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The objective of this study was to develop a fermented dairy beverage flavored with araticum pulp, assess its physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, and sensory preference by the consumer. Araticum pulp was prepared using two different methods: with or without bleaching (50 ºC/5 minutes). Formulations of fermented dairy beverages consisting of whey (50%), standardized pasteurized milk (50%), and seven different concentrations of bleached araticum pulp (5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% w/v) were prepared. In addition, seven formulations of fermented dairy beverage, without adding araticum pulp, and consisting of varying proportions of whey (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%) were developed. In all formulations, thickeners/stabilizers were added. All araticum pulp samples (with and without bleach) and fermented dairy beverages (with and without araticum pulp) were analyzed for the relevant physicochemical properties: pH, titratable acidity, acidity of pulp, acidity of fermented beverage, moisture, ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, total solids, and caloric values. Microbiological counts of coliforms at 35 °C and 45 °C in the pulp and beverage, and molds and yeasts and Salmonella sp. in the pulp were obtained. Additionally, sensory analysis regarding preferences of the different fermented dairy beverage formulations was also performed. The araticum pulp samples without bleach, showed higher values of pH, moisture, protein, total fiber, and ascorbic acid, as compared to bleached pulp samples, while bleached araticum pulp showed higher values for other physicochemical parameters. Microbiological results showed that all pulps and fruit-dairy beverages were suitable for consumption. It was found that there was no significant consumer preference between different fermented beverage formulations, according to the different percentages of pulp. However, the formulations consisting of 40, 50, 60, and 70% whey were preferred over the one consisting of 100% whey.

Abstract Background The aim of this work was to investigate the potential nematicidal activity of Annona crassiflora leaf extract against Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods The hydroalcoholic leaf extract and its fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) were submitted to mobility assay against the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. GC-MS and NMR analysis were performed in order to identify metabolites. Results The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions showed to be the most active among the hydroalcoholic leaf extracts and its four fractions. The percentages of C. elegans larvae immobility were 98.13 and 89.66%, respectively, at a concentration of 1000 μg.mL−1. Besides some amino acids, palmitic acid methyl ester, 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol, oleic acid methyl esther, stearic acid methyl ester, quercetin and kaempferol were also identified in these fractions. Conclusion The results indicated that of A. crassiflora leaf ethanolic extract has a good potential as a source for natural nematicide.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antioxidante, o teor de compostos fenólicos e de carotenoides de polpa de araticum in natura e pasteurizada, e avaliar o efeito da pasteurização nas suas características físico-químicas. A polpa de araticum in natura foi adquirida em Aragarças/GO e dividida em dois lotes: polpa in natura e polpa pasteurizada. As polpas foram analisadas em triplicata, em relação às variáveis: pH, acidez titulável (AT), vitamina C, sólidos solúveis (SS), relação entre SS/AT, atividade de água, cor, atividade antioxidante radicalar, compostos