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Objetivo: actualizar los resultados del registro BIOBADASAR sobre seguridad, duración y causas de interrupción del tratamiento luego de 8 años de seguimiento. Métodos: BIOBADASAR es un registro de seguridad de terapias biológicas establecido por la Sociedad Argentina de Reumatología. Se presenta la descripción de BIOBADASAR 3.0, una cohorte compuesta por 53 centros de Argentina seguidos prospectivamente desde agosto de 2010 hasta enero de 2018.

Abstract Background The trend over time and across different geographical areas of outcomes and management with noninvasive ventilation or invasive mechanical ventilation in patients admitted for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and treated with ventilatory support is unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe outcomes and identify variables associated with survival for patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [aeCOPD] who received noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation worldwide. Methods Retrospective, multi-national, and multicenter studies, including four observational cohort studies, were carried out in 1998, 2004, 2010, and 2016 for the VENTILAGROUP following the same methodology. Results A total of 1,848 patients from 1,253 ICUs in 38 countries admitted for aeCOPD and need of ventilatory support were identified in the four study cohorts and included in the study. The overall incidence of aeCOPD as a cause for ventilatory support at ICU admission significantly decreased over time and varied widely according to the gross national income. The mortality of patients admitted to ICU for aeCOPD and ventilatory support significantly decreased over time regardless of the geographical area and gross national income; however, there is a remarkable variability in ICU mortality according to geographical area and gross national income. The use of NPPV as the first attempt at ventilatory support has significantly increased over time, with a parallel reduction of invasive mechanical ventilation regardless of gross national income. Conclusion In this worldwide observational study, including four sequential cohorts of patients over 18 years from 1998 to 2016, the mortality of patients admitted to ICU for aeCOPD and ventilatory support significantly decreased regardless of the geographical area and gross national income. Future research will need to investigate the reason for the remarkable variability in ICU mortality according to the geographical area, gross national income, and methods to select patients for the appropriate ventilatory support.

Introducción: Tocilizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado anti-receptor de IL-6 que ha demostrado eficacia y seguridad en artritis reumatoidea (AR). Métodos y objetivos: Estudio observacional de cohorte en pacientes con AR moderada a severa tratados con tocilizumab con 6 meses de seguimiento. El objetivo primario fue establecer la adherencia al tratamiento y secundariamente estudiar la efectividad y seguridad.

With the perspective of implementing neuromorphic devices using memristor networks, we present a numerical-computational platform that allows studying their electrical transport properties. It consists of a function that describes the behavior of an individual memristor (which enables the consideration of an experimental case of interest) and a connection diagram between memristors. Using this platform, two-dimensional networks of various sizes are studied,also incorporating environmental effects (such as humidity and temperature). Furthermore, by selecting the electrically accessible ports, the impact of connectivity on the electrical properties of the network is evaluated. The results indicate that, beyond the individual characteristics of the memristors (determined by the particular selected model), the degree of connectivity, the topology of the connections, and the environmental conditions significantly influence the macroscopic electrical response of the networks.

Aim of study: The loss of forest cover is a global problem that alters ecosystems, contributing to carbon emissions. This study measured the soil organic carbon (SOC) at different soil depths in tropical dry forests of the Huallaga Central in the Peruvian Amazon. Area of study: San Martín Region, Peruvian Amazon. Material and methods: A total of 24 plots of 100 m2 were selected in primary (~200 years), intervened (~50 years since intervention), and deforested forests (10 years ago), with 120 soil samples collected across five depths. Soil texture (hydrometer), bulk density (cylinder method), SOC content, SOC density, and erodibility (K parameter) were calculated. Main results: SOC content in the 0-20 cm soil horizon was 79.5±21.3 t ha-1 for the primary forest, 58.5±11.8 t ha-1 for the intervened forest, and 41.8±10 t ha-1 for the deforested forest. A soil erodibility K of 0.065 was observed for primary forests and 0.076 and 0.093 for intervened and deforested forests. In average, the SOC density obtained in this study was 7.6±5.1 t ha-1 in the primary forest, 6.2±3.6 t ha-1 in the intervened forest, and 4.7±2.7 in the deforested forest. Research highlights: Primary forests had the highest SOC content and SOC density, followed by intervened and deforested forests, while the opposite pattern was found for soil erodibility. These patterns were especially marked in the first 40 cm of soil depth.

Objetivo: estimar la exactitud pronóstica para amputación de miembro inferior de las escalas de pie diabético utilizadas en estudios realizados en América Latina y el Caribe. Materiales y métodos: se incluyó a estudios longitudinales sin restricción de idioma provenientes de Scielo, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science (WOS) y SCOPUS, hasta octubre de 2024. Los estudios registraron la incidencia de amputación mayor o a cualquier nivel según la aplicación de una escala de pie diabético al inicio de la atención médica. Mediante un metaanálisis se estimó la sensibilidad, especificidad, razón de verosimilitud (LR, del inglés likelihood ratio) positiva (LR+) y negativa (LR-), odds ratio diagnóstico y el área bajo la curva ROC. El riesgo de sesgo fue evaluado utilizando la herramienta QUADAS-2 y la certeza de la evidencia se analizó según GRADE. Resultados: se incluyeron a 15 artículos y se identificaron cinco escalas: IDSA, San Elián, Wifi, Meggitt-Wagner (con umbrales 3 y 4) y Universidad de Texas, provenientes de nueve países. Para amputación a cualquier nivel, la clasificación que mostró la mayor sensibilidad para ambos desenlaces fue la escala Meggitt-Wagner en el umbral de grado 3 con valores de 0,91. La escala San Elián presentó la mayor especificidad con un valor de 0,92. El LR+ más significativo correspondió a San Elián con un valor de 4,1, mientras que el LR- de mayor impacto fue el de Meggitt-Wagner en categoría 3 con un valor de 0,20. Las 15 evaluaciones GRADE revelaron una certeza de evidencia muy baja. Conclusión: la escala Merritt-Wagner en el umbral de grado 3 y la escala San Elián demostraron la mayor sensibilidad y especificidad, respectivamente. Sin embargo, nuestra investigación muestra importantes limitaciones, como déficits en el reporte de seguimiento, elevada heterogeneidad y número limitado de estudios, lo que explica la muy baja certeza de la evidencia. Se requiere la realización de estudios con un mayor rigor metodológico en nuestra región.

