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For more than thirty years, 3D digital modelling has been used more and more widely as a research tool in various disciplinary fields. Despite this, the 3D models produced by different research, investigation, and speculation activities are still only used as a basis and as sources for the production of images and scientific contributions (papers in journals, contributions in conference proceedings, etc.) in dissemination and cultural activities, but without having yet assumed full autonomy as a ‘scientific fact’, as a product of research, or as a means of scientific debate and progress. This paper outlines the context in the field of architecture and archeology in which the use of 3D models has become increasingly widespread, reaching a level of full maturity, and how the field of hypothetical reconstruction can be characterized as an autonomous/scientific discipline through the definition and adoption of a scientific, transparent, verifiable, reusable, and refutable method. In this context, the definition of the 3D model as a product of scientific speculation and research is proposed.

This study aims to obtain three-dimensional models of the cavum pelvis in New Zealand rabbits of both genders using CT images, to measure the pelvis diameters and angles through the created digital models, and to compare female and male New Zealand Rabbits in terms of sexual dimorphism. A total of 20 New Zealand rabbits, 10 females and 10 males, were used in this study. Computed tomography (CT) images of the animals were taken, the images were reconstructed with the MIMICS 20.1 program, and a three-dimensional model of the pelvic cavity was obtained from the two-dimensional images. Morphometric data were obtained by making diameter and angle measurements on the resulting 3D model. Then, the rabbits were dissected and the os coxae was exposed and the anatomical formations were named. When pelvimetry measurements in female and male rabbits were compared, it was seen that all values except pelvic tilt were higher in females. The data reveal that there is no significant difference in the volume and surface area of the right and left os coxae between male and female rabbits (P > .05). In this study comparing the morphometric differences of the pelvis in female and male New Zealand rabbits, volume and surface area data were shared for the first time. The collected data could be used for sex discrimination in rabbits, assist physicians in diagnosing patients, serve as a reference for clinical practices, and form the basis for new research.

Abstract Geological information is required to parameterize hydrogeological properties in groundwater flow models. Our aim was to provide a hydrogeological model for the island of Norderney, Northwest Germany and the surrounding Wadden Sea for this purpose. The model focuses on Holocene, Pleistocene and Pliocene deposits which are the most relevant to groundwater flow in and around the island's freshwater lens. For these geological units, borehole data was available that allowed us to distinguish between sediments acting as aquifers and aquitards. Conceptual units were derived that comprise the most common stratigraphic and petrographic features into discrete entities. The borehole data was supplemented by maps of the pre‐Holocene surface as well as data from an existing stratigraphic model for deeper geological units. The model was developed and created using the open‐source geological modelling software GemPy. The resulting model contains major hydrogeological units that can be assumed continuous over a larger extent of the model area based on the available data. From the deeper geology, a possible range of locations of the aquifer base below Norderney was extracted. By integrating borehole data, existing geological models and geological interpretations available in the literature, this dataset complements the so far mainly cross‐sectional and partial descriptions of the hydrogeology below Norderney.

Soil reinforcement using geosynthetics is an efficient and cost-effective solution for a variety of geotechnical structures. Along with the increasing use of geosynthetics, there is a need to expand and enhance the design methodologies for these elements, which are still frequently based on conservative limit equilibrium approaches. In this paper, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures (GRS), identifying the state of the art, research trends, and other indicators. The data were obtained from the Scopus platform and processed by VOSViewer v1.6 software. The initial search comprised 552 papers and the screening process selected 516 relevant papers from 1992 to October 2023. The study analyzed the occurrence of publications by year, keyword trends, authors, citations/co-citations, and bibliographic coupling. Then, a focus was given to 3D modeling research on geosynthetics, highlighting the dominant modeling techniques, material properties, and design challenges in GRS. The bibliometric analysis provided a crucial guideline in the identification of relevant papers and research trends, and a series of conclusions were presented regarding the 3D modeling techniques, choice of material properties, and boundary conditions.

BACKGROUND: Modern dentistry is not without advanced technologies, and intraoral scanning is becoming an increasingly important element of diagnosis and treatment. This technology is constantly evolving, offering new possibilities. The fundamental principles underlying the functionality of the intraoral scanner are light-measuring technology and photogrammetry. Light-emitting diodes integrated into the scanner body emit light onto the surface of the teeth, and sensors subsequently record the reflected signals, thereby creating an accurate three-dimensional model. The data is then processed by software that generates detailed digital models of the patient's jaws that are compatible with 3D CT data [1]. AIM: The study aimed to assess the potential of three-dimensional scanning for the planning and implementation of a single-stage dental implant protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient M., aged 41, presented to the dental clinic with complaints of a fractured tooth on the upper jaw (1.2). A decision was made to perform a single-stage implantation with the extraction of tooth 1.2 and the placement of a temporary crown based on the results of the examination. Intraoral scanning of the jaws was performed for the fabrication of the crown, as the cutting edge of the tooth was destroyed by two-thirds and the tooth fragment was lost. In order to create a model of the crown, the horizontal inversion technique was used. Tooth 2.2 was extracted from the scan of the upper jaw and inverted horizontally, resulting in a copy of tooth 1.2 in the expanded state. This was done to reproduce the exact shape of the future crown. The design of the crown was modeled in the program in conjunction with the loaded model of the temporary abutment (implant suprastructure for the fixation of the artificial crown). This approach enabled the accurate contour of the crown eruption and correct positioning relative to the gingival cuff and the abutment shaft to be obtained. RESULTS: The implementation of the technique permitted the creation of an accurate and anatomically correct model of the crown of the replaced tooth without its introduction into occlusion, thereby reducing the risk of functional overload of the implant during the period of osseointegration (engraftment) [2]. The applied method enables the exclusion of the stage of crown correction at the moment of its fixation and the combination of 3D scans with data from computed tomography for the detailed planning of the surgery. Furthermore, the use of 3D scans permitted the visualization of the projected position of the future temporary crown, thereby enabling the precise positioning of the implant in an anatomically correct location. CONCLUSIONS: This case study illustrates the efficacy of planning and implementing single-stage implantation with the aid of intraoral jaw scanning, as it reduces treatment duration, eliminates the necessity for implant loading, and ensures the attainment of a predictable treatment outcome. These technologies are currently being actively implemented in Russian dentistry, with new treatment options continually emerging.

