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El trasplante de páncreas es el único tratamiento que estabiliza los niveles normales de glucosa en los pacientes diagnosticados con diabetes tipo 1 o tipo 2. En esta revisión se analizan la supervivencia del injerto, la supervivencia del paciente y el impacto en las complicaciones diabéticas. Se describe la supervivencia del injerto: 82-98% al año para los receptores de trasplante simultáneo de páncreas y riñón, 71% para trasplante páncreas después de riñón y 62% para trasplante de páncreas solitario al año. Supervivencia de los pacientes a 1 año: 96.9% para los receptores de trasplante simultáneo de páncreas y riñón, 96.3% para los receptores de trasplante de páncreas después de riñón y 98.3% para los receptores de páncreas solitario. En general, el trasplante de páncreas mejora y revierte las complicaciones diabéticas. Finalmente, el trasplante de páncreas, un procedimiento mórbido, surge como una alternativa significativa en el manejo de la diabetes, compitiendo directamente con las terapias convencionales de insulina. Hasta ahora, los resultados indican que el modelo de trasplante más efectivo es el simultáneo de páncreas y riñón. Aunque más pacientes podrían beneficiarse de este procedimiento, las complicaciones quirúrgicas y la necesidad de inmunosupresión plantean desafíos significativos.

Fleas (Siphonaptera) are ectoparasitic hematophagous insects responsible for causing bites and itchy skin conditions in both humans and animals. Furthermore, they can act as vectors of different pathogens of a wide variety of diseases worldwide, including bartonellosis, rickettsiosis, and bubonic plague. Accurate identification of fleas is necessary for the study of their epidemiology, prevention, and control. In addition to traditional morphological classification approaches and molecular biology techniques, geometric morphometrics is increasingly proving to be a useful complementary tool for discriminating between Siphonaptera taxa. With the objective of determining the capacity of this technique to identify and differentiate synanthropic fleas, a principal component analysis was carried out on populations of Ctenocephalides felis, Pulex irritans, and Archaeopsylla erinacei collected in distinct regions of Andalusia (Spain). The analysis carried out on 81 male and female specimens revealed factorial maps that allowed the differentiation of the populations under study, with only partial overlaps that did not prevent their correct identification. Global size differences were also detected, with a slightly larger size in P. irritans males and a bigger size in A. erinacei females. Therefore, the present study emphasizes the role of geometric morphometrics as a useful complementary technique in taxonomic studies of arthropods, especially in the case of flea specimens lacking representative morphological features.

Resumen Introducción y Objetivo El desbridante enzimático Nexobrid® permite la realización de una retirada precoz y selectiva del tejido quemado desde la primera valoración de la quemadura. En el contexto de sus indicaciones, se ha propuesto su uso en quemaduras circulares a modo de profilaxis/tratamiento del síndrome compartimental. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la eficacia del desbridante enzimático frente a la realización de escarotomías en este tipo de circunstancias o en esta forma de presentación de la quemadura Material y Método Realizamos una revisión retrospectiva de los pacientes atendidos en la Unidad de Grandes Quemados del Hospital La Fe de Valencia (España), desde enero de 2014 a enero de 2017 por quemaduras de segundo grado profundo y tercer grado con afectación circular de extremidades y cuyo mecanismo lesional fue escaldadura, contacto o llama. Resultados Evaluamos los registros de 33 pacientes, de los que 25 recibieron tratamiento tradicional sin aplicación de desbridante enzimático y 8 fueron tratados con desbridamiento enzimático. En el primer grupo se realizaron 11 escarotomías (44%), mientras que en el segundo no se realizó ninguna. Estas diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (p

Short-term ecophysiological and biochemical responses of Cystoseira tamariscifolia and Ellisolandia elongata to changes in solar irradiance and nutrient levels were analyzed in situ in oligotrophic coastal waters by transferring macroalgae collected at 0.5 and 2.0 m depth and exposing them to 2 irradiance levels (100 and 70% of surface irradiance) and nutrient conditions (nutrient-enriched and non-enriched). Both species were affected by changes in irradiance and nutrient levels. Few interactive effects between these 2 physical stressors were found, suggesting major additive effects on both species. C. tamariscifolia collected at 0.5 m and exposed to 70% irradiance had the highest maximal electron transport rate (ETRmax), saturated irradiance (EkETR) and chl a content and the lowest antioxidant activity. Under the same conditions, E. elongata had increased EkETR, antheraxanthin and β-carotene content. At 100% irradiance, C. tamariscifolia collected at 2.0 m had higher maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm), photosynthetic efficiency (αETR), ETRmax, maximal non-photochemical quenching (NPQmax), saturation irradiance for NPQ (EkNPQ), and antheraxanthin and polyphenol content increased, whereas in E. elongata only αETR increased. In nutrient-enriched conditions, phenolic compounds, several carotenoids and N content increased in C. tamariscifolia at both depths. E. elongata from 2.0 m depth at 100% irradiance and nutrient-enriched conditions showed increased N content and total mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Our results show rapid photophysiological responses of C. tamariscifolia to variations in in situ irradiance and nutrient conditions, suggesting efficient photoacclimation to environmental changes. In E. elongata, Fv/Fm and ETRmax did not change in the transplant experiment; in contrast, N content, pigment and MAAs (biochemical variables) changed. The responses of these macroalgae to nutrient enrichment indicate oligotrophic conditions at the study site and environmental stress.

