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Purpose. To study the concentration of cytokines and growth factors in the aqueous humor of patients with congenital aniridia.Patients and methods. The study comprised 10 patients (10 eyes) with congenital aniridia and 10 patients (10 eyes) with agerelated cataract. Aqueous humor was collected at the beginning of routine cataract surgery before the primary incision was created. A concentration of 27 cytokines and the transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF- β2) was determined using a Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine 27-plex Assay and Bio-Plex Pro™ and TGFβ 3-plex Assay kit by flow-through fluorometry on a Bio-Rad MAGPIX (Luminex Corp. Austin). Intergroup comparisons were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results. A comparative analysis showed a statistically significant increase in the concentration of IL-7 (p = 0.004), IL-15 (p = 0.008) and a decrease in the content of IL-9 (p = 0.008), IL-10 (p = 0.034) and GM-CSF (p = 0.045) in patients with congenital aniridia compared with the age-related cataract group. Inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17A, MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the aniridia group did not statistically differ from the comparison group.Conclusion. Statistically significant difference was detected in IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-15, GM-CSF concentrations in the aqueous humor in patients with congenital aniridia when comparing to non aniridic patients with age-related cataract. The other cytokines with proinflammatory, angiogenic and profibrotic properties did not significantly differ from the comparison group.

Polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is a rare subtype of age-related macular degeneration, characterized by a formation of a branching vascular network (BVN) and polyps. In a number of cases a resistance to the performed therapy was observed in particular using Ranibizumab. In its turn, the angiogenesis inhibitor Aflibercept with a relatively greater affinity for VEGF-A molecules had already demonstrated its efficacy in previously untreated patients with PCV.Purpose. To evaluate the first results of Aflibercept treatment in polypoid choroidal vasculopathy, resistant to a previous combined therapy. Material and methods. The prospective study included 8 patients (9 eyes) with treatment-resistant PCV (three or more intravitreal injections of 0.5mg of Ranibizumab monthly or in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Chlorin e6). One month after 3 monthly intravitreal injections of 2mg of Aflibercept, changes in visual acuity, central retinal sensitivity (CRS) and central retinal thickness (CRT), a resorption of the subretinal fluid, dome-shaped retinal pigment epithelial detachment, polyps and BVN were evaluated according to the OCT data, OCTangiography, fluorescein angiography (FAG) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA).Results. Visual acuity before and after treatment did not show the statistically significant difference (0.5±0.2 and 0.6±0.2, respectively, p=0.4). The CRS demonstrated a pronounced positive dynamic from 21.5±2.7 to 24.0±3.7dB (p=0.02). Resorption of the subretinal fluid was noted with a statistically significant decrease in the CRT from 336.3±55.1 to 284.3±60.1µm (p=0.03). Among 6 eyes with dome-shaped RPE detachment, two showed a complete attachment, and three a partial attachment, in one patient the height of retinal detachment increased. According to ICGA, OCT and OCT angiography data, the regression of polyps was detected in 6 of 9 eyes, however, the BVN still persisted.Conclusion. Short-term results of Aflibercept treatment in patients with resistant PCV showed its efficacy in relation to the reduction of exudation, the polyps closure and the increase of central retinal sensitivity.

The aim of this study was the genotyping of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains isolated in Russia using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), a comparative analysis of MLST results with INDEL typing results. Materials and methods. 348 strains of various serotypes isolated in different regions of the world, including 59 Russian strains, were analyzed. 302 strains from the NCBI database were used. The nucleotide sequences of the strains were determined using the MiSeq technology platform. The author MLSTtyper program was used for MLST analysis. Results and discussion. It has been found out that strains of at least, 2, 9, 19, 26, 32, 42, 43 ST-types circulate in Russia. The majority of the studied Russian strains belong to the ST2 type (58 %). Phylogenetic analysis conducted using MLST data showed that a number of clusters contains strains that have been circulating in Russia for a long time, and strains of these genotypes are not found abroad. Some of the Russian strains are included in clusters containing strains isolated in various regions of the world and can be attributed to strains of either “Asian” or “European” types. The data obtained using the MLSTtyper program coincided with the data of foreign authors when analyzing the same strains using the MLST method. Comparison of the results of genetic differentiation of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains using MLST and INDEL typing indicates that MLST has a greater discriminatory ability; however, in some cases INDEL genotyping allows differentiating those strains that had the same ST genotype.

RELEVANCE of the study lies in the analysis of the influence of specifying the wind speed interval on the calculation of electricity generation by certain wind turbines used in the Crimea. PURPOSE. Analysis of techniques that can be used to estimate electric power generation by wind turbines in various cases, as well as an assessment of the impact on the accuracy of the forecast of the speed indication interval when using "semi-aggregated" data. METHODS. Analytical and computational methods were used in the study, in particular, the variable substitution method, Rayleigh distribution, and the Milewski method. RESULTS. In the article the methods of calculating the electric power generation for three cases are considered. The first case uses primary observational data, so it is applicable only when a weather station is directly present in the area. The second case describes the course of calculations when the wind characteristics sensors are partially shaded and when the terrain is more complex. Here it is necessary to classify the degree of openness of the wind speed sensor. If the site is located far from weather stations or weather posts, the third method is used. In this case, the choice of interpolation nodes of the indicators of potential power generation can be quite complex. We also evaluated the effect of wind speed on electricity generation by a wind turbine. The number of aggregation intervals and the aggregation interval itself were changed, and the results were found for two wind turbines USW56-100 and T600-48, common in the Crimea. CONCLUSIONS. Wind energy is one of the promising areas, but often because of the differences between the forecast data and the actual, there are difficulties in integrating into the overall energy system. Therefore, it is important to develop methods for estimating the generation and accuracy in their use.