The Luna Analog Facility, a joint ESA-DLR endeavour, consists of three components and spans an area of 1,000 m2, providing testbeds of simulated lunar environments. The main sections within the facility are a large area filled with lunar mare regolith simulant resembling mare regions and a smaller, individual “Dust Chamber”. The latter replicates highland conditions and contains approximately 20 tons of material, specifically simulating the fine-particle lunar regolith portion up to 250 µm. The Dust Chamber serves as a platform for testing various technologies, such as mechanical tools, robotic operations, in-situ resource utilization activities, and astronaut attire, as well as different procedures including rover and astronaut tasks. This work represents the geotechnical, geochemical and mineralogical characterization of the Lumina Sustainable Materials Ltd. 2023 batch highland simulants, from which Lunar250 is intended for use in the Luna Dust Chamber. Additionally, this work provides new results for ESA’s mare simulant, EAC-1. We provide data on particle size distribution, particle shape, abrasivity, density, water content, major and trace element geochemistry and modal mineralogy. As the simulants in the Luna Facility will be constantly overseen, this work organized by the Vulcan Facility (ESA) intends to support the monitoring of the geotechnical property variations of the simulants over time. Ultimately, we analysed several properties with different tools to emphasize how different methods and instruments affect the variability and reliability of the results.

We report a new altitudinal record for Bothrops bilineatus (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) in the department of Cochabamba, Bolivia, based on verifiable records from the Yungas ecoregion of the department. This work not only corroborates the highest record for Bolivia, but also extends the record of the species by more than 50 km to the southeast, from the closest record in Villa Tunari, Cochabamba, Bolivia. The first record of the species for the Yungas ecoregion in Bolivia is formally confirmed. The highest record for the species in South America is also confirmed.

EEste estudio reporta por primera vez la presencia de Anchotatus peruvianus y Microcoema sp. a una altitud superior a 4200 m s.n.m. en Cajatambo, Perú. Este hallazgo también establece un nuevo registro altitudinal para la familia en Perú. La investigación invita a que se realicen más investigaciones sobre la familia a fin de tener más información actualizada para usarla en futuras investigaciones.

En el siglo XVIII, durante el virreinato del Perú, la mina Cerro de Pasco inició la explotación de plata y plomo, actividad que persiste hasta la actualidad y que continúa contaminando con metales pesados el suelo y las aguas de la cuenca del río San Juan, en el departamento de Pasco. Con el fin de analizar la eficacia de las algas verdes altoandinas Mougeotia sp. y Spirogyra sp. en la bioremoción de cobre y plomo, se recolectaron muestras de ambas especies en el río San Juan, y tras cultivarlas en medio de cultivo Chu 10. El estudio se realizó con un diseño experimental factorial de 3 x 3 x 2 (3 indican los tres tratamientos de cobre y de plomo, y 2 son las dos especies de algas verdes filamentosas), con 5 repeticiones por tratamiento. Los resultados mostraron tanto Mougeotia sp. y Spirogyra sp. con el tratamiento de 30 mg L-1 de plomo lograron las eficiencias de remoción más elevadas, del 97 % y 87,6 % de bioremoción de plomo, respectivamente. Ambas especies registraron una notable capacidad de bioremoción de plomo y cobre, empero con disminución significativa en su biomasa y en el contenido de clorofila a.

IntroductionSecondary forests and coffee cultivation systems with shade trees might have great potential for carbon sequestration as a means of climate change adaptation and mitigation. This study aimed to measure carbon stocks in coffee plantations under different managements and secondary forest systems in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest (San Martín Region).MethodsThe carbon stock in secondary forest trees was estimated using allometric equations, while carbon stocks in soil, herbaceous biomass, and leaf litter were determined through sampling and laboratory analysis.ResultsThe biomass carbon stock in secondary forests was 132.2 t/ha, while in coffee plantations with Inga sp. shade trees was 118.2 t/ha. Carbon stocks were 76.5 t/ha in coffee with polyculture farming, while the lowest amount of carbon was found in coffee without shade trees (31.1 t/ha). The carbon sequestered by coffee plants in all agroforestry systems examined had an average of 2.65 t/ha, corresponding to 4.63 % of the total carbon sequestered, being the highest stored in the coffee system with Inga sp. shade trees. A higher content of glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSP) was found in coffee without shade trees, with 18.5 mg/g.DiscussionThese results point to Inga sp. as a compatible model of shade system for coffee farms. However, broader-scale time-average measurements and carbon dioxide emissions should be assessed in these study systems to have a full understanding of their climate impacts.

Introducción: el proyecto BIOBADASAR (Registro argentino de eventos adversos con tratamientos biológicos en reumatología) comenzó en agosto de 2010, para recabar información a largo plazo sobre los eventos adversos en tratamientos biológicos en pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas en la práctica clínica cotidiana en Argentina.

A variety of ecosystems can be found on the eastern flank of the Peruvian Andean-Amazonian piedmont. Amongst these, seasonally flooded forests (which include many peatlands) have attracted scientific attention because of the ecosystem services they provide. Our research was conducted in the Tingana flooded forests situated in the Alto Mayo Valley, San Martin (Peru). The canopies and branches of phorophytes (epiphyte-bearing plants) located within fourteen 20 × 20 m plots at two study sites were accessed using climbing equipment, and 107 epiphytic species were recorded. The epiphyte genera with the highest diversity were Epidendrum (15 species), Asplenium (7 species), Anthurium (6 species) and Peperomia (5 species), and the phorophyte with the highest epiphyte diversity was Ficus trigona. The richness estimators (Chao1 and ACE) accounted for > 75.3 % of the species present, with Stratum III being the most abundant and diverse. Demographic studies will be needed to comprehend the potential consequences of climate change for the epiphyte communities of flooded forests as they recover from disturbance.

The Critical Assessment of Massive Data Analysis (CAMDA) addresses the complexities of harnessing Big Data in life sciences by hosting annual competitions that inspire research groups to develop innovative solutions. In 2023, the Forensic Challenge focused on identifying the city of origin for 365 metagenomic samples collected from public transportation systems and identifying associations between bacterial distribution and other covariates. For microbiome classification, we incorporated both taxonomic and functional annotations as features. To identify the most informative Operational Taxonomic Units, we selected features by fitting negative binomial models. We then implemented supervised models conducting 5-fold cross-validation (CV) with a 4:1 training-to-validation ratio. After variable selection, which reduced the dataset to fewer than 300 OTUs, the Support Vector Classifier achieved the highest F1 score (0.96). When using functional features from MIFASER, the Neural Network model outperformed other models. When considering climatic and demographic variables of the cities, Dirichlet regression over Escherichia, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella bacteria abundances suggests that population increase is indeed associated with a rise in the mean of Escherichia while decreasing temperature is linked to higher proportions of Klebsiella. This study validates microbiome classification using taxonomic features and, to a lesser extent, functional features. It shows that demographic and climatic factors influence urban microbial distribution. A Docker container and a Conda environment are available at the repository: GitHub facilitating broader adoption and validation of these methods by the scientific community.