As a person ages, usually after age 50, knee joint bone damage caused by osteoarthritis can occur. It is to cause pain in the knee joint so that its function moves abnormally. The knee joint bone damage could be replaced with a prosthesis (Total Knee Replacement, TKR) to restore the knee joint's normal movement function. However, orthopaedic doctors sometimes have difficulty choosing standard implant designs available for patients' knees when performing TKR surgery, especially for Asian patients, including Indonesians. It is due to the geometry of the standard implant being different from the patient's knee anatomical shape. As a result, postoperative pain reactions can occur. Therefore, this study is to customize the TKR femoral implant's design according to the knee bone's geometry, especially in Indonesian patients. Reverse Engineering (RE) technology assisted by the CT-Scan and the boundary surface technique was applied for reconstructing the patient's knee bone into a femoral implant. The application of RE is initially, the patient's knee bone sample was scanned with Computer Tomography (CT) Scan. Then, the femur implant model was designed on the surface of the patient's knee bone using the boundary surface method. The 3D model of the TKR femoral implant was successfully designed to match the geometry of the patient's femur bone. It will be a reference for designing other TKR implants, namely the tibia component.

Abstract The regions of East Asia, as well as South Asia and the Middle East are rich in cultural heritage of grottoes where a large number of Buddhist niches exist. Three-dimensional (3D) semantic modelling enriches 3D geometric models with an understanding of the historical and cultural value of cultural heritage, facilitating interoperability and analysis beyond mere visualization. 3D models with semantic information act as essential digital infrastructure for heritage management, knowledge dissemination and simulation analysis in cultural heritage. However, due to the lack of standardized data model for the grotto domain, it is difficult to exchange information, share knowledge and the advancement of spatial analysis and simulation. In order to fill the above-mentioned gap, this study develops a data model for niches as a CityGML Application Domain Extension (ADE) based on the CityGML 3.0 standard. In this ADE, niche components and their attributes are defined on two semantic levels, i.e., niche structural component and niche component member. A famous niche in China belonging to the World Heritage was selected as a case study to demonstrate the integration of geometries, semantics and attributes, illustrating that the extended ADE module complies with the CityGML 3.0 standard. This study provides novel insights into the 3D semantic modelling of niches as well as expands the applications scope of CityGML standard within the cultural heritage sector.

The spark plug is one of the important components in the gasoline engine's combustion chamber. To reduce vehicle emissions, the platinum spark plug is selected due to its good performance. Due to the high productivity of resistance spot welding (RSW), a micro-scale RSW process is employed to assemble the platinum tip to Inconel600 part in the production of spark plugs. In order to understand the electric-thermal-mechanics phenomena during micro resistance spot welding spark plug for controlling the welding quality and saving electric energy, a three-dimensional simulation model and the in-house finite element program JWRIAN-RSW3D were developed. The potential history and upper electrode displacement results were verified with experiments. Numerical case studies were made to investigate the influence magnitude of welding current on the electric-thermal-mechanics phenomena. The developed model reveals inside phenomena to clearly understand the welding mechanism for potential, current density, temperature, electrode displacement and their distribution/history as well as the molten zone. The comprehensive phenomena of maximum temperature distribution on both base metals and Inconel600 were clarified using a top perspective, revealing differences in distribution on the contact surface between horizontal and vertical sections. To achieve a complete welding joint, the molten zone on the contact area is required carefully in order to facilitate the bonding of both base metals. Based on simulation results for three welding conditions, the alternating current at the magnitude of 1.2 kA with the welding time of 0.1 s is recommended to obtain the welded joint with minimized energy consumption in production.

The 3D digital reproduction of panel paintings is an efficient practice through which to document their state of conservation thanks to the ability to study artwork both at the microscopic level, visualising the craquelure and the detachments of pictorial layers, and at the macroscopic level, analysing support structures and their deformations. In recent years, research has focused on new methodologies to handle multiple 3D scans acquired over time and to achieve data fusion to obtain multi-resolution products. In this paper, we present the results of the acquisition of the central panel of an earthquake-damaged triptych using two different 3D techniques (close-range photogrammetry and structured light) before and after its restoration to carry out a multi-temporal analysis of the conservation status and document the effects of the restoration. Furthermore, we performed laser scanning micro-profilometry on a small area of the painting to study the artist’s technique and identify previous restorations. Finally, we merged the two 3D datasets (obtained by structured-light projection and micro-profilometry) to produce a multi-resolution 3D model with the aim of increasing the accuracy and readability of the final product.

Abstract This paper reports results of laboratory and 3D numerical modeled pull-out tests with steel ladders and polymeric strip reinforcements. These types of reinforcement are commonly used in reinforced soil walls constructed with concrete facing elements. Laboratory pull-out tests are required to determine accurate and realistic pull-out strength values considering the interaction of specific reinforcement and backfill materials under different confining pressures (i.e., trying to simulate the different reinforcement layer arrangements and load conditions in actual reinforced soil walls). International design Codes for reinforced soil walls provide default values for pull-out strength. However, in many cases, default values are too conservative and/or are not strictly specified for particular reinforcement types. Pull-out tests can be difficult and expensive to perform, thus not being common nor worth for the vast majority of reinforced soil wall projects. Consequently, calibrated numerical models can be useful to predict pull-out response under site-specific conditions, and provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the soil-reinforcement interaction. Details of the numerical approach, including relevant aspects of the soil-reinforcement interfaces, are described. Examples of calibrated numerical predictions for pull-out loads, displacements, and soil-dilatancy effects are presented. The influence of reinforcement, soil and interface stiffnesses is shown. Numerical results provide useful insight for future modelling works of the complex interaction between type-specific backfill materials and reinforcement element, relevant for investigation and/or practical design of reinforced soil walls.

In underground metal mining, ensuring the stability of pillars considered as a principal apprehension, given the likelihood of stress increase and relief leading to dynamic pillar failure. Through a detailed analysis examining stress concentration factor (SCF), deformation and yielding surrounding crown and rib pillars, this study explores the impact of various rock mass parameters. A detailed investigation utilizing non-linear 3D numerical models, governed by Mohr–Coulomb elastoplastic failure criteria, is conducted by manipulating seven variables: working depth (D), uniaxial compressive strength (σci), modulus of elasticity (Em), geological strength index (GSI), crown pillar thickness (TC), rib pillar thickness (TR), and stope width (WS). The findings suggest that increasing D from 230 m level to 290 m level exhibits a 6.62% decrease in major SCF, a substantial 26.37% decrease in minor SCF, and a noteworthy 119.9% increases in yield around crown pillars. Also, at lower depths, the rib pillar experiences a 243.31% increase in yield zone. Present study also exhibits possible failure of pillars in terms of factor of safety (FoS). This study offers crucial insight essential for optimizing pillar design and improving safety of the mine which further benefits industry financially by altering additional operational cost.