The ontological status of the game, according to the authors, today needs a particularly thorough analysis, and traditional approaches to game research require a deeper methodological justification. The growing importance of game culture in modern social dynamics sharply raises questions about the essence of games, to which the previous paradigm, based on an activity approach, did not give clear answers. The hypothesis of the study is that the game is one of the oldest ontological practices and serves to identify the ethical, semantic, existential boundaries of certain everyday situations in which a person develops acceptable or possible behavioral strategies for himself. In this status, game is comparable to ritual and performs similar functions in social dynamics. The study used phenomenological and systemic methods with elements of the structural-functional approach and the method of logical reconstruction, as an auxiliary toolkit of sociological research was used, in particular, the focus group method. As a result of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that modern computer, virtual games act as tools for self-knowledge for users, and also serve to mark socially acceptable and unacceptable behavior patterns. Social reality plays a double role here. On the one hand, it forms a dichotomous relationship with virtual reality, which allows the player to form their own ethical principles related to behavior in various environments. On the other hand, social reality is a source for game plots, implicitly offering the player to treat it contemplatively and detachedly. Thus, the study revealed a new socio-cultural significance of the game in social and personal development. The proposed methodology for the interpretation of games is a universal method, with the help of which previously difficult to resolve issues, in particular, the phenomenon of ludomania, can be clearly verified.

The aim of this study was to develop a new method of intraspecific genetic differentiation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, based on the detection of INDEL-markers using PCR. Materials and methods. Analyzed were 308 strains from the NCBI database and 15 strains sequenced within the frames of this study. The nucleotide sequences of the strains were determined using the MiSeq technology platform. The genomes of the strains sequenced in the work, as well as genomes from the NCBI database, were assessed using in silico PCR with 7 pairs of primers designed in the study. As a result of a comparison of genome-wide sequences of 22 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains from the NCBI database, using the author’s software (GenExpert), 7 INDEL-markers were selected that make it possible to effectively distinguish between strains of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis. Based on these markers, 7 pairs of primers were designed and synthesized for the analysis of different strains using PCR. Analysis of 323 strains in PCR in silico and 70 strains in PCR in vitro allowed for dividing them into 30 genetic groups. Comparison of the results of PCR in silico and in vitro confirmed the possibility of using the proposed primers for intraspecific differentiation of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Based on the data obtained, a dendrogram reflecting the phylogenetic relations of different strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis was constructed. When analyzing the distribution of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains by various clusters and genetic groups, a number of patterns were revealed. Conducted in silico and in vitro PCR show that the proposed method of INDEL-typing can be used for intraspecific genetic differentiation of the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis.

Neologisms that appeared under the influence of the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection Covid-19 are considered, based on the material of English, French and German languages. The basis of the study is formed by neologisms collected by continuous sampling from available lexicographic sources and foreign language Internet resources. The relevance of this work is confirmed by the rapid growth of neologisms in all the languages under consideration. The novelty of the study lies in a comparative approach to the analysis of nomination processes and in determining the dominant areas of semantic attraction in these linguistic cultures. The elements that have shown the greatest productivity and stable functioning are singled out. The author’s classification of covid neologisms is proposed. The question is raised about the susceptibility of these languages to new realities, their productivity in the process of responding to changes in various spheres of society. It is concluded that the number of English neologisms prevails over the corresponding units in French and German. It is confirmed that the structure of the lexico-semantic groups identified during the analysis is heterogeneous and in some cases has a lacunar character. It is suggested that the reason for this may be both the specificity of the word formation of languages, and the peculiarities of the mentality inherent in a particular linguocultural community.

The problem of social aggression of young people that are immersed in digital communication has become the subject of this study. The authors did not confine to the state of the depressing condition of the ethical sphere in digital communication. They wanted to find out the underlying causes of the social antagonism and the conflict. One of the most important reasons for social destruction is the lack of clear space-time coordinates for a virtual subject. It leads to the use of the passive personality by the technologies themselves. A man turns into material for algorithms, and his psychophysics becomes a continuation of impersonal technology. This situation characterizes the formation of a new era of Web 4.0, which the authors call counter communication. Interactivity is a thing of the past. Technologies of new sincerity come to its place. Outrageousness, detabooing, use of eroticism are forms of communicative use of a virtual subject who, in the modern communicative space, is in a state of unrelenting tension, which only changes its mode in connection with all new reasons for exaltation. The study of the psyche of young people completely immersed in the virtual world has become a confirmation that virtual ethics is moving further and further from the traditional ethical principles. Their social skills, as well as social protection, were the lowest among the various groups of young people. Communication for them ultimately turns into a persistent search for entertainment, into a striving for a hedonistically comfortable environment, into denial of socially significant topics and problems.

The lexical neologisms of the modern English language, which appeared in the period 2020—2021, are investigated. The units that have appeared under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic and represent the modern content of the linguistic concept PANDEMIC in English in terms of possible reference of the semantics of the language with the ethnic cultural codes of modern carriers of this linguoculture are analyzed separately. The results of the analysis, which make it possible to predict the transition of individual neologisms from the elements of speech to the composition of the language are presented. The linguistic perspectives of the functioning of neologisms that appeared during the period from the beginning of the pandemic to the present moment, as well as the prospects for the functioning of separately taken derivational components such as pan-, cov-, demic, corona- are considered. The characteristic features of the neologisms of the 2020 and 2021 pandemic are analyzed separately in order to identify development trends and then predict the possibility of their survival in modern English. The selected neological units are examined for compliance with the fudge factor developed by the American neologue A. Metcalfe. This classification is complemented by the parameters developed by domestic researchers in the field of neology. Conclusions are made about potentially different prospects for the survival of neologisms in terms of form and content.