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo general demostrar, mediante el caso testigo de la actividad del Servicio de Referencia de la Biblioteca de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, de qué manera una buena praxis y gestión del mismo puede apoyar a una institución bibliotecaria en una situación de crisis. Para esto se emplearán los datos estadísticos de uso del servicio de los años 2017 al 2023 y se someterán a comparación cuantitativa y cualitativa. Se argumenta que entre los aspectos que contribuyeron a sostener y acrecentar el Servicio de Referencia durante la crisis sanitaria mundial del COVID-19 se encuentran las decisiones de gestión y la buena respuesta del personal.

Abstract Background Lifestyle choices, metformin, and dietary supplements may prevent GDM, but the effect of intervention characteristics has not been identified. This review evaluated intervention characteristics to inform the implementation of GDM prevention interventions. Methods Ovid, MEDLINE/PubMed, and EMBASE databases were searched. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) framework was used to examine intervention characteristics (who, what, when, where, and how). Subgroup analysis was performed by intervention characteristics. Results 116 studies involving 40,940 participants are included. Group-based physical activity interventions (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.95) reduce the incidence of GDM compared with individual or mixed (individual and group) delivery format (subgroup p-value = 0.04). Physical activity interventions delivered at healthcare facilities reduce the risk of GDM (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.49, 0.72) compared with home-based interventions (subgroup p-value = 0.03). No other intervention characteristics impact the effectiveness of all other interventions. Conclusions Dietary, physical activity, diet plus physical activity, metformin, and myoinositol interventions reduce the incidence of GDM compared with control interventions. Group and healthcare facility-based physical activity interventions show better effectiveness in preventing GDM than individual and community-based interventions. Other intervention characteristics (e.g. utilization of e-health) don’t impact the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions, and thus, interventions may require consideration of the local context.

Abstract Background Peru is facing a double burden of malnutrition (DBM), characterized by the co-existence of undernutrition and overnutrition. Double-duty actions that concurrently target common drivers of undernutrition and overnutrition, while ensuring no unintended side effects, are recommended to effectively address the DBM. To understand these complex common mechanisms and design context-specific double-duty actions, there is a need for participatory systems approaches. This paper provides a case study of applying a community-based system dynamics approach to capture stakeholder perspectives of food system drivers of the DBM in two regions in Peru. Methods We implemented a multi-stage community-based system dynamics approach, which included processes for research capacity building for systems approaches, and the designing, piloting, and implementation of stakeholder workshops. A total of 36 stakeholders, representing diverse perspectives, participated in five group model building workshops. Stakeholder views are presented in a causal loop diagram that showcases the feedback mechanisms between key food system drivers of overweight and stunting in Peru. Results The causal loop diagram highlights that prioritization of undernutrition over overnutrition in the policymaking process, due to Peru’s historically high levels of undernutrition, may undermine action against the DBM. It also describes potential mechanisms of unintended impacts of undernutrition policies on the DBM in Peru, including impacts related to within-family distribution and quality of food provided through food assistance programs, and unintended impacts due to regional dynamics. Conclusions This paper highlights the importance of a participatory approach to understand local needs and priorities when recommending double-duty actions in Peru and shares practical methodological guidance on applying participatory systems approaches in public health.

Introducción: BIOBADASAR ((Registro Argentino de Eventos Adversos con Tratamientos Biológicos en Reumatología) comenzó en agosto de 2010. La importancia de este registro es mostrar datos locales que, probablemente, puedan diferir de otros registros. El objetivo es comunicar los resultados del tercer reporte de BIOBADASAR. Métodos: Todos los pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas que requirieron tratamiento con agentes biológicos y pacientes controles sin estos tratamientos fueron incluidos en la base de datos provenientes de 32 centros participando a lo largo de la Argentina. Tres áreas de datos son analizados: características de los pacientes, tratamientos y eventos adversos. El inicio de la carga fue agosto de 2010 y cerró para este análisis en agosto de 2013. Se utilizó software Infostat para el análisis estadístico. Se calcularon porcentajes, riesgos relativos e incidencia persona/año para los eventos adversos. Resultados: Se incorporaron 2356 pacientes (1277 casos y 1079 controles) utilizando 2940 tratamientos. 1862 mujeres (79%) y 494 hombres (21%). La edad promedio fue 54 años (1-90). 1107 pacientes (58%) fueron tratados con agentes biológicos (casos) y 802 (42%) fueron controles. 1829 pacientes tenían artritis reumatoidea y 218 artritis psoriásica entre los diagnósticos principales. El tiempo promedio de la enfermedad fue 9,81 años para los controles y 12,59 para los casos. El biológico más utilizado fue el etanercept (46,7% de los tratamientos) con una mediana de sobrevida al tratamiento de 31 meses seguido de adalimumab con 23,6% de los tratamientos y una mediana de sobrevida de 26,4 meses. La causa más frecuente de interrupción de tratamientos para los casos fue ineficacia (30%) seguido por eventos adversos (26%). La incidencia de eventos adversos serios fue 37/1000 pacientes año en el grupo biológico vs. 5/1000 pacientes año en el grupo control (RR 7,44; IC 5,17-10,7; p

Introducción: La utilización de agentes biológicos para el tratamiento de la Artritis Reumatoidea (AR) es habitualmente usada en aquellos pacientes con enfermedad activa que no hayan respondido al tratamiento con drogas modificadoras de la Artritis Reumatoidea convencionales (DMARD, por sus siglas en inglés) o que hayan presentado intolerancia a las mismas. Al estado actual de la evidencia, la terapia combinada de agentes biológicos más un DMARD convencional (principalmente metotrexato) constituye el estándar de tratamiento. Sin embargo existen algunos escenarios como la intolerancia, la falta de adherencia y la aparición de eventos adversos a las DMARDs convencionales donde la monoterapia biológica emerge como una opción terapéutica válida. Según los distintos registros a nivel internacional, la frecuencia de utilización de agentes biológicos en monoterapia oscila entre 12 a 39%. Debido a la ausencia de estos datos a nivel local decidimos realizar este estudio para conocer el porcentaje de pacientes que se encuentran en monoterapia biológica y analizar las causas que llevaron a este tipo de tratamiento. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de tipo corte transversal donde se invitó a participar a diferentes centros reumatológicos distribuidos a lo largo de Argentina. Cada centro revisó las historias clínicas de los últimos 30 a 50 pacientes consecutivos vistos con AR, mayores de 18 años, que habían presentado inadecuada respuesta al tratamiento con DMARDs y que estaban bajo tratamiento biológico. Se completaba una ficha por cada paciente incluido, registrando datos demográficos, de la enfermedad y tratamientos previos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 32 centros y se evaluaron 1148 historias clínicas de pacientes con AR durante el mes de octubre y noviembre del 2012. Un 21,4% (246) de los pacientes al momento del estudio se encontraba bajo tratamiento biológico en monoterapia. Las razones de la selección del tratamiento monoterapia fueron: 45% evento adverso, 35% decisión del médico por buena evolución del paciente, 13% decisión del paciente, 7% inadecuada respuesta a las DMARDs. Los eventos adversos que llevaron al uso de monoterapia fueron: 31,9% hepatotoxicidad, 21,6% intolerancia gástrica, 9,6% estomatitis, 7,4% cefalea, 5,3% caída del cabello, entre los más frecuentes. En relación al tratamiento en combinación, el MTX fue la DMARD más utilizada (69%). Los médicos referían en un 98% de los casos estar satisfechos de la respuesta terapéutica bajo el tratamiento biológico como monoterapia. Conclusión: Una proporción significativa de pacientes con AR están siendo tratados con agentes biológicos en monoterapia. Las principales causas de esta opción terapéutica fueron intolerancia a la DMARD y decisión de discontinuación del DMARD debido a buena evolución del paciente.