fenólicos e carotenoides, além da composição centesimal da polpa pasteurizada. A polpa in natura apresentou 0,98 de atividade de água e 9,57 °Brix de sólidos solúveis, e a polpa pasteurizada apresentou valores de 0,99 e 9,23 °Brix para atividade de água e sólidos solúveis, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que as polpas apresentaram relevantes propriedades antioxidantes, expressas na capacidade de reduzir em 50% o radical DPPH (IC50 mg/mL). Com relação aos compostos fenólicos, ambas apresentaram valores próximos de 227,13 e 207,18 mg GAE/100 g ‒ para polpa in natura e pasteurizada, respectivamente. A polpa pasteurizada apresentou 8,21 µg/g de β caroteno e 4,97 µg/g de α caroteno. Conclui-se que as polpas analisadas apresentam um elevado conteúdo de compostos bioativos e que o processo de pasteurização não interferiu nas características físico-químicas nem nos compostos bioativos analisados da polpa in natura.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de frutos de araticum no Cerrado do Estado de Goiás. Foram selecionadas, para a realização do trabalho, 14 áreas de ocorrência natural do araticum no Estado de Goiás, de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2002. Em cada área, foram selecionadas de 30 a 40 plantas adultas de araticum. O delineamento experimental adotado corresponde ao modelo hierárquico, para produção de frutos, sendo os dados obtidos submetidos à análise de variância. A estrutura espacial da variação fenotípica entre as populações das áreas analisadas foi investigada a partir do critério de ligação UPGMA. Os resultados demonstraram que a produção de frutos de araticum é baixa e variável entre as áreas e entre os anos, sendo a média de 2,97 aproveitáveis e de 1,37 frutos inaproveitáveis por planta. A variação fenotípica de caracteres morfológicos entre populações de araticum do Estado de Goiás não apresenta um padrão de estruturação espacial. A produção de frutos por planta é muito variável, sendo que algumas plantas apresentam características produtivas e de qualidade aparente de frutos que as credenciam com potencial para plantas-matrizes. As principais pragas que atacam os frutos de araticum são: Spermologus funereus, Cerconota anonella e Bephratelloides pomorum. A pressão antrópica sobre os ambientes naturais de produção de araticum tem reduzido a produção atual e pode inviabilizar as produções futuras.This study had the objective to evaluate the production of araticum fruits in the Cerrado of the Goiás State. Fourteen areas with high natural occurrences of araticum in the whole state were selected from January 2000 to July 2002. In each area, thirty to forty mother trees were selected. The experimental research corresponds to the hierarchical model for the fruit production, and that means that the original data was submitted to an analysis of variance. The spatial phenotypic structure variation among populations was investigated through dendrograms by the UPGMA linking criterion. The results demonstrated that the production of araticum fruits is low and changeable in areas and years, and the average corresponds to 2.97 usable fruits and 1.37 not usable fruits per plant. The phenotypic variation of morphologic characters between populations of araticum of the Goiás state does not present a standard of space arrangement. The production of fruits per plant is very changeable, since some plants present productive and apparent quality characteristics of fruits that make them potential plants matrix. The main pests that attack the fruits of araticum are: Spermologus funereus, Cerconota anonella and Bephratelloides pomorum. The anthropic pressure on natural environments of production of araticum has reduced the current production and can make the future productions impracticable.