The first case of COVID-19 was registered in the Leningrad Region on March 13, 2020. The period of increasing intensity of the epidemic process lasted 8 weeks. One month after reaching the maximum incidence rate, a study was organized to determine seroprevalence to COVID-19 among the population of the Region.Objective of the study was to determine the level and structure of community immunity to SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Leningrad Region in the period of intensive COVID-19 transmission.Materials and methods. The work was carried out within the framework of the Rospotrebnadzor project on assessment of community immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the population of the Russian Federation. The content of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was determined applying ELISA using a kit for the analysis of human serum or blood plasma for the presence of specific IgG to the nucleocapsid of the SARS-CoV-2 virus , manufactured by the State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Obolensk) in accordance with the instructions for use.Results and discussion. The study has showed that the herd immunity of the population of the Leningrad Region was 20.7 %. The maximum level has been established in children 1–6 years old (42.3 %) and people over 70 years old (29.0 %). The highest level of seropositivity, except for children and older people, was found among the unemployed (25.1 %). The lowest level of seroprevalence was detected in civil servants (12.8 %) and military personnel (16.7 %). It has been shown that the risk of infection increases by 1.5 times in case of contacts with COVID-19 patients. After exposure to COVID-19 virus, antibodies are produced in 82.1 % of the cases. In individuals with a positive PCR test result obtained earlier, antibodies are detected in 82.8 % of cases. The share of asymptomatic forms among seropositive residents of the Leningrad Region was 86.9 %. The results of assessing the herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the population of the Leningrad Region indicate that during the period of intensive COVID-19 transmission, an average level of seroprevalence was formed. A significant proportion of asymptomatic forms of infection characterizes the high intensity of the latently developing epidemic process. The results obtained should be taken into account when organizing preventive measures, including vaccination, and predicting morbidity rates.

Abstract Background Mutations in CRYAA, which encodes the α-crystallin protein, are associated with a spectrum of congenital cataract–microcornea syndromes. Results In this study, we performed clinical examination and subsequent genetic analysis in two unrelated sporadic cases of different geographical origins presenting with a complex phenotype of ocular malformation. Both cases manifested bilateral microphthalmia and severe anterior segment dysgenesis, primarily characterized by congenital aphakia, microcornea, and iris hypoplasia/aniridia. NGS-based analysis revealed two novel single nucleotide variants occurring de novo and affecting the translation termination codon of the CRYAA gene, c.520T > C and c.521A > C. Both variants are predicted to elongate the C-terminal protein domain by one-third of the original length. Conclusions Our report not only expands the mutational spectrum of CRYAA but also identifies the genetic cause of the unusual ocular phenotype described in this report.

The Sukhaya Mechёtka site, located on the northern outskirts of Volgograd, has attracted the attention of Paleolithic researchers since its discovery in 1951 by geologists A.I.Koptev and M.N. Grishchenko. The materials of the site - a collection of stone products currently kept at the MAE RAS, and chronostratigraphic information – can be considered as perfect by standards of open Paleolithic complexes. To a large extent, the site acquired such a significance due to the presence of the only one perfectly preserved cultural layer, which lies in clear stratigraphic conditions. Being densely overlapped with thick deposits, the site was preserved so well that it remained unaffected by the turbulent natural processes of the last glacial-interglacial macrocycle. Single-layer sites usually have a disadvantage comparing to multi-layer complexes in terms of the importance level of the tasks solved with their help. But the Sukhaya Mechёtka favorably differs from other sites by the measure of cultural layer being studied in the field and the potential for further studies. The stone assemblage and field documentation archives created by M.Z. Panichkina and S.N. Zamyatnin show a picture of the life of Middle Paleolithic hunters settlement taken at limited time interval. It is confirmed by preliminary results of planigraphic and technological analyzes performed with use of refitting. Sukhaya Mechёtka is a practically intact echo of an individual Neanderthal community’s life, as far as it’s possible for archaeological material of this age. However, the matter of the site’s chronology, and the time period of Sukhaya Mechёtka layer formation being determined in particular, are not completely resolved. The representations of the middle of the last century based on geological observations (Mikulino) need to be verified. The C14 dating method showed obviously an inadequately young age. OSL dating results are expected to be gained in the future.

See the retraction notice E3S Web of Conferences 420, 00001 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342000001

Background. The study of the total content of phenolic compounds in the vegetative organs of lawn plants growing in areas with different levels of environmental pollution makes it possible to detect shifts in physiological and biochemical processes during plant ontogenesis in a changing environment, to establish the mechanisms of their ecological stability and to reveal the possibilities of regulating the conditions for creating high-quality lawn coverings. Materials and methods. Lawn plants (Trifolium repens L. and Poa pratensis L.) were studied in three age states: virginal (v), middle-aged generative (g2), and subsenile (ss). Samples taken in clean, moderately polluted and polluted areas of the city of Yoshkar-Ola of the Republic of Mari El were analyzed. The total content of phenolic compounds in plant objects was determined by the photocolorimetric method using the Folin – Denisov reagent. Results. In the vegetative organs of lawn plants (Trifolium repens, Poa pratensis) growing in areas with different levels of environmental pollution, the total content of phenolic compounds was determined. The increase in environmental pollution caused an increase in the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves and roots of lawn plants. In the leaves of T. repens and P. pratensis, this parameter increased from virginal to generative state, followed by a decrease in the subsenile state in all study zones. In the roots of lawn plants growing in areas with different anthropogenic load, a different picture was observed, that is, there was a gradual increase in the content of phenolic compounds from virginal to subsenial plants. In general, a higher content of phenols in vegetative organs was characteristic of individuals of creeping clover in comparison with individuals of meadow bluegrass. Conclusions. The total content of phenolic compounds in the vegetative organs of lawn plants is influenced by species characteristics, ontogenetic state, as well as the state of environmental conditions. An increased content of phenols was observed in the leaves of virginal and generative individuals of the studied lawn plants in all habitats, while in subsenile individuals of creeping clover and meadow bluegrass, on the contrary, indicators in the roots were higher than in the leaves. As the pollution of the environment increased, an increase in the content of phenolic compounds in the vegetative organs of lawn plants was observed, which, in turn, contributes to an increase in the resistance of the species under unfavorable and stressful environmental conditions. Since phenols, being components of the antioxidant system, play an important role as protective barriers against negative environmental factors.