Background/Objectives: Neurodegenerative ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, represent growing public health concerns. Oxidative stress plays a key role in their development, damaging retinal cells and accelerating disease progression. Melatonin (Mel) is a potent antioxidant with neuroprotective properties; however, it faces limitations such as low solubility. This study proposes the use of human serum albumin nanoparticles (Np-HSA) to enhance the delivery of Mel to the posterior segment of the eye and evaluates its neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects on the retina. Methods: A model of retinal degeneration was induced in New Zealand albino rabbits using cytotoxic and oxidative agents. Np-HSA-Mel nanoparticles were administered subconjunctivally, and cellular viability and retinal functionality were assessed using flow cytometry and pupillary light reflex (PLR). Histological and immunohistochemical studies, including the TUNEL assay, were performed to analyse cell survival and apoptotic index. Results: Np-HSA-Mel significantly preserved pupillary function and cell viability, demonstrating lower apoptosis compared to Mel solution and Np-HSA alone. Histologically, eyes treated with Np-HSA-Mel exhibited fewer structural alterations and greater cellular organisation. The TUNEL assay confirmed a significant reduction in the apoptotic index of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) treated with Np-HSA-Mel. Conclusions: Np-HSA-Mel effectively overcame ocular barriers, achieving greater neuroprotective efficacy at the retinal level. These findings highlight the synergistic potential of albumin and Mel in treating neurodegenerative ocular diseases, opening new perspectives for future therapies.

Mutualisms characterized by reciprocal benefits between species are a fundamental relationship of tropical ecosystems. Ant Gardens (AGs) represent an interesting ant-plant mutualism, involving specialized interactions between vascular epiphytes and ants. While this relationship has been extensively studied in various tropical regions, the available information on Peruvian ecosystems is limited. The objective of this study was to identify the ant and epiphyte species that constitute AGs. From February 2023 to January 2024, a study was conducted on two 50 × 10 m transects within the Mauritia flexuosa peat swamp forest, located within the Water Association Aguajal Renacal del Alto Mayo (ADECARAM) Tingana in San Martín, Peru. A total of 69 ant gardens were documented, comprising 18 phorophyte species, 19 epiphyte species, and three ant species. The results demonstrated that neither the height nor the diameter at breast height (DBH) of phorophytes exhibited a statistically significant correlation with the number of AGs per host. However, a positive correlation was observed between the length and width of the AGs and the number of ants per AG. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of AG mutualism in Peruvian ecosystems.

The Parque Nacional La Campana (PNLC) was recently recognized for its high soil surface microbial richness. Here, we explored the microbial community structure in soil profiles from contrasting facing slopes where sclerophyllous forest (SF) and xerophytic shrubland (XS) develop. Soil physicochemical conditions (dry density, pH, and organic matter C and N isotopic soil signatures) were determined at three depths (5, 10, and 15 cm depths). Amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA and ITS1-5F) and specific quantification (qPCR bacteria, archaea and ammonia-oxidizing archaea, fungi) were used to profile the microbial community. Our results indicate that opposite slopes, with different vegetation types and soil conditions studied potentially explained the spatial variability of the microbial community composition, especially between sites than through soil depth. Discriminative taxa were observed to vary between sites, such as, C. nitrososphaera (ammonia-oxidizing archaea) and Sphingomonas, and bacteria associated with Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were predominant in SF and XS, respectively. Fungi affiliated with Humicola and Preussia were more abundant in SF, while Cladosporium and Alternaria were in XS. Higher ASV richness was observed in SF compared to XS, for both prokaryotes and fungi. Furthermore, SF showed a higher number of shared ASVs, while XS showed a decrease in unique ASVs in deeper soil layers. In XS, the genus DA101 (Verrucomicrobia) increases with soil depth, reaching higher levels in SF, while Kaistobacter shows the opposite trend. PNLC soils were a reservoir of redundant microbial functions related to biogeochemical cycles, including symbiotic and phytopathogenic fungi. In conclusion, as with the predominant vegetation, the structure and potential function of microbial life in soil profiles were associated with the contrasting the effect of facing slopes as toposequence effects.

Water is a resource that influences sustainable development in different ways in social, economic, and environmental aspects, being the Andes the major provider of this resource. However, they have been affected mainly by anthropogenic activities due to the proximity of settlements in the watersheds, so they tend to have more significant contamination, and their evaluation is essential to mitigate problems for those who consume them. However, despite being a fundamental resource and one of the main contributors of water, it is not so studied, so the present study aims to determine the studies based on the water quality of the high mountain rivers of the Andes by using a PRISMA methodology with the scoping review extension, based on search techniques, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and monitoring tables, in order to maintain a line of research attached to the objective of the study. After using the methodology, ten articles were obtained, which were analyzed after a bibliometric analysis to determine features of interest, such as countries in which the studies were carried out, years of publication, methodologies used, and authors' consensus. High Andean rivers' importance, the need for more studies within these areas, and the lack of suitable indexes for these unique ecosystems are highlighted.

Los ecosistemas tropicales, reconocidos por su alta biodiversidad, desempeñan un rol fundamental en la regulación del clima global. Entre éstos, los renacales, caracterizados por su naturaleza inundable y la dominancia de especies como Ficus trigona, Coussapoa trinervia, Virola sp. e Inga sp., son particularmente interesantes pero poco estudiados. La presente investigación se realizó en los renacales de la Reserva Ecológica Tingana, donde se documentó la presencia de jardines de hormigas, sugiriendo que estas formaciones vegetales brindan un hábitat propicio para interacciones simbióticas. Los géneros de hormigas Camponotus sp. y Azteca sp. fueron identificados en los jardines de hormigas destacando su importancia en este ecosistema. Este hallazgo representa un avance significativo en el estudio de las interacciones simbióticas en estos ecosistemas con grandes vacíos de información.

