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As urbanization and industrial activities accelerate globally, air quality has become a pressing concern, particularly due to the harmful effects of particulate matter (PM), notably PM2.5 and PM10. This review paper presents a comprehensive systematic assessment of machine learning (ML) techniques for estimating PM concentrations, drawing on studies published from 2018 to 2024. Traditional statistical methods often fail to account for the complex dynamics of air pollution, leading to inaccurate predictions, especially during peak pollution events. In contrast, ML approaches have emerged as powerful tools that leverage large datasets to capture nonlinear, intricate relationships among various environmental, meteorological, and anthropogenic factors. This review synthesizes findings from 32 studies, demonstrating that ML techniques, particularly ensemble learning models, significantly enhance estimation accuracy. However, challenges remain, including data quality, the need for diverse and balanced datasets, issues related to feature selection, and spatial discontinuity. This paper identifies critical research gaps and proposes future directions to improve model robustness and applicability. By advancing the understanding of ML applications in air quality monitoring, this review seeks to contribute to developing effective strategies for mitigating air pollution and protecting public health.

This abstract presents a soiling forecasting tool (SFT) for assessing the deposition of dust on parabolic trough collector (PTC) mirrors and its cumulative impact on their reflectivity. The SFT was developed by the University of Patras in the frame of the Smart Solar System (S3) project (Horizon 2020 Solar-Era.net). An initial version of the model was presented at the SolarPACES 2022 conference, where the adaptation of the model to dust transport phenomena was demonstrated. The subsequent step in the evolution of the algorithm concerned the calibration of the SFT under different atmospheric conditions. In addition, the model was modified to incorporate meteorological and aerosol forecast data as inputs. The atmospheric predictions of dust and aerosol optical depth are from the global atmospheric forecasts of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. Regarding the meteorological data, three independent sources are used. Those are the Norwegian Meteorological Institute's meteorological forecasts (YR), the METAR meteorological observations from the closest airport, and lastly, the data from the automatic weather station at the location of the PTC system at the KEAN Soft Drinks Ltd factory in Limassol, Cyprus. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of the three distinct meteorological input sources on the modelled reflectivity and its comparison to measurements taken during the experimental campaign.

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are a popular renewable energy source globally, owing to their beneficial environmental and economic properties. However, their efficiency is impacted by various environmental and weather conditions, including dust accumulation, which harms the performance of solar cells, particularly in hot and dry regions. Several researchers have studied how to clean and minimize dust on PV modules. This paper reviews recent studies on the effects of dust on PV systems and effective cleaning methods. Some locations experience power losses of over 1% each day and 80% monthly efficiency reduction due to dust, which is substantial. This paper delivers a thorough review of the issue of dust on PV modules. It analyzes previous research on how photovoltaic (PV) systems function when exposed to a mix of dust accumulation and other environmental factors. It also delves into the development of models to forecast dust accumulation. Furthermore, it examines various aspects of PV module design, including the frequency of cleaning methods, economic factors, and their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the study identifies several research gaps that require further exploration. These gaps include developing artificial intelligence-based models for reducing dust accumulation, dynamic optimization models for cleaning schedules, as well as advanced techniques for predicting dust accumulation, taking into account environmental conditions and ageing procedures. This information is essential for engineers, designers, and researchers who work on PV systems.

The use of solar energy is now a common and modern alternative that many countries throughout the world have adopted. Different studies on PV systems have been documented in the literature; however, several reviews focus excessively on particular facets of solar modules. In this paper, the literature on PV systems published between 2000 and 2023 was reviewed thoroughly. This review is structured in three main parts. Primarily, the main factors impacting dust deposition on solar modules are discussed. These include temperature, wind speed, inclination angle, location, climatic conditions, photovoltaic module surface characteristics, and dust characteristics. Many methods for mitigating and reducing dust as well as approaches to cleaning PV modules are also reviewed in this study. The many types of solar modules, together with their most important characteristics and operational effectiveness, are presented. As more solar photovoltaic panels expand their end of life (EOL), solutions are required to recycle and dispose of solar photovoltaic panels at the lowest economic cost and with the least environmental damage through reduced carbon emissions and greenhouse gases. Subsequently, this paper further reviews solar PV energy for a green environment and PV waste recycling and its costs. Moreover, integrating solar energy with other clean energy constituting an energy source for hard-to-reach areas and an alternative to fuel are discussed. Therefore, this comprehensive review of the use of photovoltaic systems for green energy production is helpful in an increased share of clean energy for various energy sectors in the future.

