaluated further research is required to examine the molecular mechanism of cardioprotective effect of sericin.

Cardiovascular diseases are the main source of death and morbidity in developed and developing nations. Animal models are required to propel our understanding of the pathogenesis, increase our knowledge, disease progress, and mechanism behind cardiovascular disorder, providing new approaches focused to improve the diagnostic and the treatment of these pathological conditions and additionally to test various therapeutic ways to deal with tissue regeneration and re-establish heart working following damage. A perfect model framework ought to be reasonable, effectively controlled, reproducible, and physiologically illustrative of human disease, show cardinal signs and pathology that resembles after the human ailment and ethically stable. The decision of selection of animal model should be considered precisely since it influences exploratory results and whether results of the research can be sensibly matched with the human. In this way, no specific technique splendidly reproduces the human disease, and relying upon the model, extra cost burden, resources, infrastructure and the necessity for technical hands, should also be kept under consideration. Here we have discussed and compiled various methods of inducing myocardial infarction in animals, basically by surgery, chemicals and through genetic modification, this may benefit the researchers in getting a complied data regarding various methods through which they can induce myocardial infarction in animals.

Summary: Brain development is a sequential anatomical process characterised by specific well-defined stages of growth and maturation. One of the fundamental and necessary events in the normal development of the central nervous system in vertebrates is the formation of a myelin sheath. This process is influenced by dietary lipids. A number of researches have indicated that the administration of a diet, deficient in essential fatty acids during development causes hypomyelination in the brain. Brain lipids determine the localization and function of proteins in the cell membrane and in doing so regulate synaptic signalling in neurons. Lipids may also function as transmitters and relay signals from the membrane to intracellular compartments or to other cells. Several experimental studies have suggested a crucial role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane formation, as well as clinical role of glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids in the attenuation of depression- and anxiety-related behaviours. Hence it can be assumed that polyunsaturated fatty acids may also offer new treatment options (for example, targeted dietary supplementation or pharmacological interference with lipid-regulating enzymes). These lipids could be exploited for improved prevention and treatment. A very interesting and emerging approach in this direction is through ‘Lipidomics’ which is a relatively recent research field that has been driven by rapid advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, dual polarisation interferometry and computational methods, coupled with the recognition of the role of lipids in many metabolic diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension and diabetes. Keywords: Glycerolipids, Glycolipids, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, Neurodegenerative disorders, Sphingolipids