Searching for positive selection signals across genomes has identified functional genetic variants responding to environmental change. In Native Americans of Mexico, we used the fixation index (Fst) and population branch statistic (PBS) to identify SNPs suggesting positive selection. The 103 most differentiated SNPs were tested for associations with metabolic traits, the most significant association was FADS2/rs174616 with body mass index (BMI). This variant lies within a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block independent of previously reported FADS selection signals and has not been clearly associated with metabolic phenotypes. We tested this variant in two independent cohorts with cardiometabolic data. In the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease (GEA) cohort, the derived allele (T) was associated with increased BMI, lower LDL-C levels and a decreased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in women. Significant gene-diet interactions affected lipid, apolipoprotein and adiponectin levels with differences according to sex, involving mainly total and complex dietary carbohydrate%. In the Genotype-related Effects of PUFA trial, the derived allele was associated with lower Δ-6 desaturase activity and erythrocyte membrane dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) levels, and with increased Δ-5 desaturase activity and eicosapentaenoic acid levels. This variant interacted with dietary carbohydrate% affecting Δ-6 desaturase activity. Notably, the relationship of DGLA and other erythrocyte membrane LC-PUFA indices with HOMA-IR differed according to rs174616 genotype, which has implications regarding how these indices should be interpreted. In conclusion, this observational study identified rs174616 as a signal suggesting selection in an independent linkage disequilibrium block, was associated with cardiometabolic and erythrocyte measurements of LC-PUFA in two independent Mexican cohorts and showed significant gene-diet interactions.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar es la relación existente entre el liderazgo transformacional y transaccional de directivos del nivel jerárquico medio de las empresas agroindustriales de la caña de azúcar en la zona costanera de la provincia del Cañar en Ecuador, con las variables de resultado: autoevaluaciones centrales, satisfacción, esfuerzo extra y efectividad, desde la percepción de los seguidores. Se aplicó los cuestionarios de Multifactor Leadership Questionaire (MLQ) para liderazgo y variables de resultado, satisfacción, esfuerzo extra y efectividad y Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES) para la variable autoevaluaciones central. La muestra estuvo compuesta por directivos y seguidores, cuyo análisis estadístico se basó en el uso de ecuaciones estructurales para determinar las relaciones entre las distintas variables. Los hallazgos muestran que el liderazgo transformacional tiene una relación directa significativa con las variables de resultado con mayor grado de impacto en las variables satisfacción, esfuerzo extra y efectividad. Se concluye que la cualidad transformacional del liderazgo es cada vez más importante para las empresas agroindustriales, las cuales enfrentan presiones de productividad crecientes dada las disminuciones de los rendimientos de los cultivos debido al cambio climático.

Reportamos el primer registro formal de Cercosaura parkeri (Ruibal, 1952) para el departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia, en base a registros comprobables provenientes de la ecorregión de los Bosques secos Interandinos del departamento. Este registro no sólo corrobora la presencia de esta especie para el departamento, a su vez extiende su registro en más de 90 Km al oeste, desde el registro más cercano en Comarapa, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Se confirma también el registro más alto para la especie en Bolivia y Sudamérica.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la diplomacia internacional en el contexto del programa nuclear de Irán. En primer lugar, se ofrecerá una breve revisión histórica del programa nuclear iraní y su evolución en el periodo de estudio. Luego, se explorará su importancia en la política exterior actual de la República Islámica, antes de abordar la firma y aspectos centrales del Acuerdo Nuclear conocido como Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) de 2015. La percepción de amenaza por parte de Israel tras la firma del Acuerdo y cómo esto se ha convertido en un factor adicional de desestabilización en la relación con la República Islámica es un tema que también se introducirá en este artículo. El período de análisis abarca desde el año 2013, cuando la relación entre Estados Unidos e Irán experimentó un cambio significativo con la presidencia de Barack Obama y Hassan Rouhani, hasta 2022, tras las rondas de negociaciones en Viena que quedaron estancadas. La metodología empleada en esta investigación implica la consulta de diversas fuentes, como documentos del U.S. Congressional Research Service, resoluciones de la Junta de Gobernadores del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica relacionadas con la cuestión nuclear de Irán, resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas y el texto completo del JCPOA de 2015. Además, se han considerado fuentes periodísticas y académicas relevantes para el tema en cuestión.

Las vasculitis de las arterias o vasculitis cerebelosas en el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) son extremadamente infrecuentes y podrían estar inmersas o formar parte de los casos de LES neuropsiquiátrico (LESNP), stroke cerebeloso en el LES y grupo de vasculitis del sistema nervioso central (SNC ) por LES. La adición del manejo quirúrgico a esta entidad, mediante descompresión suboccipital, ha sido reportada en muy pocas publicaciones. Se presenta el caso de una paciente mujer de 18 años con LES, LESNP, stroke cerebeloso, con alta sospecha de vasculitis inflamatoria de las arterias cerebelosas a quien, a pesar del manejo médico, se le brindó descompresión suboccipital. La vasculitis inflamatoria de las arterias cerebelosas en el LES es una causa infrecuente de stroke cerebeloso de elevada mortalidad. Existe limitada evidencia científica en la realización de la descompresión suboccipital de esta entidad.

Abstract Alpine grassland vegetation supports globally important biodiversity and ecosystems that are increasingly threatened by climate warming and other environmental changes. Trait-based approaches can support understanding of vegetation responses to global change drivers and consequences for ecosystem functioning. In six sites along a 1314 m elevational gradient in Puna grasslands in the Peruvian Andes, we collected datasets on vascular plant composition, plant functional traits, biomass, ecosystem fluxes, and climate data over three years. The data were collected in the wet and dry season and from plots with different fire histories. We selected traits associated with plant resource use, growth, and life history strategies (leaf area, leaf dry/wet mass, leaf thickness, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf C, N, P content, C and N isotopes). The trait dataset contains 3,665 plant records from 145 taxa, 54,036 trait measurements (increasing the trait data coverage of the regional flora by 420%) covering 14 traits and 121 plant taxa (ca. 40% of which have no previous publicly available trait data) across 33 families.

Los procesos de asociatividad en PYMES, que generalmente comparten el mismo sector, buscan establecer relaciones cooperativas teniendo como propósito elevar los niveles de productividad y competitividad. Además, se centran en consolidar esfuerzos en la apertura económica hacia nuevos sectores, incluyendo aquellos más vulnerables. Por lo tanto, se analiza la asociatividad entre PYMES para emprendimientos comunitarios teniendo en cuenta la economía popular y solidaria (EPS), especialmente en zonas vulnerables de la Provincia Cañar. La investigación es descriptiva, no experimental y transversal. A partir de la encuesta realizada a responsables de pequeños negocios comunitarios del contexto antes indicado. El estudio reveló que el principal motivo para asociarse es alcanzar metas en común, además de mayores niveles ingresos y el hecho de acceder a capacitaciones más extensas.