Background. The main share in the landscaping of the city of Yoshkar-Ola is made up of such deciduous woody and shrub plantings such as Betula pendula Roth., Tilia cordata Mill., Syringa vulgaris L., Acer negundo L., Populus pyramidalis Salisb., etc. Coniferous plants are not so usually used as often as deciduous plants in landscaping urban areas. However, most of them belong to the group of evergreens and play the role of green spaces all year round. In score of the high sensitivity to gaseous pollutants in cities, the problem arises using of it in urban landscaping. But such species of introduced conifers as Picea pungens Engelm., Thuja occidentalis L., Juniperus sabina L. are notable for their significant resistance to technogenic pollution. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted during 2018 in three different zones of Yoshkar-Ola which differ with degrees of anthropogenic load (recreational, residential, industrial). The objects of the study were Picea pungens Engelm., Thuja occidentalis L., Juniperus sabina L. The content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids) was studied in the needles of the second year of life in seasonal dynamics (May, July, October, December). Results. The study found that with an increasing of anthropogenic load, the quantitative content of photosynthetic pigments decreased in the needles of introduced plant species. Needle Picea pungens Engelm. was characterized by the highest content of the studied types of pigments. Conclusions. The obtained data expand the idea of the pigment composition of conifers growing in urban environment. The quantitative content of photosynthetic pigments depends on the species, season of the year and place were, it grows.

Comparative economics, a young interdisciplinary science, which proper formation belongs to the twentieth century only, has been recently attracting more attention of the scientific community. This quite predictable interest is based on the very subject of the comparative economics which is socioeconomic systems in the mankind history. Researchers want to know what factors make systems come into being, transform, achieve prosperity, stop to develop; they need to understand how systems are functioning and which of their institutions should be attributed to as being fundamental – difficult or not transformed at all, and which of them are not so stable and therefore can be easily changed. This knowledge is crucially needed to elaborate an appropriate economic policy in order to meet national interests and cope with possible crises. Attention to the science is also based on its methodological possibilities: comparative analysis can provide complete and compact socio-economic panorama of mankind evolution versus traditional historical studies. This possible-to-embrace picture of global human history viewed as a set of different economic systems might be a good ground to conclude which of them possesses such attractive features as capacity for development, flexibility, readiness for self-improvement, ability to achieve and maintain reasonable socio-economic balance under negative internal and external influence, openness to interaction with other peoples and states, i.e. what system can provide the best sufficient infrastructure for growth and development focusing on ensuring a high standard of living for the people. Comparative analysis allows to predict, to some extent, the further evolution of economic systems, and chose the most attractive one as a desirable benchmark for national development. Thus, comparative economics is both of academic and practical value for society. Professor R. M. Nureev in his fundamental work "Comparative Economics (Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems)". Financial University. M.: Knorus, 2017) explores socio-economic systems as a subject of comparative economics, discusses methodology of the science, its advantages and limitations, challenges it faces, ideas argued by the most popular scholars; all these questions are discussed in this review.

The author analyses peculiarities of choices of motion pictures with different dy- namic characteristics, taking into consideration spectator’s subjective perception of in- tenseness of his or her life in time perspective. The student participants were offered a choice of 16 films from which they were required to select the one they would prefer to watch at the moment. The film set was formed based on the ratings of films that are popular amongst students, in which survey 187 students participated. The selected films differed in terms of temporal and dynamic characteristics, and they were famil- iar to all the 60 participants in the sample. The students were also required to rate the fullness of their life in temporal perspective. The analysis of the data revealed that the film preference appears to be compensatory in nature. The perception of one’s life as boring and barren determines the choice of dynamic films with stimulation of forced attention by means of attention reflex and actualization of basic needs. The percep- tion of one's life as dynamic and full of new experiences contributes to the selection of circumstantial cinematic narrative and stimulation of voluntary attention through actualization of social needs.

The results of the regional studies on the frequency of Parkinson's disease (PD) and the incidence of it in Russia have been generalized, the main factors that determine the quality of the estimates of this disease epidemiological indicators have been identifyd. The article summarizes data from 19 original studies on the epidemiology of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in Russia published between 2005-2015. Due to the statistical heterogeneity of the primary results computational analytics was not applied to the data; however, data consolidation allowed to perform a trend analysis of epidemiological indicators. The methodological basis of the majority of studies was medical aid appealabil-ity; two of the studies used door-to-door surveys. One of the studies returned questionably low epidemiological indicators obtained from the medical records, and the rest showed the standardized prevalence of 30.0-139.9/100,000 and incidence of 7.63-21.8/100,000 per year. Contribution of Parkinson's disease to the nosological structure of parkinsonism was >61.3%. Estimate of the number of patients with PD in Russia is approximately 210,000 people. Conclusions are made regarding the prevalence of PD in Russia according to the cross-cutting research on the level of indicators in the Western countries. The prevalence of PD by appealability is 2-3 times less than the prevalence in continuous research, both national and foreign. The incidence of PD, demonstrated in half of the studies, is stable from region to region and is comparable with the universally recognized values.

The results of this study include Yersinia pseudotuberculosis CRISPR/Cas system structure analysis. CRISPR/Cas system is a specific adaptive protection against heterogeneous genetic elements. The object of research was the complete genome of Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953 (NC_006155). CRISPR/Cas system screening was performed by program modelling methods MacSyFinder ver. 1.0.2. CRISPR loci screening and analyzing were carried out by program package: CRISPR Recognition tool (CRT), CR1SP1: a CRISPR Interactive database, CRISPRFinder, and PilerCR. Spacer sequences were used in order to find protospacers in ACLAME, GenBank-Phage and RefSeq-Plasmid databases by BLASTn search algorithm. Protospacer sequences could be found in genomes of phages, plasmids and bacteria. In last case complete genomes of bacteria were analyzed by online-tool PHAST: PHAge Search Tool. Y. pseudotuberculosis IP329353 has CRISPR/Cas system that consists of one sequence of cas-genes and three loci. These loci are far away from each other. Locus YP1 is situated in close proximity to cas-genes. Protospacers were found in genomes of Y. pseudotuberculosis PB1/+, Y. intermedia Y228, Y. similis str. 228, Salmonella phage, Enterobacteria phage, Y. pseudotuberculosis 1P32953 plasmid pYV and plasmid of Y. pseudotuberculosis 1P31758. Thus, the combination of four program methods allows finding CRISPR/Cas system more precisely. Spacer sequences could be used for protospacer screening.