Background: In recent years, the treatment of wrist fractures has been the focus of numerous studies, particularly in the development of casts modeled on the patient's anatomy using additive manufacturing techniques. A 3D printed cast offers several advantages over traditional treatment methods, including washability, lightness, and ventilation. Objective: This work introduces an automatic procedure for designing patient-specific wrist orthoses from a 3D scan of the arm using open-source mesh-processing libraries. Methods: The procedure consists of seven steps that generate a customized orthosis model. Due to the absence of a single library capable of completing the entire modeling process, we defined the best execution strategy for each step and established a communication flow between the various blocks. Results: The resulting orthosis comprises two halves, secured by three appropriately positioned bands and perforated with ventilation holes. The modeling procedure takes approximately 5 min to complete and was evaluated on 20 scans of arms of different shapes and sizes. The process proved to be fast, reliable, and suitable for direct use by medical personnel. Conclusions: The developed automatic procedure for designing patient-specific wrist orthoses is efficient and effective, facilitating the use of 3D printed casts in medical practice.

The paper deals with thermal analysis and the mode of heat dissipation on the surfaces of the 3D printer parts. The paper presents both the 3D modelling part of the components related to the E3D Volcano assembly, the realization of the simulation models using the necessary conditions for the heat transfer phenomenon, more precisely in the current study we will only use thermal convection and thermal radiation as well as the realization of a mathematical calculation regarding the thermal part using real values. Very important in this case are also the materials used for each part of the assembly because they play an important role in heat transfer regarding thermal conductivity. Also, in the final part of the paper, the simulation after the mathematical power calculation is proposed regarding the evolution of the temperature on the entire E3D Volcano assembly and the graphic representation of the diagram T [oC] according to the power of the resistance P [W].

This paper introduces the methods of teaching subjects of drawing geometry and 3D modeling used in the High Aviation Academy in Belgrade. These courses are attended in the first year of basic vocational studies of the Department of Aeronautical Mechanical Engineering. The paper will present the objectives of studying subjects, learning outcomes, auditory exercises, as well as learning through the work of students.

The paper presents the reverse engineering process for a chain sprocket using 3D scanning technology. First, a detailed 3D scan using an Artec Space Spider 3D scanner is made in order to generate the digital model. Subsequently, based on this model, the 3D modelling process is performed using specialized modelling software such as Artec Studio, Geomagic Design X, and Autodesk Inventor to recreate the geometry and features of the part. A 3D printing technology based on an Ultimaker S5 Pro printer is used to obtain a physical prototype of the part. This technology provides a practical and efficient solution in the reconstruction process of complex objects. The reverse engineering method is useful in different areas such as engineering, manufacturing and repairs, facilitating the reproduction or complete of missing essentials components.

The present study explores how modern graphics technology and computer-generated imagery (CGI) are revolutionizing the field of civil engineering. With an emphasis on 3D modelling, the study investigates how virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 3D modelling may transform project design and communication. The research explores how these graphic tools improve planning, analysis, and presentation in civil engineering projects through case studies and software innovations. The construction of safer, more creative, and visually striking infrastructure projects is aided by the integration of CGI, which also enhances visualization and makes decision-making more effective. The important developments at the junction of civil engineering and graphics are highlighted in this study.

Classical straight-line mechanisms are one of the most interesting, both from a theoretical and practical point of view. In many cases, those mechanisms frequently produce a nearly straight trajectory rather than one perfectly straight. In compliant form, those mechanisms can produce even better results. Compliant mechanism joints' deformability allows engineers to make further modifications. These modifications may improve the mechanism's ability to follow a straight path even further. This paper will provide an analysis of different hinge sizes, thicknesses, shapes, and overall geometrical characteristics. Their influence on the straightness of the mechanism trajectory will be analyzed and quantified.

This paper introduces the methods of teaching subjects of drawing geometry and 3D modeling used in the High Aviation Academy in Belgrade. These courses are attended in the first year of basic vocational studies of the Department of Aeronautical Mechanical Engineering. The paper will present the objectives of studying subjects, learning outcomes, auditory exercises, as well as learning through the work of students.

The paper presents the reverse engineering process for a chain sprocket using 3D scanning technology. First, a detailed 3D scan using an Artec Space Spider 3D scanner is made in order to generate the digital model. Subsequently, based on this model, the 3D modelling process is performed using specialized modelling software such as Artec Studio, Geomagic Design X, and Autodesk Inventor to recreate the geometry and features of the part. A 3D printing technology based on an Ultimaker S5 Pro printer is used to obtain a physical prototype of the part. This technology provides a practical and efficient solution in the reconstruction process of complex objects. The reverse engineering method is useful in different areas such as engineering, manufacturing and repairs, facilitating the reproduction or complete of missing essentials components.

The present study explores how modern graphics technology and computer-generated imagery (CGI) are revolutionizing the field of civil engineering. With an emphasis on 3D modelling, the study investigates how virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 3D modelling may transform project design and communication. The research explores how these graphic tools improve planning, analysis, and presentation in civil engineering projects through case studies and software innovations. The construction of safer, more creative, and visually striking infrastructure projects is aided by the integration of CGI, which also enhances visualization and makes decision-making more effective. The important developments at the junction of civil engineering and graphics are highlighted in this study.

Classical straight-line mechanisms are one of the most interesting, both from a theoretical and practical point of view. In many cases, those mechanisms frequently produce a nearly straight trajectory rather than one perfectly straight. In compliant form, those mechanisms can produce even better results. Compliant mechanism joints' deformability allows engineers to make further modifications. These modifications may improve the mechanism's ability to follow a straight path even further. This paper will provide an analysis of different hinge sizes, thicknesses, shapes, and overall geometrical characteristics. Their influence on the straightness of the mechanism trajectory will be analyzed and quantified.