O araticum (Annona crassiflora M.) é uma espécie frutífera da família Annonaceae, nativa da região dos cerrados, com ocorrência em todo o Estado de Goiás. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a germinação de sementes de frutos de araticum coletados de populações naturais de plantas localizadas em cinco áreas de Cerrado do Estado de Goiás, tratadas com ácido giberélico (GA3). Determinou-se a velocidade de emergência a cada três dias e o percentual de germinação de sementes, de frutos de 75 plantas. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos e 75 tratamentos. Cada parcela foi composta por 50 sementes de uma mesma planta, totalizando 15.000 sementes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e aplicando-se o teste F. Houve germinação da maioria das sementes das plantas de cada área, mostrando que, independentemente do vigor, a dosagem utilizada de ácido giberélico foi adequada. Em média a percentagem de germinação variou de 12,81% em Vila Propicio a 28,81% em Campos Belos. Na planta 10 de Campos Belos observou-se a maior média para germinação (66%) e a menor média de dias necessários para a emergência (49 dias). As sementes provenientes de frutos de araticum das cinco áreas de Cerrado em estudo, apresentam diferenças na percentagem de germinação e na velocidade de emergência. As diferenças de germinação ocorrem entre plantas na área e entre áreas.

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar física e quimicamente frutos de araticum coletados de populações naturais de plantas localizadas em cinco áreas de Cerrado do estado de Goiás. O trabalho foi realizado na Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Os frutos maduros foram avaliados individualmente, por área e por planta. Determinaram-se: massas do fruto, da polpa e da casca, diâmetro e altura do fruto, número total de sementes e de sementes defeituosas por fruto, massa das sementes, cores do fruto, da casca e da polpa, textura da casca e teor de sólidos solúveis totais. As características físicas mostraram variação significativa entre frutos de plantas das diferentes áreas. A massa média do fruto foi de 872,06 g. A polpa, parte de importância econômica, representou cerca de 47% dessa massa, cuja variação por região foi de 44% a 49%. O número de sementes foi elevado, em média 108, representando 15,8% da massa do fruto. Há tendência para a cor marrom da casca, assim como para a cor amarelada ou creme da polpa. Observou-se uma variação de textura da casca, desde lisa até rugosa. Do total de 219 frutos avaliados, 15,5% apresentaram o orifício de saída de Bephratelloides pomorum. Houve diferenças significativas entre áreas e entre plantas dentro de áreas para todas as variáveis físicas. A massa média dos frutos de araticum foi de 872,06 g com rendimento médio de polpa, casca e sementes de: 46,8%, 37,4% e 15,8%, respectivamente.

A typical Brazilian plant, araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.), is widely used in humans as therapeutic medicine to treat several diseases such as diarrhea, rheumatism and syphilis. It contains acetogenins which present cytotoxic, antitumogenic, and antiparasitic properties. In this study, mutagenic, antimutagenic and cytotoxic effects of araticum leaves ethanolic extract were evaluated by micronucleus test in mice. To evaluate the mutagenic activity, animals were treated with ethanolic extract of araticum (EEA) using 10, 20, 50, 100 and 160 mg.kg-1. For all doses, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) frequency was evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. To evaluate the antimutagenic activity, animals were treated with 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 of EEA and 4 mg.kg-1 of MMC simultaneously. The frequency of MNPCE was evaluated 36 hours after exposure. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio (PCE/NCE). In the mutagenicity assessment, all doses of EEA resulted in no significant increase of MNPCE (P > 0.05), compared to solvent- control group. Regarding administration time, no significant difference among three evaluation periods was observed (P > 0.05). Such results indicate that EEA did not exert mutagenic activity. Cytotoxicity was evident in doses of 50, 100 and 160 mg.kg-1 at 24 and 48 hours after exposure. Concerning antimutagenicity, except the 10 mg.kg-1 co-administered with 4 mg/kg of MMC, all doses reduced significantly the frequency of MNPCE compared to the positive control group (P < 0.05). These results, therefore, indicate an antimutagenic activity of the EEA. Cytotoxicity was significantly increased (P < 0.01) at 100 mg.kg-1 EEA doses co-administered with 4 mg.kg-1 of MMC.

Although the use of medicinal plants or natural products has increased in recent decades all over the world, little information is available on their potential risk to health. Annona crassiflora Mart., a plant commonly known as araticum in Brazil, has been widely used in folk medicine for a long time since its seeds and leaves are often utilised in the treatment of cancer, snake bites, and venereal diseases, its fruits are consumed as tonic and astringent, and its bark powder has anti-fungal and anti-rheumatic properties. To evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic properties induced by the ethanolic extract of araticum leaves, we performed the prophage λ induction (Inductest) and bacterial mutagenicity assays. We used Escherichia coli WP2s(λ) and RJF013 strains in the lysogenic induction test, whereas the mutagenic studies were carried out using Salmonella typhimurium histidine auxotroph strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102. Each experiment was performed three times in duplicate and included positive and negative controls. No statistically significant (p > 0.05) positive results were obtained for any of the strains tested, which suggests that the ethanolic extract of araticum leaves did not exhibit direct mechanisms of genotoxicity or mutagenicity that could be detected by the tests used in the present work.

Summary The objective of this study was to use the pulp of the Brazilian Savannah fruits araticum and cagaita to develop new products, and to evaluate their sensory acceptance by children from 7 to 9 years of age. The products developed were: three milk caramel formulations: DP (standard), DA (araticum pulp) and DB (araticum pulp and grated coconut); three cagaita refresher formulations: RP (cagaita pulp), RA (cagaita pulp and orange juice) and RB (cagaita pulp and carrot juice); and a cagaita jam formulation. It was found that the three formulations of milk caramels were equally accepted (p>0.05), whereas the RA refresher was more accepted (p0.05) of gender on the sensory acceptability of the products evaluated. It was concluded that the products developed showed good acceptability from a sensory point of view, which suggests high market potential.