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Salma S AlSharhan,1 Wasan F AlMarzouq,1 Hamzah K Alshaikh,2 Hussain J Aljubran,3 Rizam Alghamdi,4 Sarah M AlQahtani,4 Aseel F Almarzouq,5 Naheel A AlAmer6 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 3College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 5College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Salma S AlSharhan, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 34212, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966505951801, Email ssalsharhan@iau.edu.saPurpose: Otolaryngology has experienced notable advancements and growth in the application of artificial intelligence (AI). However, otolaryngologists’ perception of these tools are lacking. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitudes of otolaryngologists toward AI.Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 otolaryngologists in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. A piloted questionnaire was used to gather information on knowledge, attitude, and opinions regarding AI. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26.Results: Of the sample, 60% indicated average perceived knowledge of AI, while approximately 44.5% perceived their AI knowledge in the field of otolaryngology to be below average. A significant positive correlation was identified between knowledge and attitude scores. It was found that a higher knowledge score was more closely associated with seeing more than 15 patients per day, while a higher attitude score was more closely associated with being older, being a consultant, and having more years of professional experience. Of the sample, 38.2% strongly agreed that the application of AI in scientific research should be included in the residency training program.Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of incorporating AI tools into certain aspects of the otolaryngology residency training program, highlighting their significance.Keywords: otolaryngology, artificial intelligence, machine learning, knowledge, attitude

Naheel A AlAmer,1 Reem S AlOmar,1 Shikha M AlKaltham,2 Rawan S AlYami,2 Fatimah N AlRashidi,2 Mai M AlJrri,2 Moataza M Abdel Wahab1 1Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Naheel A AlAmerDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaEmail naalamer@iau.edu.saBackground: As the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) has recently requested all food facilities to display the calorie count on their menus, this study aimed to identify the perceived changes in costumers’ eating behaviours in response to the calorie count display (CCD) policy in the Eastern Province.Methods: This was a mixed methods study. The first being quantitative, using a cross-sectional questionnaire which included 400 customers of both genders, aged 10 years and older, and was collected at food facilities from three cities in the Eastern Province. Customers completed a self-administered questionnaire and handed their registered receipts. Collected receipts were used to calculate the total calories ordered per customer. The second method is a qualitative in-depth interview with food facility managers.Results: Customers who reported checking the CCD were 30.5% of the total sample, and 58.2% of them changed their order accordingly. The mean calories ordered were 36 kcal less in customers checking the CCD than those who do not (P=0.674). Customers who exhibit healthy lifestyle habits calculate their daily consumed calories, knowledgeable of the recommended daily caloric intake (RDCI), dining in a dine-in restaurant, and have an educational level of above high school were more likely to check the CCD. This study found that customers who cared to check the CCD were more likely to change their eating behavior. It has been found that only a small percentage (12% to 18%) of customers were knowledgeable regarding the RDCI. After the implementation of the policy, restaurant managers reported a positive change in customers eating behavior, which was more profound in females and athletes.Conclusion: There is a significant association between checking the CCD and positive behavioral changes in customers’ eating behaviors. The results of this study suggest that further enforcement and awareness raising are crucial to increase the number of customers checking and using the CCD.Keywords: calories, energy intake, restaurants, Saudi Arabia, behavior, nutritional