This article aims to reconstruct the sensory space in which craft activities took place in the Quartier Mu at Malia, an urban district dating to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC in Crete. The study focuses on two areas: Room VIII 5* of the Potter’s workshop and the North Area, where pottery manufacturing, stone roughing out, drilling, and polishing were carried out. The goal of the research is to address sensory questions, including the sounds surrounding and generated by these activities and the light ambiances in which they were performed, at several moments throughout the day and at dusk. To achieve this goal, the activities were experimentally reproduced and the sounds they emitted were recorded. The light ambiances produced were reconstructed using replicas of lamps found in Room VIII 5*. 3D models of the spaces were designed and short, animated videos focusing on the gestures of artisans and the captured sensory ambiances were generated. The study provides valuable insights into the sensory ambiances of a Bronze Age town, showing craft activities taking place until dusk and sounds generated by stone working that contributed to the rhythm of daily life.

Abstract Virtual and augmented reality digital twins are becoming increasingly prevalent in a number of industries, though the production of digital-twin systems applications is still prohibitively expensive for many smaller organisations. A key step towards reducing the cost of digital twins lies in automating the production of 3D assets, however efforts are complicated by the lack of suitable automated methods for determining the visual quality of these assets. While visual quality assessment has been an active area of research for a number of years, few publications consider this process in the context of asset creation in digital twins. In this work, we introduce an automated decimation procedure using machine learning to assess the visual impact of decimation, a process commonly used in the production of 3D assets which has thus far been underrepresented in the visual assessment literature. Our model combines 108 geometric and perceptual metrics to determine if a 3D object has been unacceptably distorted during decimation. Our model is trained on almost 4, 000 distorted meshes, giving a significantly wider range of applicability than many models in the literature. Our results show a precision of over 97% against a set of test models, and performance tests show our model is capable of performing assessments within 2 minutes on models of up to 25, 000 polygons. Based on these results we believe our model presents both a significant advance in the field of visual quality assessment and an important step towards reducing the cost of virtual and augmented reality-based digital-twins.

There is increasing use of digital technologies in urban planning, including in the generation of designs and the participative side of planning. We examine this digital planning by reporting on the application of an experimental online participatory platform in the regeneration of a London housing estate, enabling reflection on participation processes and outcomes. Drawing on lessons learned, the paper synthesises a conceptual representation of online participation and a relational framework for understanding the participatory platform and its context. We subsequently develop a ‘matrix of participative space’, building on Arnstein’s ‘ladder of participation’, to present a two-dimensional framework of online participation, identifying cases of ‘participative deficit’ and ‘democratic deficit’. We conclude with implications for future digital participation in urban planning and design.

The construction of Gothic church towers with carved stone spires and often with significant height required the most advanced technology and financial support of their age, and the application of advanced machines was also inevitable for it. This article is an attempt to virtually reconstruct and visualise the process of a 15th-century tower construction, including the main auxiliary structures: scaffolding and machinery. A series of 3D models is created for that purpose, using the contemporary plans of the partly realised north tower of St. Stephen’s church in Vienna, the contemporary machine drawings of the Strasbourg-based master builder Hans Hammer, and contemporary and neo-Gothic drawings of scaffoldings together with survived exemplars as sources. An important question was whether medieval technical drawings contain enough data to model the structures or devices that they depict and if the construction process could be represented using them.

The ancient aspiration of geodesists and astronomers, rooted in ancient Greece, aimed to comprehend the world's magnificence. Today, with virtual atlases facilitating planetary exploration, the world is accessible at our fingertips. Laser scanning, an efficient method for 3D modelling, has revolutionized data collection, processing, and visualization. This encompasses a master's thesis on scanning the Clinical Center of Serbia, regulated for laser device design, operation, and maintenance across diverse sectors. Terrestrial laser scanning, evolving since the 1990s, has seen a surge in 3D modelling applications. Notably, in traffic accident reconstruction, it swiftly clears debris while providing a comprehensive three-dimensional representation. Despite challenges like scanning vehicle surfaces with metallic paints, the precision of data makes it suitable for reconstruction purposes. LIDAR technology, developed over four decades, is now integral in forestry for assessing terrain beneath forest structures, generating digital terrain models, tree heights, and forest structure information. The principle of laser scanner operation lies in measuring polar coordinates and distances to specific points in space. Scanners come in three types-camera, panoramic, and hybrid scanners-each with unique characteristics. Terrestrial scanners, classified by distance measurement methods (pulse, phase, triangulation), enable rapid data capture with higher density than total stations. The Leica ScanStation P30, employed in scanning the Clinical Center of Serbia, offers high-quality 3D data with exceptional speed and accuracy. Utilizing backward intersection methods and Leica TS11 total station for marking, the scanner captured the facility's exterior in 2022. Data processing in CYCLONE resulted in highly detailed 3D models, and the .imp format allows portable and adaptable changes without losing essential information. Laser scanning has transcended ancient dreams, providing a transformative tool for understanding and representing our world's intricate details. The application spans diverse fields, from geodesy and traffic accident reconstruction to forestry and facility modelling, with advanced technologies like LIDAR and instruments like the Leica ScanStation P30 pushing the boundaries of data collection and processing in three-dimensional space.

The Petralona Cave, which local inhabitants discovered by chance in 1959, is a remarkable natural and cultural landmark close to the village of Petralona, in the Chalkidiki peninsula of Greece. The site has gained global recognition for the discovery of a remarkably well-preserved Palaeolithic human skull, unearthed in 1960; it also holds archaeological and palaeontological significance. In this paper, the researchers introduce the Petralona Cave Virtual Museum: an innovative project whose mission is to increase public awareness and comprehension of the site. Our approach goes beyond mere replication of the physical museum located close to the cave; instead, the objective is to create an independent and comprehensive experience that is accessible to all visitors, irrespective of their ability to visit the site in person. Our methodology involved the documentation of the site and its history, analysis of user requirements, development of use cases to steer the design process, as well as architectural designs creation, itineraries and findings digitisation, and architectural structure finalisation. The Virtual Museum provides a well-organised frame structure that serves as an efficient gateway to the content, making navigation easy for visitors. Thanks to various presentation methods, including videos, high-quality images, interactive maps, animated content, interactive 3D models, plus searchable item libraries, among others, users are empowered to create a highly personalised navigation plan; thus the Virtual Museum experience is comparable to visiting the physical museum or cultural site. Cutting-edge digitisation techniques were employed to create highly detailed 3D models of the site. The Petralona Cave Virtual Museum is expected to offer an immersive experience, engaging diverse audiences; the interactive and educational exploration provides highly innovative access to archaeological knowledge. The visibility of the Petralona site is amplified and there is a significant contribution to knowledge dissemination about this important cultural heritage site.

