Search

Highly contaminated municipal wastewater is being disposed of into land and rivers without any prior treatment has severe side effects on human and marine animals. This research focused on the treatment of Majeed Keerio village municipal wastewater through horizontal flow constructed wetland system. The experimental study was evaluated and monitored timely over a year. The overall treatment efficiency performance of the wetland system was determined by considering organic pollutants removal efficiency. This study emphasized on the design of horizontal flow constructed wetland for the effective treatment of municipal wastewater of village Majeed Keerio, Sakrand, Sindh. The constructed wetland efficiently reduced COD, BOD5, TSS, turbidity, total phosphate, total nitrogen pollutants of wastewater, which was about 92.3%, 93%, 96%, 96.4% and 74%, respectively. This method reduced all thermotolerant coliforms. Constructed wetland system was found most economical and effective for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The effect of different hydraulic loading rates under varying hydraulic retention times within the constructed wetland was examined. The higher hydraulic retention times resulted in improved pollutants removal efficiency.

Sedative and analgesic efficacy of three intravenous doses of medetomidine, i.e., 4, 5 and 6 µg/kg BW was studied in six goats. A randomized cross over experimental design was used. Onset of sedation, onset of optimal sedation, duration of optimal sedation and degree of sedation were measured and found to be dose dependent. Dose 4 µg/kg produced light sedation whereas 5 and 6 µg/kg produced moderate and deep sedation, respectively. Total duration of sedation was 60.58±2.21, 83.50±3.75 and 104.33±4.30 min after administration of 4, 5 and 6µg/kg medetomidine, respectively. The duration of sedation was significantly (P≤0.01) longer with 6 µg/kg as compared to 4 and 5µg/kg. Onset and duration of analgesia were dose dependent. The mean values for onset of analgesia were 25.00±3.00, 24.16±1.74 and 12.00±1.50 min and duration of analgesia was 8.00±2.00, 17.16±1.81 and 31.50±2.61 min after administration of 4, 5 and 6 µg/kg medetomidine, respectively. Skin analgesia and muscle relaxation were produced in all animals with higher doses (5 and 6 µg/kg) and only in 2 animals with 4 µg/kg of medetomidine. It was concluded that medetomidine is a highly potent drug which can be effectively used in the dose rates of 4 to 5µg /kg I/V for sedation in goats.