This paper considers extreme dusty conditions at workplaces in underground coal mine. These extreme conditions stem from various physical factors that affect employees’ performance. The extreme effect of the dust can significantly contribute to permanent health damage or even the death of employees. In this study, we present and discuss the results of measurements of airborne dust and respiratory dust taken during wall cutting in a coal mine and propose effective measures to reduce the burden on the life and health of employees and the environment.

The paper considers the current problem of improving the quality of atmospheric monitoring. The paper aims at conducting a monitoring section of the existing situation in the studied territories in St. Petersburg. The following study methods were described: gravimetric, electrochemical, chromatographic. Analysis of samples were carried out on the following laboratory facilities of the mobile environmental laboratory: PU-3E aspirator, ECOLAB portable gas analyser, DUSTTRAK 8533 dust analyser, portable gas chromatograph FGKh-1, professional weather station. The study consisted of two parts and was carried out in two districts of the city: Novosmolenskaya Embankment of the Smolenka River (Vasileostrovsky District) and the banks of the Volkovka River (Frunzensky District). As a result of the study, the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, carbon oxide, suspended solids and volatile organic compounds in the air of the studied districts were measured. The obtained values were compared with the maximal single limiting concentration (LMCm.s.) and assumptions were made about possible sources of pollution. In the territory of Novosmolenskaya Embankment the concentration of the nitrogen dioxide varied from 0.211 mg/m3 to 0.472 mg/m3, which means the exceedance of LMCm.s. The maximum permissible concentration volatile organic compounds (VOC) content in air was exceeded by several orders of magnitude. No exceedance of LMCm.s. was detected for the content of carbon oxide and suspended solids in the air. The empirical data was used to build the air pollution content maps and to calculate the atmospheric pollution index in the studied territory.

Workers who are working in dusty environments might be associated with respiratory health problems. In Ethiopia, factories processing wood, textile, coffee, flour, cement and other materials are associated with dust emission. Furthermore, despite the adoption of the International Labor Organization (ILO) convention, the available constitution and labor proclamation, there are a lot of gaps in terms of occupational health and safety measures in Ethiopia. The current review aims to examine the existing evidence, current challenges and future direction regarding dust exposure and respiratory health in selected Ethiopian factories. Searches of peer-reviewed articles with full-length papers were made in online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar with a key words “Dust exposure”, “Respiratory health”, “Respiratory symptom”, “Ethiopia” and “Factory workers” from January 2000 to March 2023. The review found that excessive dust exposure is associated with a high prevalence of respiratory health problems. Lack of personal protective equipment and absence of safety and health training were the main occupational health deficits identified in most factories. Actions that focus on these deficiencies are commendable. Interventions focused on safety and health trainings, and the provision of adequate personal protective equipment of the required quality is recommended. In addition, administrative solutions and longitudinal studies on dust exposure and respiratory health are suggested.

Abstract Earth‐based telescopes and Mars‐orbiting spacecraft have revealed Mars to be a dynamic body with periodic changes spanning hours to years, and other changes that present no discernible pattern. Understanding these surface and atmospheric variations requires observing and tracking them, and that requires global, consistent image data that spans several years. In support of that goal, the Mars Orbiter Camera Wide Angle “daily global map” images, in both red and blue, have undergone a modern processing with photometric corrections. They have been projected and blended into equirectangular and polar stereographic monochromatic and synthetic three‐color mosaics in intervals of 1 day and ΔLs = 2°, 5°, 10° (approximately 4 days, 10 days, and 2.5 weeks, respectively). The full data set presents three dimensions of Mars—location, time, and color—while ranges or values within each dimension can be combined in different ways, presenting a highly complex interplay for exploration. In this work, the methods to generate the data are presented along with an overview of the data set. In the companion paper (Robbins, 2023a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007621), several new observations are made along with replication of known, previously described phenomena.