Recent trends in the Digital Humanities – conceived as new modalities of collaborative, transdisciplinary and computational research and presentation – also strongly influence research approaches and presentation practices in museums. Indeed, ongoing projects in museums have considerably expanded digital access to data and information, documentation and visualization of ancient ruins and objects. In addition, 3D modelling and eXtended Reality opened up new avenues of interacting with a wider public through digital reconstructions that allow both objects and sites to be presented through visual narratives based on multidisciplinary scholarly research. The article illustrates the use of 3D digital reconstruction and virtual reality to re-contextualise standing statues of Sekhmet in the Temple of Ptah at Karnak, where they were found in 1818. Today, they are on display at Museo Egizio, Turin. The theoretical framework of the research and the operational workflow – based on the study of the available archaeological, textual, and pictorial data – is presented here.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.4

Digital surveying and rapid prototyping techniques are important tools to support processes related to cultural and architectural heritage. Digital surveying can be used to document, analyse, and enjoy the built heritage thanks to point clouds and detailed digital models resulting from the processing of data acquired during field activities. 3D printing, on the other hand, enables the creation of realistic physical replicas of heritage artefacts that can support activities related to analysis, documentation, conservation, valorisation and enjoyment. The use and combination of these techniques to architectural and cultural heritage have brought benefits and advantages since digital and physical replicas can be used in the processes of documenting, analysing, preserving and enhancing historical artefacts by promoting their accessibility on multiple levels.The paper discusses the results of research aimed at defining and testing an effective workflow for the development of physical models suitable for the analysis, documentation and communication of architectural heritage. The experimentation was performed considering as a case study a peculiar element of architecture, a historical portal. The paper illustrates the technical challenges faced starting from the photogrammetric survey to the digital reconstruction of the analysed artefact for 3D printing, with a focus on the printing parameter settings used to produce physical replicas with high-quality, but different resolutions and scales, to be used for several purposes, such as analysis and documentation and education and communication.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.31.2023.18

Intracranial vascular-related diseases are a common occurrence in neurosurgery. They have complex and diverse pathogeneses; further, their diagnosis and treatment remain unclear. Three-dimensional image post-processing technology is an emerging technology that involves converting a brain image scan into a digital model using image post-processing software, thus establishing a 3D view of the region of interest. Three-dimensional visualisation of the brains of patients with cerebrovascular diseases can allow a more intuitive examination of the local anatomy of the lesion as well as the adjacency between the lesion and peripheral nerves, brain tissue, and skull bones. Subsequently, this informs pre-operative planning, allows more accurate diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases, and improves the safety of surgical treatment. This review summarised the current literature regarding cerebrovascular diseases and the application of 3D image post-processing technology in different cerebrovascular diseases.

Integrating 3D modelling and printing in STEAM education presents opportunities and challenges for teachers, particularly those in some European countries where its adoption in schools still needs to be improved. This article presents findings from a cross-cultural examination of 3D modelling and printing in STEAM education, showing results from teachers in Montenegro and Austria. The study aimed to gather insights into teachers’ perceptions of 3D modelling and printing, ideas for its implementation and the challenges teachers face. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and examples of 3D modelling and printing use. They were subsequently analysed to identify similarities and differences in the impressions and use of the technology. The findings indicate that teachers in both Montenegro and Austria expressed interest in using 3D modelling and printing for STEAM teaching purposes and saw potential for connecting to subjects, such as digital literacy. However, they also identified software-related challenges, time constraints and training and financial difficulties when adopting 3D modelling and printing. The slow adoption of 3D modelling and printing in schools suggests that teachers should be better supported in using this technology, considering external and internal influences such as teacher training, local culture and availability of technology. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for suitable measures for teacher training and ensuring access to technologies necessary for 3D modelling and printing.

Abstract Background With the development of technology, 2D images have left their place for 3D models. The 3D modelling technique is widely used in plastic surgery, orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery, traumatology, dentistry and medical education. The skull is important in terms of containing the starting parts of systems with vital functions. Objective The aim of the study is to reveal the difference between male and female and other species by 3D (three‐dimensional) modelling and craniometric measurements of Romanov heads. Methods In our study, skulls of Romanov sheep (10 females and 10 males) older than 1‐year‐old were used. The heads of Romanov sheep were scanned with computed tomography and modelled in 3D. Results and Conclusions In the study, it was determined that there was a statistically significant difference between male and female sheep in terms of the largest nose length, facial width, molar row length, viscerocranium length, and foramen magnum height parameters (p < 0.05). It was determined that the greatest width of the foramen magnum measurement parameter and the skull index showed statistically significant differences between the genders at the p < 0.01 level. No statistically significant difference was found in other measurements (p > 0.05). The data obtained as a result of the study will help in the racial discrimination and classification of bones obtained from zoo archaeological excavations.

The solution to problems of telecommunications and information technologies using spline approximation and spline extrapolation based on real and complex spline functions is considered. The use of spline approximation for solving problems of signal recovery and self-similar traffic, processes of functioning of telecommunication nodes and networks is shown. It is proposed to use spline extrapolation based on various types of real spline functions to solve the problems of predicting the characteristics of self-similar traffic and maintaining QoS characteristics during its maintenance. It has been established that to predict the real-time telemetry traffic of IoT devices, it is advisable to use spline extrapolation based on the cubic Hermite spike, which ensures the required forecasting accuracy and prevents network overloads, especially under conditions of network load limit. To solve the problem of user positioning in the radio access area, the use of complex plane spline functions is considered. The use of the methods of real and complex spline functions allows for obtaining the results of improving the quality of service in a telecommunications network and ensuring the scalability of the obtained solutions. To identify and predict DDoS cyber-attacks, a spline extrapolation method is used. The use of parametric splines in the problems of information technology, namely, the construction of curves and surfaces in 3D modelling, is proposed.