Introduction: This study focuses on the central mountain region of the Peruvian Andes, particularly its western slopes, high-altitude areas, and inter-Andean valleys situated above 3000 m.a.s.l. Despite its ecological importance, the region remains understudied, resulting in significant information gaps. Objective: To identify flora species along an altitudinal gradient in the Cajatambo district. Methods: Sampling was carried out at five distinct altitudinal levels using a combination of sampling techniques. Taxonomic identification was performed, and statistical analyses including ANOVA, the Mantel test, and NMDS were applied. Results: 424 plant species were identified, revealing the dominance of Asteraceae. The approach used allowed for the identification of floristic and structural patterns in various habitats, ranging from arid montane scrub to puna grassland. Surprisingly, Asteraceae richness had a significant impact on species diversity, while altitude did not. Additionally, floristic similarity between nearby altitudinal levels was not related to geographical distance. The analysis of ecosystems has shown that certain families are adaptable. Additionally, floristic diversity has been affected by human activity near the district capital. The distribution of medicinal species has been limited due to selective extraction. Conclusions: The shrubland and thorny scrub was the most diverse ecosystem and had the widest distribution across the altitudinal gradient.

Food security is essential to ensure everyone can access sufficient nutritious food. Cereals and legumes are fundamental foods worldwide. Phaseolus vulgaris L., the common bean, is an essential staple food in many nations worldwide. However, it is vulnerable to fusariosis, a disease caused by the fungus Fusarium spp. that can significantly decrease crop quality and yield. To combat plant diseases, industrial residues and plant residues are valuable due to their bioactive compounds with biotechnological applications. This study proposes using ethanolic extracts with phytochemical compounds, such as flavonoids, different from those reported in essential oils, to reduce the growth of Fusarium species both in vitro and in vivo. Industrial residues that are produced after extracting essential oils offer a promising alternative to develop organic biopesticides, promoting more sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture.

Maternal gut and breast milk (BM) are key in vertically transmission bacteria to infants, shaping their gut microbiota in early life. Although the establishment of early gut microbiota is known, the role of the combined influence of maternal factors and newborn characteristics is not explored. In this study, we aimed to assess the influence of maternal BMI and total body fat, age, delivery mode, and newborn sex on the diversity and composition of the BM and gut microbiota (GM) in mother–newborn dyads. In this cross-sectional study, of the 986 pregnant women candidates, 53 participated, and, finally, 40 mother–newborn dyads exclusively breastfeeding at 20–28 days postpartum were included. Metataxonomic profiling of DNA extracted from BM and fecal samples was conducted using 16S rRNA sequencing. Globally, the findings offer valuable insights that excessive adiposity, age, and C-section delivery influence a lower abundance of specific taxa in the BM, maternal gut, and gut of newborns. Also, the simultaneous analysis of maternal factors and newborn characteristics shows that maternal age and newborn sex explain an important variation in the microbiota composition. These results add to the understanding of the intricate interplay between maternal factors and the microbial communities that influence early-life gut and BM microbiota.

The European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA) is a data service within Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology (ORFEUS) which distributes seismological waveform data across, presently, 12 federated data centres, so-called EIDA nodes. EIDA is also integrated into the European Research Infrastructure EPOS (European Plate Observing System). The increasing need of quantifying the scientific impact of such Research Infrastructures at all levels of operations has led EIDA to develop a unified system able to provide global indicators for data delivery across all EIDA nodes. To achieve this goal, EIDA implemented a system where the numbers are collected and aggregated by each EIDA node and ingested in a centralised database, accessible through an online API. The successful implementation of the system stems from carefully identifying the relevant indicators for well-defined groups of users. The implementation combines simplicity and robustness whilst respecting the distributed design of EIDA. The architecture and implementation choices may be of interest to other multi-site data distribution research infrastructures that face the challenge of providing meaningful key performance indicators.

Abstract Introduction Awake prone positioning has the potential to improve oxygenation and decrease respiratory rate, potentially reducing the need for intubation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. We investigated awake prone positioning-induced changes in oxygenation and respiratory rate, and the prognostic capacity for intubation in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods International multicenter prospective observation study in critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 receiving supplemental oxygen. We collected data on oxygenation and respiratory rate at baseline, and at 1 h after being placed in prone positioning. The combined primary outcome was oxygenation and respiratory rate at 1 h. The secondary endpoint was treatment failure, defined as need for intubation within 24 h of start of awake prone positioning. Results Between March 27th and November 2020, 101 patients were enrolled of which 99 were fully analyzable. Awake prone positioning lasted mean of 3 [2–4] h. In 77 patients (77.7%), awake prone positioning improved oxygenation, and in 37 patients (54.4%) it decreased respiratory rate. Twenty-nine patients (29.3%) were intubated within 24 h. An increase in SpO2/FiO2 of 116 mmHg (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.2–10.8, P = 0.02), and a decrease in respiratory rate of

Abstract The Nav1.7 voltage-gated sodium channel plays a key role in nociception. Three functional variants in the SCN9A gene (encoding M932L, V991L, and D1908G in Nav1.7), have recently been identified as stemming from Neanderthal introgression and to associate with pain symptomatology in UK BioBank data. In 1000 genomes data, these variants are absent in Europeans but common in Latin Americans. Analysing high-density genotype data from 7594 Latin Americans, we characterized Neanderthal introgression in SCN9A. We find that tracts of introgression occur on a Native American genomic background, have an average length of ~123 kb and overlap the M932L, V991L, and D1908G coding positions. Furthermore, we measured experimentally six pain thresholds in 1623 healthy Colombians. We found that Neanderthal ancestry in SCN9A is significantly associated with a lower mechanical pain threshold after sensitization with mustard oil and evidence of additivity of effects across Nav1.7 variants. Our findings support the reported association of Neanderthal Nav1.7 variants with clinical pain, define a specific sensory modality affected by archaic introgression in SCN9A and are consistent with independent effects of the Neanderthal variants on Nav1.7 function.