Currently worldwide chemical burns of the esophagus rank first among all diseases of the esophagus in children and second in adults. Because of commonly accepted algorithms of rendering of medical aid in case of chemical burns of the esophagus in the prehospital and hospital stages (washing of the esophagus and the stomach, adequate anesthesia, corticosteroid, antibiotic therapy, the group of antacids and symptomatic treatment), the choice of drug and method of local impact on the surface of chemical burn of the esophagus remain an urgent problem. The lack of standardized approach in treatment of local changes in chemical burns of the esophagus, severe and unsatisfactory results of using medication algorithms inspire a search for alternative methods of treatment and drug development. Herbal remedies are comparable in effectiveness, but also have the combined multivalent effect on the entire body, causing minimum of side effects. Basing on the literature review, we have come to a conclusion that the most balanced composition of biologically active substances and a positive influence on the basic pathogenesis of esophageal chemical burns has Calendula officinalis. Features and scope of Calendula officinalis are not fully understood. The creation of a multidrug for the local treatment chemical burns of the esophagus based on this herb proves to be very promising.

This work verifies the hypothesis, according to which the systems of upbringing and education, historically developed by different nations, are the factor determining the pattern of their socio-economic evolution and the level of life quality of population. In order to verify the hypothesis, two groups of world countries were highlighted with opposite performances of economic and humanitarian development. Comparative analysis of basic socio-economic parameters in these groups of countries as well as their adopted systems of upbringing and education revealed serious distinctions. For countries with a high level of economic and human development, the most important goal of the educational process is the purposeful development of the intellectual, emotional, and volitional characteristics of children; the task of acquiring specific work skills in early childhood is not set. In the courtiers with low level of development, the situation is opposite. The final conclusion is that the level of economic and human development of people is directly related with their national educational principles and traditions. It is possible to develop an educational model, optimum for successful national development, and to create required conditions for its distribution in the world using advanced digital technologies.

The article is devoted to the consideration of social and legal problems of building a stable state system in a situation of constant challenges of the modern technological world. The purpose of building the mechanisms of state social policy is to ensure social stability of society as the basis for economic development. The authors believe that the construction of a sustainable management system for the state's social policy is impossible without a comprehensive scientific understanding of the legal foundations of its functioning. One of the primary tasks of the scientific understanding of the system of social management is the awareness and fixation of public demand and social requirements for the value foundations of public administration. The second indispensable task is to assess the state of the legal system for regulating new socio-economic and legal relations of subjects within society.

Vasilyeva T. A.1, Voskresenskaya A. A.2, Kadyshev V. V.1, Pozdeyeva N. A.2, Marakhonov A. V.1,3, Zinchenko R. A.1,4 1 Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow 2 Cheboksary branch of S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution 3 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny 4 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow Introduction: congenital aniridia (AN) is a Mendelian autosomal dominant disorder (population prevalence 1:57143). AN might occur as a part of WAGR syndrome (~13%). The main diagnostic signs of AN are absence of iris and fovea hypoplasia accompanied by nystagmus. Patients also show other eye structures as well as central nervous system anomalies. AN is caused by heterozygous mutations of the PAX6 gene or chromosome rearrangements of 11p13 region. There are no established correlation between the type of PAX6 mutation and the features of aniridia clinical picture. Aim: the paper is to analyze probable relations between AN clinical features and the type of PAX6 mutation. Patients and Methods: 98 patients with AN from 73 unrelated families with identified small PAX6 mutations (74 patients) and large chromosomal 11p13 deletions (24 patients) were analyzed. Patients were divided into the groups according to the type/location of mutation. Phenotypic traits were referred to the type/location of mutation. Contingency tables 2X2 were analyzed by the exact Fisher test. Results: AN clinical picture associated with loss of function mutations (nonsense, frame shift and splicing) has more severe clinical course. Missense mutations are associated with character phenotype of general sample, however, partial aniridia occurs significantly more often. Phenotypes of patients with chromosomal deletions (without deletions of the 3′ cis-regulatory region), do not differ from that of patients with intragenic mutations. A milder phenotype is observed in patients with deletions of the 3′ cis-regulatory region. Key words: congenital aniridia, PAX6 mutations, chromosome region 11p13 deletions, relationships between mutation type and clinical trait. For citation: Vasilyeva T.A., Voskresenskaya A.A., Kadyshev V.V. at all. Clinical and molecular-genetic features of congenital aniridia // RMJ “Clinical ophthalmology”. 2018;1:7–12.

According to different authors, cicatricial changes due to chemical bums of a gullet fluctuate in the big range from 3 to 74 %. Chemical esophagus burn of III degree leads to post-bum scar stricture of the esophagus in 15-70 % of cases. Bougienage, stenting, balloon dilatation are the most effective and safe in 70-96 % of patients. Bougienage is a leading method today. Developing promising direction - stenting with the use of new technologies. Despite the success of minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of stricture, 10-50 % of patients require surgical treatment. For the moment, despite high traumatic and high percent ofstricture relapse (15-40 %), and also exitus letalis coming up to 10%, bougienage is the basic and most effective method of treatment.