Abstract Mining industrial areas with anthropogenic engineering structures are one of the most distinctive features of the real world. 3D models of the real world have been increasingly popular with numerous applications, such as digital twins and smart factory management. In this study, 3D models of mining engineering structures were built based on the CityGML standard. For collecting spatial data, the two most popular geospatial technologies, namely UAV-SfM and TLS were employed. The accuracy of the UAV survey was at the centimeter level, and it satisfied the absolute positional accuracy requirement of creating all levels of detail (LoD) according to the CityGML standard. Therefore, the UAV-SfM point cloud dataset was used to build LoD 2 models. In addition, the comparison between the UAV-SfM and TLS sub-clouds of facades and roofs indicates that the UAV-SfM and TLS point clouds of these objects are highly consistent, therefore, point clouds with a higher level of detail and accuracy provided by the integration of UAV-SfM and TLS were used to build LoD 3 models. The resulting 3D CityGML models include 39 buildings at LoD 2, and two mine shafts with hoistrooms, headframes, and sheave wheels at LoD 3.

In the context of the interdisciplinary nature of research, which is increasingly characterised by specialised expertise, applying advanced technologies in various ways, the interaction between architecture and the discipline of archaeology finds a broad and fertile field of experimentation.Is this the case with the Italian mission (MAECI) to Ashkelon, a city set along the south coast of the nowadays Israel, which sees a pull of architects from the University of Florence, from the discipline of drawing and surveying, but not only, and Israeli archaeologists involved in the study of the ancient site and, in particular, of Santa Maria in Viridis.In general, archaeological excavation involves irreversible actions: while striving to document as best as possible each ‘layer’ detected by the sensitivity of the operator, it proceeds by successive elisions. This action, not allowing the repeatability of the research and analysis act, defines archaeology as a discipline and not an exact science. The crucial issue for architects who have developed drawing into science is the most objective approach for studying an architectural artefact and the opportunity to make it shareable and analysable at different scales and with several tools. The attempt made is to turn the irreversible activities of the excavation virtually reversible, taking advantage of new technologies and implementing methodological protocols for integrated surveying project in its daily progression and data representation in plans, section, and 3d model that describes the continuity of the surface in its morphology and chromatic representation.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.7

The application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) on historic constructions is investigated in this paper by discussing, as a representative case study, the Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze (Italy), thus showing as this tool can be used effectively for the management and maintenance activities of a historic museum. In fact, while BIM is already well-known as a powerful tool for the design and management of new buildings, its development in the field of historical construction is currently growing and attracting increasing interest in the scientific community. This paper proposes, in particular, an Information Model (IM) aimed to collect the structural information to be subsequently employed for numerical modeling of the building, thus representing the link between the real world and the computational models. The possibility to handle different types of information to be used for the management, maintenance, and modeling of existing constructions, as shown in this paper, encourages the popularization of this approach as an effective method to support cultural heritage (CH) conservation.

Karst terrain is widely distributed globally, posing one of the most significant issues for civil engineering and public safety. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is regarded as the most suitable method for exploring subsurface karst features. Nevertheless, ambiguities in the ERT inversion process can arise due to specific geological conditions. In this study, we used measurements obtained in the area next to a recently developed gypsum karst sinkhole in Latvia and 3D geophysical modelling to specifically analyse the limitations in identifying near-surface air-filled karst voids by ERT. Our results emphasise that due to the 3D effect, even the recent sinkhole may be undetectable in ERT data, despite the placement of ERT profiles directly above the overhanging part of the 7-m-deep sinkhole. The 2D synthetic modelling results suggest that a karst sinkhole of similar size to the one surveyed in the field should be easily recognised. In contrast, the results obtained with 3D synthetic modelling reveal almost no indication of a sinkhole in the modelled profiles. We conclude that 2D synthetic modelling cannot always be used to assess the possibilities of identifying subsurface cavities with the ERT method. Reliable assessment can only be achieved using 3D synthetic modelling techniques. Our results demonstrate that problems with detecting air-filled karst sinkholes can arise not only in areas where surrounding rocks have a high electrical resistivity but also where surrounding rocks have a low resistivity.

Modelling of the plasma transport for inherently three-dimensional (3D) problems as in stellarators requires dedicated complex codes. FINDIF is a 3D multifluid plasma edge transport code that has been previously successfully used for the analysis of energy transport in the TEXTOR-DED tokamak [1], where 3D perturbations led to an ergodic structure of field lines in the plasma edge. The ongoing efforts to apply it meaningfully to Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) plasma problems resulted in advancements in the main model and accompanying tools for mesh generation and post-processing. In order to verify the applicability of the code and to compare with the reported simulation (EMC3-EIRENE) and experimental (OP1.1) results, a series of simulations for varying plasma density, temperature and anomalous transport coefficients as well as for fixed input power were performed. The connection length pattern of FINDIF traced magnetic field lines on the limiter was reproduced and its impact on heat loads was confirmed. An increase in the peak heat load on the limiter with a rise in plasma density, temperature and anomalous plasma transport coefficients was observed. The decay lengths of density, electron temperature and heat flux did not change with density, and were decreasing with temperature and increasing with anomalous plasma transport coefficient, which was compared to the simple scrape-off layer (SOL) model.

This papers’ main aim is to present the rendering method for a dress within the 3D Vidya module of the Assyst design program. Rendering is one of the major topics of 3D computer graphics, and in practice it is always connected to the other topics. It is the last important step in the graphics pipeline, giving models and animation their final look. With the increasing sophistication of computer graphics since the 1970s, it has become a more distinct subject. Assyst has the largest 3D dimensioning and fitting portal in the world. It enables the integration of customer sizing and fitting directly into the used processes and systems, with a multitude of functions ranging from market and target group studies to 3D and CAD integration and avatar creation. The computer-aided design program Assyst is in the top 3 of the profile programs used on the European market, the latest development is the 3D Vidya design module. Assyst 3D Vidya combines both the design process, the product, the 2D designed model and its subsequent simulation in 3D. The texture of materials is displayed in the highest photo quality, and the simulation of the use of accessories such as zipper, snaps is very realistic. Using the 3D Vidya module can save the sample execution process and increase the quality and efficiency of the supply chain.