Abstract Background Precision prevention involves using the unique characteristics of a particular group to determine their responses to preventive interventions. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the participant characteristics associated with responses to interventions in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevention. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Pubmed to identify lifestyle (diet, physical activity, or both), metformin, myoinositol/inositol and probiotics interventions of GDM prevention published up to May 24, 2022. Results From 10347 studies, 116 studies (n = 40940 women) are included. Physical activity results in greater GDM reduction in participants with a normal body mass index (BMI) at baseline compared to obese BMI (risk ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.06 [0.03, 0.14] vs 0.68 [0.26, 1.60]). Combined diet and physical activity interventions result in greater GDM reduction in participants without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) than those with PCOS (0.62 [0.47, 0.82] vs 1.12 [0.78–1.61]) and in those without a history of GDM than those with unspecified GDM history (0.62 [0.47, 0.81] vs 0.85 [0.76, 0.95]). Metformin interventions are more effective in participants with PCOS than those with unspecified status (0.38 [0.19, 0.74] vs 0.59 [0.25, 1.43]), or when commenced preconception than during pregnancy (0.21 [0.11, 0.40] vs 1.15 [0.86–1.55]). Parity, history of having a large-for-gestational-age infant or family history of diabetes have no effect on intervention responses. Conclusions GDM prevention through metformin or lifestyle differs according to some individual characteristics. Future research should include trials commencing preconception and provide results disaggregated by a priori defined participant characteristics including social and environmental factors, clinical traits, and other novel risk factors to predict GDM prevention through interventions.

El desarrollo bajo en carbono es una necesidad en todo el mundo para mitigar el cambio climático, además, es visto como una manera de crecimiento económico, transformación y modernización industrial. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el impacto de las ciudades piloto bajas en carbono en el empleo y proporcionar una referencia específica que promueva el desarrollo coordinado y sostenible de la economía regional. Por ello, se desarrolló una investigación cuantitativa y correlacional mediante el Método diferencia en diferencias (DD), con una población de 289 ciudades a nivel de prefectura en China de 2000 a 2018. Los resultados del estudio muestran que la normativa de ciudades piloto bajas en carbono tiene un papel importante en la promoción de aspectos sociales como el trabajo; esta conclusión sigue siendo válida después de una serie de pruebas de robustez y estimaciones de coincidencia de puntuación de propensión. El análisis de las políticas de ciudades piloto bajas en carbono por industria y región muestra que tienen un papel importante en el empleo en las industrias secundarias y terciarias, y el efecto de promoción es más evidente en el empleo de la región oriental. Por ello, valdría la pena revisar su pertinencia en Latinoamérica.

Agricultural intensification is a significant process, transforming the land and modifying stream water quality and biodiversity. Land-use practices are associated with substantial changes in vegetation structure, significant inputs of nutrients, erosion, and increased sedimentation, all of which profoundly impact aquatic biota and ecosystem functioning. The effect of different agricultural practices (horticulture, extensive and intensive livestock) on stream water quality was compared in terms of physicochemical features, bacteria, habitat condition, riparian ecosystem, and macroinvertebrate variables in a temperate rural landscape (Patagonia). The main objective was to identify which variables related to land use were determinants in the configuration of biotic communities. Significantly higher values in water temperature, conductivity, nutrients, and bacteria were found at intensively developed sites than at reference ones. The quality of the habitat and the riparian ecosystem had been profoundly modified. A multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that macroinvertebrate assemblages also differed among land use categories, with the variables: total phosphorous, total nitrogen, bacteria (E. coli, mesophilic and total coliforms), water temperature, and oxygen having the highest predictive power. Macroinvertebrate metrics (richness of EPT (Ephemeroptera+Plecoptera+Trichoptera), Plecoptera, shredders and scrapers, and the percentage of scrapers and collectors) proved appropriate bioindicators for discriminating intensive land use impacts and highlighted a trend of biodiversity loss. Plecoptera richness, a taxa group with a high level of endemism, responded significantly to habitat condition degradation. These results confirm that the intensification of land use leads to increased nutrient levels and suppressed aquatic-terrestrial interactions involved in the provision of allochthonous detrital input, shade, and habitat structure for larval stages and adults. The Habitat Condition Index appears to be a useful tool for rapid stream assessment and providing early warnings. Several ecological services are threatened in these Patagonian agroecosystems. Restoring riverbank heterogeneity and improving management practices that ameliorate nutrient and sediment inputs are crucial to enhance biodiversity.

This article - Recommendations and Guidelines of Integrative Medicine (IM) for COVID-19 Care - was one of the outcomes from an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Project (Integrative Medicine (IM) and COVID -19 Care) during the time between May 2022 and March 2023. With the efforts from care providers, researchers, health policy makers and healthcare administrative leaders among APEC economies, the purpose of this file was to provide comprehensive IM systems for COVID-19 care as recommendations and suggestive guidelines including care methods, tools, procedures, symptom conditions and targets selections, and points need to be considered during care applications. All cited COVID-19 care practices have confirmed their efficacy and usefulness either used alone or combined with conventional medicine. This article provides current useful medical information on IM for COVID-19 care which could benefit APEC economies and world health communities on their healthcare system.

El artículo aborda el lugar que ocupó Colchane e Iquique en el desplazamiento forzado de población venezolana desde el inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19 hasta marzo de 2022. Los autores plantean que el cierre de las fronteras terrestres produjo una seria crisis que afectó la movilidad de migrantes venezolanos e impactó en la vida de los habitantes del altiplano y de la ciudad costera de Iquique. La toma de medidas centralistas basadas en la securitización y la militarización de la frontera, sumada a las restricciones impuestas por las autoridades sanitarias, afectaron la movilidad venezolana e impactaron en las prácticas sociales transfronterizas de las comunidades de la frontera y en la vida de la ciudad. Así, una ineficiente gestión migratoria, sumada al abandono del deber de proteger, favoreció el crecimiento de un clima hostil que derivó en respuestas xenófobas que propiciaron la criminalización del flujo migratorio y las marchas antiinmigrantes. De este modo, la idea de la frontera como separación, resguardo y escudo protector se reforzó con la pandemia y estructuró las movilidades de quienes la cruzaron, haciéndolas más precarias y vulnerables.

Parque Nacional La Campana (PNLC) is recognized worldwide for its flora and fauna, rather than for its microbial richness. Our goal was to characterize the structure and composition of microbial communities (bacteria, archaea and fungi) and their relationship with the plant communities typical of PNLC, such as sclerophyllous forest, xerophytic shrubland, hygrophilous forest and dry sclerophyllous forest, distributed along topoclimatic variables, namely, exposure, elevation and slope. The plant ecosystems, the physical and chemical properties of organic matter and the soil microbial composition were characterized by massive sequencing (iTag-16S rRNA, V4 and ITS1-5F) from the DNA extracted from the soil surface (5 cm, n = 16). A contribution of environmental variables, particularly related to each location, is observed. Proteobacteria (35.43%), Actinobacteria (32.86%), Acidobacteria (10.07%), Ascomycota (76.11%) and Basidiomycota (15.62%) were the dominant phyla. The beta diversity (~80% in its axes) indicates that bacteria and archaea are linked to their plant categories, where the xerophytic shrub stands out with the most particular microbial community. More specifically, Crenarchaeote, Humicola and Mortierella were dominant in the sclerophyllous forest; Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria and Alternaria in the xerophytic shrubland; Solicoccozyma in the dry sclerophyllous forest; and Cladophialophora in the hygrophilous forest. In conclusion, the structure and composition of the microbial consortia is characteristic of PNLC’s vegetation, related to its topoclimatic variables, which suggests a strong association within the soil microbiome.