Previous studies of the impact of increased CO2 on macroalgae have mainly been done in laboratories or mesocosm systems, placing organisms under both artificial light and seawater conditions. In this study, macroalgae were incubated in situ in UV-transparent cylinders under conditions similar to the external environment. This system was tested in a short-term study (5.5 h incubation) on the effect of 2 partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2): air (ambient CO2) and the pCO2 predicted by the end of the 21st century (700 µatm, high CO2), on photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments and photoprotection in calcifying (Ellisolandia elongata and Padina pavonica) and non-calcifying (Cystoseira tamariscifolia) macroalgae. The calcifying P. pavonica showed higher net photosynthesis under high CO2 than under ambient CO2 conditions, whereas the opposite occurred in C. tamariscifolia. Both brown algae (P. pavonica and C. tamariscifolia) showed activation of non-photochemical quenching mechanisms under high CO2 conditions. However, in P. pavonica the phenol content was reduced after CO2 enrichment. In contrast to phenols, in E. elongata other photoprotectors such as zeaxanthin and palythine (mycosporine-like amino acid) tended to increase in the high CO2 treatment. The different responses of these species to elevated pCO2 may be due to anatomical and physiological differences and could represent a shift in their relative dominance as key species in the face of ocean acidification (OA). More in situ studies could be carried out to evaluate how macroalgae will respond to increases in pCO2 in a future OA scenario. The in situ incubator system proposed in this work may contribute towards increasing this knowledge.

La ética empresarial, como uno de los componentes de la responsabilidad social corporativa, debe ser promovida desde el órgano superior de control de las organizaciones empresariales, el Consejo de Administración. En este sentido, la incorporación de un código ético supondría el establecimiento formal de los principios corporativos de la compañía que afectan a la responsabilidad con empleados, accionistas, consumidores, al entorno o a cualquier otro aspecto de la sociedad. La evidencia empírica previa pone de manifiesto efectos contradictorios entre la participación accionarial de los consejeros y su efecto sobre los intereses económicos de los accionistas, así como un reducido interés por parte de los consejeros independientes sobre temas éticos. En esta línea, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar el efecto de estas dos características del Consejo de Administración en la incorporación de un código ético por las empresas españolas no-financieras que cotizan en Bolsa. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la participación accionarial provoca un atrincheramiento de la alta dirección, provocando una divergencia entre los intereses éticos de propietarios y directivos. En esta situación, la presencia de consejeros independientes se torna necesaria para reducir tales conflictos.Business ethics as a component of the corporate social responsibility, should be promoted from the Board of Directors. In this sense, the drawing up of a code of ethics would imply the formal statement of corporate principles which affect the responsibility with employees, shareholders, customers, the environment and every aspect of the society. Previous empirical evidence has emphasized the contradictory effect between the ownership of shares by directors and its effect on the shareholders’ economic interests, and a low concern with ethics issues by independent directors. In this line, this paper aims at establishing the effect of these two features of the Board of Directors on the incorporation of a ethical code for non-financial quoted Spanish companies. The finding show that the Board ownership leads to a entrenchment in the top management, by generating a divergence between owners’ and managers’ ethical interests. Faced with this situation, the presence of independent directors becomes necessary to reduce such conflicts.

RESUMEN: Se estudia un «cráneo-copa» procedente de la Cueva de la Carigüela en Pinar (Granada). Hallado de una forma fortuita, su situación estratigráfica en la mencionada Cueva, corresponde al nivel VII del punto Norte (a) de la cámara G, de la excavación del Prof. Pellicer (Campaña 1960), datado en el pleno Eneolítico. Junto al «cráneo-copa», apareció una vasija cerámica de cuerpo globular. La importancia de este hallazgo reside en el hecho de ser el primer ejemplar datado y estudiado científicamente y ser por lo tanto básico para el conocimiento de algunos de los rituales practicados por las primitivas poblaciones Eneolíticas.ABSTRACT: The article deals with the study of a «cráneo-copa» found in the cave of La Carigüela, in Pinar (Granada). Found accidentally, its stratigraphie situación in this cave corresponds to level VII of the north point (a) of chamber G, in the excavation by Prof. Pellicer (I960 expedition), dated at the height of the Eneolithic. A roud-shaped ceramic vessel was found beside the «cráneo-copa». The importance of this discovery lies in the fact that it is the first example which has been scientifically dated and studied. It is, therefore, fundamental for the understanding some of the rites practiced by the primitive Eneolithic tribes.

The paper undertakes a comparative efficiency analysis of public bus transport in Spain using Data Envelopment Analysis. A procedure for efficiency evaluation was established with a view to estimating its technical and scale efficiency. Principal components analysis allowed us to reduce a large number of potential measures of supply- and demand-side and quality outputs in three statistical factors assumed in the analysis of the service. A statistical analysis (Tobit regression) shows that efficiency levels are negative in relation to the population density and peak-to-base ratio. Nevertheless, efficiency levels are not related to the form of ownership (public versus private). The results obtained for Spanish public transport show that the average pure technical and scale efficiencies are situated at 94.91 and 52.02%, respectively. The excess of resources is around 6%, and the increase in accessibility of the service, one of the principal components summarizing the large number of output measures, is extremely important as a quality parameter in its performance.