Abstract Background Animals of different regions have adapted to adverse environmental conditions by modifying their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics in the long run. Objectives In this study, the effect of genetic variations of 10 heat shock protein (HSP) genes (HSP70A4, HSP70A9, HSP40C17, HSP40C27, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSPB7, HSPB11, HSPD1 and HSPE1) on the three‐dimensional protein structure and function of proteins in Tali goat (a tropical breed) were studied and were compared with Saanen goat (as a sensitive breed). Methods A pooled DNA of 15 samples from blood was sequenced and mapped to the goat reference sequence. The bioinformatics analysis was used to identify nsSNPs in the Tali breed and was compared with the Saanen goat. Four online bioinformatics tools (Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant, Protein Variation Effect Analyzer, Polymorphism Phenotyping version2 and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database and Gene Ontology) showed three deleterious missense nsSNPs and seven natural missense SNPs in these HSPs genes of Tali goat. Results Out of 10 reported nsSNPs, 5 nsSNPs in HSP70A4, 1 nsSNP inHSP70A9, 2 nsSNPs in HSP40C17, 1 nsSNP in HSP40C27 and 1 nsSNP in HSPD1 were detected. ConSurf tools showed that the majority of the predicted nsSNPs occur in conserved sites. Moreover, several post‐translational modification (PTM) predictors computed the probability of post‐translation change of nsSNPs. The putative phosphorylation and glycosylation sites in HSPs proteins were substitutions rs669769139 and rs666336692 of the Tali goat breed. Conclusion These results on the effect of type of genetic variants on the function of HSP proteins will assist to predict the resistance to hard conditions in goat breeds. Considering that the identified SNPid rs669769139 (S248) which is located on the N‐terminal ATPase domain of HSP70A4 is a PTM site with a highly conserved score and a natural substitution on changing the stability and benign protein that can affect the functional and structural characterization of HSPs protein for adaptation to the local climate.

Abstract Preoperative planning of comminuted fracture repair using 3D printed anatomical models is enabling surgeons to visualize and simulate the fracture reduction processes before surgery. However, the preparation of such models can be challenging due to the complexity of certain fractures, particularly in preserving fine detail in bone fragments, maintaining the positioning of displaced fragments, and accurate positioning of multiple bones. This study described several key technical considerations for preparing 3D printed anatomical models for comminuted fracture preoperative planning. An optimized segmentation protocol was developed that preserves fine detail in bone fragments, resulting in a more accurate representation of the fracture. Additionally, struts were manually added to the digital model to maintain the positioning of displaced fragments after fabrication, reducing the likelihood of errors during printing or misrepresentation of fragment positioning. Magnets were also used to enable separation and visualization of accurate positioning of multiple bones, making it easier to visualize fracture components otherwise obscured by the anatomy. Finally, the infill for non-target structures was adjusted to minimize print time and material wastage. These technical optimizations improved the accuracy and efficiency of preparing 3D printed anatomical models for comminuted fracture preoperative planning, improving opportunities for surgeons to better plan surgical treatment in advance, reducing the likelihood of errors, with the goal of improving surgical outcomes.

Challenges to the musculoskeletal system negatively impact the quality of life of people suffering from them, leading to pain, a decline in mobility, genetic alterations, and potential disorders. The bone marrow (BM) forms an integral part of the musculoskeletal system responsible for erythropoiesis and optimal survival of the various immune and stem cells within the BM. However, due to its dynamic and complex three-dimensional (3D) structure, replicating the BM physiologically in traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture settings is often challenging, giving rise to the need for 3D in vitro models to better dissect the BM and its regeneration. Several researchers globally have been investigating various approaches to define an appropriate 3D model for their research. Organoids are novel preclinical models that provide a 3D platform for several tissues and have been analysed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify new molecular pathways at the genetic level. The 3D in vitro models and organoids are increasingly considered important platforms for precision medicine. This review outlines the current knowledge of organoid and 3D in vitro models for the BM. We also discuss different types of 3D models which may be more adaptable for the BM. Finally, we critically review the NGS techniques used for such models and the future combination of these techniques.

The use of digital models of cultural heritage objects obtained from 3D scanning or photogrammetry requires the development of strategies in order to optimise computational resources and enhance the user experience when they are used in interactive applications or virtual museums. Through a case study, this work compares an original photogrammetric model with its optimised version using traditional remeshing techniques and an improved version using Nanite technology, developed by Epic Games. A self-contained executable is created in Unreal® 5.1 game engine to test the performance of the three models measured in frames per second (FPS). As a result, it was demonstrated that, although there is no substantial difference in the FPS rate, the Nanite technology avoids the need to perform the mesh and texture editing processes that lead to the construction of the optimised model. This saves considerable time and specialised effort, as the photogrammetric model can be converted to a Nanite object automatically. This would be a great advantage in the case of virtualisations of large collections of heritage objects, which is a common case in virtual museums.

Aims: Computer-assisted 3D preoperative planning software has the potential to improve postoperative stability in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Commonly, preoperative protocols simulate two functional positions (standing and relaxed sitting) but do not consider other common positions that may increase postoperative impingement and possible dislocation. This study investigates the feasibility of simulating commonly encountered positions, and positions with an increased risk of impingement, to lower postoperative impingement risk in a CT-based 3D model. Methods: A robotic arm-assisted arthroplasty planning platform was used to investigate 11 patient positions. Data from 43 primary THAs were used for simulation. Sacral slope was retrieved from patient preoperative imaging, while angles of hip flexion/extension, hip external/internal rotation, and hip abduction/adduction for tested positions were derived from literature or estimated with a biomechanical model. The hip was placed in the described positions, and if impingement was detected by the software, inspection of the impingement type was performed. Results: In flexion, an overall impingement rate of 2.3% was detected for flexed-seated, squatting, forward-bending, and criss-cross-sitting positions, and 4.7% for the ankle-over-knee position. In extension, most hips (60.5%) were found to impinge at or prior to 50° of external rotation (pivoting). Many of these impingement events were due to a prominent ischium. The mean maximum external rotation prior to impingement was 45.9° (15° to 80°) and 57.9° (20° to 90°) prior to prosthetic impingement. No impingement was found in standing, sitting, crossing ankles, seiza, and downward dog. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that positions of daily living tested in a CT-based 3D model show high rates of impingement. Simulating additional positions through 3D modelling is a low-cost method of potentially improving outcomes without compromising patient safety. By incorporating CT-based 3D modelling of positions of daily living into routine preoperative protocols for THA, there is the potential to lower the risk of postoperative impingement events. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(6):416–423.