Grid-connected power inverters are indispensable in modern electrical systems, playing a pivotal role in enhancing the integration of renewable energies into power grids. Their significance, primarily when functioning as grid-forming inverters, extends to maintaining the grid’s inertia and strength—a distinct advancement over traditional grid-following operations. As grid-forming inverters, these devices emulate the characteristics of synchronous generators and can act as robust voltage sources, providing essential ancillary services. This behavior is particularly relevant when integrating energy storage systems on the converters’ direct current side. Among the various inverter topologies, the current source inverter (CSI) has emerged as a promising yet underexplored alternative for grid-forming applications. CSIs, when paired with their AC output filters, can effectively operate as voltage sources, utilizing control strategies that facilitate the integration of renewable energies into the electrical system. Their design inherently manages output current fluctuations, reducing the need for restrictive current limitations or additional protective measures. This paper examines the operational region of CSIs, obtained through detailed modeling, to explore their advantages, challenges, and potential for enhancing grid-connected systems. Analyzing the operating region from the converter model verifies the limits of where the converter can operate in a plane of active and reactive powers. For a small prototype model operating with 7 amperes in DC and 120 V in AC, it is possible to supply or absorb active power exceeding 1000 W and manage maximum reactive power values around 500 VAr, as determined by its operating region. Simulations also confirm that small changes in the control reference, as little as 5%, towards the region’s right limits cause significant oscillations in the dynamic control responses. This research aims to deepen our understanding of CSIs’ operational capabilities and highlight their unique benefits in advancing grid-connected systems and promoting the integration of renewable energy using this technology.

Introducción: La anemia es frecuente en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y está relacionada con mayor mortalidad y menor calidad de vida. La introducción de la eritropoyetina recombinante representó un avance en el manejo de la anemia; no obstante, se evidenció un aumento en la tasa de enfermedades cardiovasculares y accidentes cerebrovasculares. Usualmente, la anemia se corrige parcialmente, encontrándose casos de hiporrespuesta al tratamiento. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico de casos y controles multicéntrico. Resultados: De 784 pacientes incluidos, 123 presentaron hiporrespuesta (15.69%). Los factores de riesgo identificados fueron: el sexo femenino (OR=2.188), la edad menor a 50 años (OR=3.846), índice de masa corporal menor a 23 kg/m² (OR=1.598), uso de bloqueadores del sistema renina angiotensina (OR=1.915), albúmina menor a 4.0 (OR=5.286), ferritina mayor o igual a 800 ng/ml (OR=4.775), saturación de transferrina menor de 20% (OR=5.803) y parathormona mayor o igual 500 μg/ml (OR=2.183). En el modelo multivariado, estas variables fueron significativas (P 0.05). Conclusión: El sexo femenino, la edad menor a 50 años, un índice de masa corporal menor a 23 kg/m², el uso de BRA, la albúmina baja, ferritina elevada, saturación de transferrina baja y parathormona elevada son factores de riesgo asociados a hiporrespuesta a eritropoyetina.

Soil ecosystems are important reservoirs of biodiversity, as they are the most diverse habitat on Earth. Microbial biodiversity plays key roles in many ecosystem services, including the support to biogeochemical cycles. However, despite great advances in the understanding of the role of soil microbiota in providing benefits to nature and humankind, there is still much knowledge to be gained from understudied areas across the globe. Indeed, underrepresentation of the Global South in ecological studies has been suggested as an important gap that could compromise global solutions to conservation and the current biodiversity and climate crisis. In the Southern hemisphere, the southwest of South America, which includes Chile, runs behind the rest of the continent on studies related to soil microbial diversity and ecosystem functions. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the global biodiversity and environment crisis, essential perspectives and knowledge from underrepresented regions need to be acknowledged to avoid biases in the scientific community. The main objective of this work is to understand how soil microbial diversity has been studied in Chile and the Antarctic Peninsula since 1975 to identify main knowledge gaps and funding opportunities for future research. Our survey consists of 343 articles representing 1,335 sampling points from Continental Chile to the Antarctic Peninsula. It revealed a better representation of articles studying bacterial and fungal diversity in the extreme regions of Chile funded by both international funds and the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID). To study microbial diversity, cultivation-based methods are still the most commonly used, whereas molecular studies are increasing but insufficiently applied. We have identified and argued the need to enhance collaborative multi- and interdisciplinary efforts, fundings for sequencing effort, and long-term studies to provide robust and informative knowledge about soil microbial communities.

Introduction: Classifications are helpful for surgeons as they can be a resource for decision-making, often providing the individual indicators that may deem a case necessary for surgery. However, when there are multiple classifications, the decision-making might be compromised. That is the case with C2 fractures. For this reason, this study was designed to review the different classifications of axis fractures. Research question: What are the most commonly used classifications for C2 fractures, and how do these classifications compare in terms of clinical utility? Methods: A systematic literature review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Guidelines was performed. Three different Pub-med searches (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) were done to isolate the most common C2 fracture classifications of odontoid process fractures, the posterior element of the axis and axis body fractures. Results: The search isolated 530 papers. Applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria yielded seven papers on axis body fractures, six on odontoid fractures, and ten on “hangman's fractures.” Most of the classifications proposed are modified versions of the classic ones: Benzel's for body fractures, Anderson and D'Alonzo's for odontoid fractures, and Effendi's for “hangman's fractures.” The proposal by AO Spine of a different classification seems promising and had good early results of interobserver and intraobserver agreement. Discussion and conclusion: Currently, no classification is universally accepted or widely used. The emergence of the AO Spine Upper Cervical Injury Classification system seems promising as it encompasses radiological and clinical elements.

El artículo que se presenta intenta responder a una de las consignas de este dosier, que trata sobre la circulación material o simbólica de bienes a través del Atlántico desde el siglo XVII hasta mediados del siglo XIX. Se focaliza la atención en el período inmediatamente posterior a la Revolución de mayo de 1810 hasta la caída del gobernador Juan Manuel de Rosas en 1852. Durante el mismo, se llevó a cabo una intensa circulación comercial que implicó la salida de libros desde diferentes puertos del mundo atlántico y la comercialización del objeto libro en Buenos Aires mediante diversos mecanismos. Se describen los mismos considerando que contribuyeron a la formación y consolidación de un mercado del libro muchas veces determinado por cuestiones completamente ajenas a la misma dinámica comercial. Nuestra fuente principal, además de la numerosa bibliografía existente, son los avisos comerciales publicados en La Gaceta Mercantil, estudiados de manera sistemática.

En memoria