The present research article contains the legal analysis of prescription of the procedure and levels of law making in the field of civil and town planning legislation. The authors have explored their nature and origin, which will help fill the gaps in legislation and eliminate the existing conflicts of law. The current town planning legislation is of complex nature, so it cannot be applied without taking into account civil law, which directly influences town planning relations. It is worth mentioning that both town planning and civil law relations depend on the set of other constitutional principles related to the right of ownership, right of undertaking entrepreneurial or other economic activities, intellectual property right, etc. Interrelation and differentiation of regulations of town planning and civil legislation are currently essential. Civil legislation is manifested mainly by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which regulates property and some non-property yet associated relations that concern town planning activities. For the last years, the Russian legislation has paid much attention to statutory regulation of town planning relations, passing the way from federal laws to codification. The present paper focuses on the social and economic role of town planning and its place in current times.

The study on issues of digital economy proved the current existence of the new “digital” economic reality. The traditional legal apparatus used for the statutory regulation of this new economic reality showed itself not only inefficient, but also significantly restraining the actively developing economic processes. In this regard, a plenty of practical and legal collisions occur related to the problems of identification of persons involved in civil-law transactions, property relations regarding digital economic turnover (for instance, relations concerning property rights in the field of distributed ledgers), registration of property rights and deals, regulation of banking line processes, formation of special protection models for relationships based on the use of digital technologies including issues of cybernetic and data security. The development of digital economy will inevitably influence legal principles and demand reconsidering some of doctrinal approaches to traditional legal models of regulating different types of economic activities. In this case, socially just changes in the legal regulation of economic activities should be primarily aimed at removing legal barriers that impede the development of digital economy, as well as at synchronizing legal rules with the technological features of economy’s functioning.

Abstract. Natural catalytic autoantibodies (abzymes) posessing proteolytic (protoabzymes) and DNA-hydrolysing (DNA-abzymes) activities are detectable in clinical and experimental autoimmune disorders. Catalytic activity of abzymes is revealed in the patients with different forms of systemic (nonspecific) and organ-specific autoimmune pathology. The opportunity of assaying the abzymes for intensity monitoring of autoimmune disease is also described.

The article presents information about the history of neurology in Saratov.

Using global NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data set on 1000 hPa geopotential height (1948–2006), cyclones in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions were detected and their main characteristics (frequency, depth, integrated area) were calculated. Analysis of their interannual-multidecadal variability in January-March associated with global processes in the ocean-atmosphere system was done. It was shown that North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) manifests in the Black Sea region mainly in the variability of frequency of cyclones while in the Mediterranean – in the interannual anomalies of cyclones' depth and area. Joint NAO and El Nino – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence is responsible for about 20–45% of cyclones' frequency variance in the Black Sea region, and in the Mediterranean region for up to 10–25 and 20–30% of the depth and area variance, accordingly. As a result of using a new approach to study ENSO manifestations based on El Nino classification, correlation coefficients between characteristics of cyclones and Southern Oscillation index (SOI) increase at least twice. The influence of the Pacific Decadal and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations on variability of cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region manifests in considerable differences of cyclones' characteristics and their typical location.

The article represents the analysis of environmental conservation activity in construction, aimed at ensuring the environmental effect, which is to prevent pollution of natural resources and, therefore, to improve the quality of building materials and products. There comes a need to correctly evaluate the damage that reduces the efficiency of construction production as a result of environmental pollution. Thus, it seems advisable to consider the methodology for evaluating such damage and to analyze the sufficiency of statistical information. The authors have developed a methodology for ecological and economic assessment of the efficiency of environmental conservation activities in construction. The economic efficiency of environmental conservation costs characterizes only a part of the overall social effectiveness of environmental activities. This, however, does not underestimate the role of such indicators, the analysis of which is necessary to choose the most rational activity, which is impossible without quantitative methods and estimates. Therefore, research should be carried out in this field in order to develop practical recommendations for such evaluations.

Energy Strategy of Russia for the period until 2035 contains a note that Russian Energy Industry is one of the main sources of environmental pollution. More than 50 per cent of polluted matter emissions into the atmosphere, more than 20 per cent of dirty discharge into surface water reservoirs and more than 70 per cent of total emissions of greenhouse gases account for this industry. Issues of environmental safety of the subsoil use are always under consideration in the academic community. However, huge amount of problems concerning this area still remain unresolved. For instance, bankrupt subsoil users often do not satisfy requirements set by the government on mothballing or removing facilities aimed at development or reclamation of used land parcels when the land leasehold is over. This indicates the need to enshrine additional measures in the Russian legislation on ensuring compliance with certain requirements. The authors mention that providing the regeneration of raw material base and its reasonable using for the benefit of current and next generations of nations inhabiting the Russian Federation are among the primary tasks of governmental regulation of relations on the subsoil use. The government should ensure the most efficient and consistent usage of resources obtained from already provided land parcels, complete development of mineral deposits and compliance with appropriate terms of subsoil use.

The article covers the problems of protection of the architectural heritage of the Russian Federation, as it is spiritual, cultural, economic and social capital of unique value. Along with natural wealth, architectural heritage is the foundation of national self-esteem and recognition by the world. The post-industrial civilization realized the highest potential of the architectural heritage, the need for its preservation and efficient use as one of the most important resources of the world economy. Losses of architectural values are irreparable and irreversible. Any loss of historic-cultural landmarks will inevitably affect all areas of the life of present and future generations, will lead to cultural decadence, rupture of historical memory and social scarcity. They cannot be offset by the development of modern culture, or the creation of new significant works of art. The accumulation and protection of cultural capital is the basis for the development of any civilization. The preserved monuments breed cultural legacy and help to comprehend the today’s world by following the timeless values and their development in art. Critical moments raise not only the interest in historical and cultural heritage but also sensitivity to the mistakes, which have led to irreparable losses of national values.