Geosciences modelling and 3D geovisualization is growing and evolving rapidly. Driven by commercial urgency and an increase in data from sensor-based sources, there is an abundance of opportunities to analyze geosciences data in 3D and 4D. Geosciences modelling is developing in GIS based systems, 3D modelling through both game engines and custom programs, and the use of extended reality to further interact with data. The key limitations that are currently prevalent in 3D geovisualization in the geosciences are GIS representations having difficulty displaying 3D data and undergoing translations to pseudo-3D, thus losing fidelity, financial and personnel capital, processing issues with the terabytes worth of data and limited computing, digital occlusion and spatial interpretation challenges with users, and matching and alignment of 3D points. The future of 3D geovisualization lies in its accelerated growth, data management solutions, further interactivity in applications, and more information regarding the benefits and best practices in the field.

The aim of this study was to preoperatively asses the feasibility of drilling a bony recess for the fixation of a cochlear implant in the temporal bone. Even though complications are rare with cochlear implantations, drilling at the site of implantation have resulted in hematoma or cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Mainly in cases with a reduced temporal bone thickness, the risk for complications has increased, such as in paediatric patients.MethodsAn in-house designed semi-automatic algorithm was developed to analyse a 3D model of the skull. The feasibility of drilling the recess was determined by a gradient descent method to search for the thickest part of the temporal bone. Feasibility was determined by the residual bone thickness which was calculated after a simulated drilling of the recess at the thickest position. An initial validation of the algorithm was performed by measuring the accuracy of the algorithm on five 3D models with known thickest locations for the recess. The accuracy was determined by a part comparison between the known position and algorithm provided position.ResultsIn four of the five validation models a standard deviation for accuracy below the predetermined cut-off value of 4.2 mm was achieved between the actual thickest position and the position determined by the algorithm. Furthermore, the residual thickness calculated by the algorithm showed a high agreement (max. 0.02 mm difference) with the actual thickness.ConclusionWith the developed algorithm, a semi-automatic method was created to analyse the temporal bone thickness within a specified region of interest on the skull. Thereby, providing indications for surgical feasibility, potential risks for anatomical structures and impact on procedure time of cochlear implantation. This method could be a valuable research tool to objectively assess feasibility of drilling a recess in patients with thin temporal bones preoperatively.

Three-dimensional user interfaces that are controlled by the user’s bare hands are mostly based on purely gesture-based interaction techniques. However, these interfaces are often slow and error prone. Especially in the field of immersive 3D modelling, gestures are unsuitable because they complicate and delay the modelling process. To address these problems, we present a new gesture-free 3D modelling technique called “3D touch-and-drag”, which allows users to select vertices by approaching them and to terminate operations by moving the 3D cursor (e.g. the forefinger) away from the constraint geometry (e.g. a straight line or a plane). Our proposed technique makes it possible to transfer the existing 3D modelling concepts (“3D widgets”) to virtual environments, as shown by an experimental 3D modelling tool. The gesture-free bare-hand interaction also improves the possibility of tactile feedback during 3D manipulation. We compared different modelling techniques for controlling the 3D widgets. We found that controller-based techniques are significantly faster than finger-tracking-based techniques. The 3D touch-and-drag technique is about as fast as gesture-based interactions. Mouse interaction in a two-dimensional GUI is only slightly faster than the 3D modelling techniques. Since our proposed technique has proven to be at least equivalent to gesture-based interaction techniques in terms of accuracy and efficiency, its further development using more accurate tracking techniques seems promising to exploit the advantages of hands-free and gesture-free interaction for immersive 3D modelling.

Peatlands dominated by cushion-forming species have been recognised for their high rates of soil carbon storage, along with their crucial importance in local pastoral systems, and in water supply and regulation, in the tropical and subtropical Andes. Cushion-forming species in Andean peatlands are known to have high rates of aboveground productivity, but there have been few studies and direct methods for quantifying their productivity. Here we describe the use of 3D digital models to estimate the aboveground biomass of Plantago rigida, one of the most common cushion-forming species of the tropical Andes. Using Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry we reconstructed high-precision 3D models and, using traditional methods, obtained the dry biomass and carbon contents of 13 P. rigida cushions in three peatlands in northern Ecuador. Linear regression models were performed to assess the relationship of cushion volume vs. dry biomass, and also the area vs. carbon content of cushions. We found highly significant (linear) relationships in both cases, indicating the potential use of SfM photogrammetry to evaluate the annual productivity, carbon and water storage of cushions, along with microtopography effects on plant–plant interactions, water flow routing, and disturbance effects in cushion-dominated peatlands.

The computational modelling and analysis of internal and external temperature distributions and their gradients, associated with the first stage of mammary tumors, was performed to relate thermal parameters to relevant tumor characteristics. A realistic 3D geometric model of breast anatomy was used to simulate tumor cases that were characterized in real life at their primary clinical stage. The thermophysical parameters of three tumors were extracted to implement the models; a fourth case without a tumor was used as a reference to provide quantitative measurements of temperature increases and gradient changes. The analysis considered superficial and internal temperature distributions and gradients, computed throughout specific paths. Finally, an evaluation was made of the ability of the thermometric technologies available today to detect the changes estimated in simulations. Maximum temperature increments in the range of 2.30 to 3.20 °C and in the range of 0.15 to 0.30 °C were found on internal and superficial paths, respectively. Internal gradient peak magnitudes fluctuated within the range of 0.34 to 1.14 °C/mm. Thermal results indicated a direct correlation between tumor size and temperature rise. Nevertheless, gradient results showed that the heat generation rate, an indicator of tumor malignancy, was directly proportional to internal gradient maximum peaks, which were related to tumor boundaries regardless of tumor size.

The human Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex (hVKORC1), a key enzyme that converts vitamin K into the form necessary for blood clotting, requires for its activation the reducing equivalents supplied by its redox partner through thiol–disulphide exchange reactions. The functionally related molecular complexes assembled during this process have never been described, except for a proposed de novo model of a ‘precursor’ complex of hVKORC1 associated with protein disulphide isomerase (PDI). Using numerical approaches (in silico modelling and molecular dynamics simulation), we generated alternative 3D models for each molecular complex bonded either covalently or non-covalently. These models differ in the orientation of the PDI relative to hVKORC1 and in the cysteine residue involved in forming protein–protein disulphide bonds. Based on a comparative analysis of these models’ shape, folding, and conformational dynamics, the most probable putative complexes, mimicking the ‘precursor’, ‘intermediate’, and ‘successor’ states, were suggested. In addition, we propose using these complexes to develop the ‘allo-network drugs’ necessary for treating blood diseases.