The present article focuses on urgent issues of economic security in the transport sector. Transport is one of the most important sectors of the national economy that deals with complex economic and social challenges providing economy and people with transportation. The institutional changes implemented in Russia in the late 80s and early 90s affected all sectors, including transport. Shareholding and privatization led to fundamental change in the ratio of ownership forms in favor of private property (both collective and individual). The privatization-time stake on rapid creation of the competitive environment in the transport market through fragmentation of transport complexes and associations turned up to be unreasonable, since in most cases it caused a weakening of the position of domestic carriers, both in international and domestic transport market. Costs and tariffs for transportation sharply increased simultaneously with the decrease in investment and safety level of vehicles. In transport sector, the safety problem has traditionally been considered as a problem of a high accident rate, highlighting total number of road accidents and people died or injured in those accidents. The amount of studies on economic security in transport is negligible up to the present day.

The article addresses the problem of the current environmental crisis, which threatens the sustainable development of human civilization. As a result of further degradation of natural systems, the biosphere gets destabilized and loses its integrity, the large areas get devastated, and the quality of the environment necessary for life becomes unstable. The crisis can be overcome only by building a relationship of the human and the nature which does not leave room for destruction and degradation of the natural environment. Thus, scientific research, analysis and search for solutions to legal problems of ensuring environmental security in the regions of the Russian Federation acquire special relevance and practical significance and are the objectives of this work. Without theoretical understanding and scientific research of the elements of this system and, first of all, the regional system of legislative framework for environmental security and its features in the field of governance, it is impossible to achieve the necessary interaction of federal and regional systems and to solve the problem, since there remain fundamental causes and sources that generate the whole range of threats to ecological security.

The vector that defines the strategy of innovative development of the construction industry in Russia consists in providing conditions for increasing labor productivity, reducing energy intensity and prime cost of construction process by means of introducing new institutional mechanisms that allow directing the development of the construction complex to the implementation of green construction (ecological construction) investment projects. Today, the conditions for performing green construction as an innovative and energy-efficient solution of environmental management problems are being provided in Russia taking into account modern environmental requirements. The article discusses some problems and issues of green construction, considering architecture and construction areas that are aimed at erection and operation of buildings with soft impact on the nature. In order to ensure environmental safety, the effectiveness of elaboration and implementation of investment projects for green construction should be substantiated taking into account the ecological-and-economic model of the life cycle based on the subject-oriented approach. The present scientific article defines the state and trend of green construction development in the investment-and-construction sector, analyzes environmental safety and methods of creating the innovative green building development platform. The authors recommend developing a methodological outfit to optimize the interaction of economic entities of green construction. The optimization will help to assess the effectiveness of improving the innovative green building platform and the level of environmental safety.

Within the study, the authors of the present article analyzed the acts of both Russian and foreign legislation in the field of legal regulation of geological survey, exploration and mining in terms of construction. Specific legal regulation regarding mineral resources is standing apart due to growing demand of the world economy in such strategic types of mineral raw materials as rare and rare-earth metals or hydrocarbon reserves that are difficult to recover. The article describes the characteristics of certain provisions of the legislation of foreign countries that regulate relations in geological study, exploration and mining, including those within the construction process. The authors classified the forms of conferring rights for geological survey, exploration and mining of minerals, as well as the types of project documentation in the field of mining for the extraction of minerals during construction. Two models of legal regulation of geological survey and exploration (that are defined as eastern and western models) are studied. The authors revealed that minerals appear as the main object of legal relations or as belonging to a certain land plot (subsoil plot) in mining and urban planning legislation of different countries.

The article deals with environmental and legal problems of using underground resources, particularly associated petroleum gas. Today regional legislation develops unsystematically and inconsistently, because the powers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are regulated insufficiently in the sphere of environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety, when using underground resources. Some cases contain direct contradictions to federal legislation. Some constituent entities of the Russian Federation have a tendency for normative legal regulation of this area of public relations within the framework of "advanced standard-setting". These tendencies show the need to specify the powers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in federal legislation. Disposal of associated petroleum gas is becoming a serious problem today. A great part of this gas is wildly flared getting into the atmosphere, whereas there is a more decent and even profitable way of its disposal. The article analyzes the corporate structure of associated petroleum gas production in Russia and determines the directions for improving the legal framework. Based on their research, the authors propose to develop a Program of implementing a set of measures aimed at increasing the extraction and subsequent processing (disposal) of associated petroleum gas by independent oil companies, which could serve as measures for state stimulation of oil production development.

The development of the system of electronic public services, which is one of the directions of change in the digital economy, was the subject of the study in the present article. This system helps the state to interact with the population and organizations in such issues as providing information, particularly on individual requests, organizing public (municipal) procurements, in the matter of prices and tariffs in the energy sector, in providing public services and developing the feedback system (complaints institution), etc. The authors have concluded that a modern state should ensure the coherence between its citizens or business entities and institutions or public administrations on the basis of electronic access. Correct digitization of public administration contributes to the transparency of the public sector. Russia has enough prerequisites for the development of the electronic public services system, since Russia has traditionally established and maintained a high level of people’s education, and these days, the information technology sector develops rapidly. The study identified the main features of information and communication technologies and determined the impact of these technologies on the formation of a system of socio-economic relations and the institutional environment of modern society. The authors substantiated the necessity of a new technology package in Russia that will ensure the transition from analog to digital control methods in the energy industry and support the transformation of consumer behavior models, business practices of energy supply and service companies.

The article presents clinical syndromic classification of parkinsonism in relation to etiological factors. It also studies epidemiologic and historical aspects of vascular parkinsonism. the research work demonstrates clinical patterns, clinical pathologico-morphological criteria and clinical neurovisualizing correlations of postinsult and noninsult variants of vascular parkinsonism. the principles of basic and symptomatic treatment of vascular parkinsonism are considered. the observation of patients suffering from postinsult and noninsult variants of vascular parkinsonism have been carried out

The article considers the possibilities to improve the use of devastated territories of the Russian Federation, particularly of the Northwest Federal District and the Leningrad Oblast. The work provides data on monitoring the formation, usage and disposal of waste and outlines the range of environmental problems occurring due to exploitation of devastated territories. Measures of optimizing these territories, prospects for their implementation and related risks that may entail economic losses for urban development were determined in the article. This work reveals the important role of geoecological factors played in addressing the issues of preparing such areas for further building development. The study of characteristics and classification of devastated lands is of great importance for the rational planning of urban space. Successful rehabilitation of devastated lands enables their integration into the urban environment, the most effective usage and ensuring their social and economic potential growth for urban development.

The article considers the issues of developing national standards for high-rise construction. The system of standards should provide industrial, operational, economic and terrorist safety of high-rise buildings and facilities. Modern standards of high-rise construction should set the rules for designing engineering systems of high-rise buildings, which will ensure the integrated security of buildings, increase their energy efficiency and reduce the consumption of resources in construction and operation.

For today, environmental protection is one of the most serious issues for the government. The urban environment is exposed to numerous negative natural and anthropogenic processes. The scientific article considers the main problems of forensic analysis of the ecological state of the urban environment. Reduction in the scope of environmental expertise caused by urban development reformation became the negative matter. The authors believe that the forensic analysis is an important legal instrument for ensuring rational environmental resources management and environmental protection from harmful impacts on urban areas. Along with rationing, licensing, certification, audit, the forensic analysis performs the function of environmental control, acting as a guarantor of compliance with legal requirements. In order to integrate new kinds (types) of forensic analysis into a unified list of kinds (types) of analysis and to regulate the existing lists, the adoption of the National Standard on Forensic Ecological Expert Analysis is demanded; however, the adoption of a unified National Standard of the Russian Federation on forensic analysis is also required.

The article considers special aspects of the provision of land parcels for construction, which are determined by constitutional and legal status of the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol. A number of objective circumstances determine the uniqueness of the legal status of cities of federal status. The land and urban planning legislation comprises the basis for the legal regulation of the provision of land for construction. The authors have educed the need to update the general plans of the city of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol, which is caused by the expansion of borders by means of the surrounding areas. In the cities with federal status, there are legal problems associated with the lack of land use and development of recommendations or rules. The lack of coherence in planning and implementation of urban development in the cities and the adjoining subjects of the Russian Federation - the Moscow and Leningrad regions – is an urgent problem in the development of cities with federal status.

The current state of the environment in general, including the construction sector, is experiencing an excessive technogenic impact. Therefore, the authors consider the process of ecologization as an important condition for ensuring the sustainability of the development of construction production. The paper concludes that innovative approaches in the development and implementation of environmental protection programs for construction based on fundamentally new methods of natural resource use, resource saving, transition to new technologies for the production of building materials and structures determine the main directions for improving technological and other processes in this area. The authors determined that the increase in the efficiency of environmental measures in construction sector depends mainly on the location of construction sites and the specific feature of this production. In this regard, at each level of the construction process, there is a danger of pollution of the natural environment, which entails negative consequences of anthropogenic nature. Developing and introducing organizational and economic methods of innovative nature protection activities into the construction production aimed at improving the environmental safety of construction process and upgrading the quality of the surrounding environment on adjacent territories to construction sites is an urgent task.

The article is devoted to problems of the assessment of municipal economic and social system’s economic security. The subjects of the research are municipal and urban districts of Leningrad region. We suggest that the system of specific indicators could be used for the description and assessment of an economic security of municipal districts. The indicators could be applied for the monitoring and setting the strategy of healthy social and economic development of the district by local authorities.

The legal concept of immovable things raises controversy in legal practice. Determining and understanding the definition of real estate, the complexity and diversity of these objects, a growing appearance of so-called atypical properties (such as sport stadiums, roads, boreholes), analyzing legislation and judicial practice of this field – all these issues call for a deep study of this topic. There is a conflicting arbitration practice, the subject of which is the learning of the legal nature of atypical real estate (for instance, asphalt playgrounds, car parks, fences, wells). The object of the research is the learning of the legal status of atypical real estate.

Objective: to determine the sensitivity and specificity of simultaneous analysis of the central vein sign (CVS) and the concentration of free kappa chains (FKC) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS).Material and methods. Eighty patients participated in the study. The main group comprised 54 patients who had been diagnosed with MS according to the 2017 McDonald criteria. The comparison group comprised 26 patients with other diseases of the central nervous system. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the concentration of FKC in the CSF. MRI of the brain was performed in all patients. The total and relative number of lesions with CVS were calculated.Results. An increased level of FKC in the CSF and a higher frequency of lesions with CVS were found in the group of MS patients compared to the control group (p

Objective: to determine the sensitivity and specificity of method of determining the concentration of immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS).Material and methods. 80 patients participated in the study. The main group consisted of 54 patients diagnosed with MS according to the 2017 McDonald criteria. The comparison group (n=26) comprised patients with other diseases of the nervous system. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the concentration of FLCs (kappa- and lambda-chains) in the CSF.Results. In the group of patients with MS, an increase in the concentration of free kappa-chains (к-FLCs) in the CSF was found compared to the comparison group (p

Objective: to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the central vein sign (CVS) for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Material and methods. We analyzed 76 patients. The main group consisted of 40 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of MS according to the McDonald criteria, 2017. The comparison group included 20 patients with migraine and 16 patients with cerebral microangiopathy. All patients underwent a standardized MRI scan of the brain, including 3D FLAIR and SWI modes. The total number of T2/FLAIR hyperintense lesions in the brain and the number of lesions with CVS were calculated. Results. In the group of MS patients, the total and relative number of lesions with CVS was higher than in the comparison group (p

The article examines the implementation of the national rural landscape in the Russian post-perestroika comedy films about village, namely in the ‘village trilogy’ by V. Chikov. In these films, the canon of the image of a villager, as well as specific shots of rural landscapes, inherits the traditions of Russian ‘village cinema’ and everyday comedies of the 1950s — the first half of the 1980s. In the absence of stylistic and artistic experiments in Chikov’s films, the landscape is of interest as an expression of a trend in the social consciousness of the time, also being a means of social satire and criticism of the state domestic policy of that time.