ITER will use beryllium as a plasma-facing material in the main chamber, covering a total surface area of about 620 m2. Given the importance of beryllium erosion and co-deposition for tritium retention in ITER, significant efforts have been made to understand the behaviour of beryllium under fusion-relevant conditions with high particle and heat loads. This paper provides a comprehensive report on the state of knowledge of beryllium behaviour under fusion-relevant conditions: the erosion mechanisms and their consequences, beryllium migration in JET, fuel retention and dust generation. The paper reviews basic laboratory studies, advanced computer simulations and experience from laboratory plasma experiments in linear simulators of plasma–wall interactions and in controlled fusion devices using beryllium plasma-facing components. A critical assessment of analytical methods and simulation codes used in beryllium studies is given. The overall objective is to review the existing set of data with a broad literature survey and to identify gaps and research needs to broaden the database for ITER.

Abstract High stocking densities, closed animal houses, and elevated concentrations of bacteria, fungi, and the products of their activity, including ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, have adverse health effects. Active techniques used to reduce unfavourable environmental conditions, such as ventilation, sprinkling, bedding sorbents, and nutritional treatments, are not always sufficient to improve the animals’ living environment. The current paper aims to evaluate the effect of radiant catalytic ionization (RCI) on airborne microorganisms, cage microbiological status, gaseous ammonia concentrations, and the haematological status of mice in animal houses. After one week of operation of an RCI system, the number of airborne bacteria and fungi in the experimental room decreased in comparison to the first day of the experiment (p

This paper provides a review of the aerodynamic behavior of horizontal axis wind turbines operating in hazardous environmental conditions. Over the past decade, renewable energy use has accelerated due to global warming, depleting fossil fuel reserves, and stricter environmental regulations. Among renewable options, solar and wind energy have shown economic viability and global growth. Horizontal axis wind turbines offer promising solutions for sustainable energy demand. Since wind turbines operate in an open environment, their efficiency depends on environmental conditions. Hazard environmental conditions, such as icing, rainfall, hailstorms, dust or sand, insects’ collisions, increased humidity, and sea spray, result in degraded aerodynamic characteristics. The outcome of most studies has been that the airfoils’ lift is degraded, and at the same time, drag is increased when wind turbines operate under these conditions. The objective of this review is to improve our comprehension of these crucial aspects so they are taken into account when designing wind turbine blades, and it offers suggestions for future research paths. It serves as a valuable resource that can inspire researchers who are dedicated to enhancing the aerodynamic characteristics of horizontal axis wind turbines.

The paper presents research on the processing of waste dust from the electrical smelting of ilmenite concentrates with the removal of silicon from them by the fluoride method. The optimum conditions for fluorination of electric smelting dust were determined, at which the degree of silicon fluoride sublimation was 84,2 %. The silicon-containing sublime obtained in the presence of an ammonia agent has been studied. Based on the results of thermal analysis and studies on the effect of process duration the optimum pyrolysis modes that provide the separation of fluoride and silicon oxide: temperature 530 - 560 °C and duration of 60 - 80 min have been determined. The content of silicon oxide in the obtained product was 96,3 %.

The urgency of the discussed issue is caused by the need to provide the technology of industrial recycling of technogenic dust in air of mining enterprises. The main aim of the study is to develop the technique for calculating the efficiency of the existing dedusting systems - centrifugal inertia with air exhaust louver, wet and magnetic ones. The methods used in the study: system approach with analytic calculations, methods of experiment measurements and investigations of dedusting systems. The results: The paper introduces the technique for calculating the efficiency of the developed dedusting systems: centrifugal inertia with air exhaust louver, wet and magnetic ones. To ensure regulatory residual dust concentration in emissions taking into account the reliability of dust collectors in their operation the authors have estimated the efficiency of the systems under conditions differing from the experimental ones. The paper describes the technique, design and operation principle of new devices for analyzing dust particulate materials. The article considers the concept of integrated models and constructions of certain devices and systems to analyze dust particulate materials. The concept combines new and existing complementary methods, and means of analysis of dust particulate materials. The work is devoted to investigation of estimation problem for different logical models and mode of operation of new devices for the analysis of dust particulate materials. Application of the devices proposed can significantly reduce duration of analysis in comparison with the known methods: in one device the separation of the particle size is done by sedimentometer, in another device - by particle motion rate in the air. The paper considers the concept of integrated ecology problems which combines complementary methods and devices for the analysis of dust particulate materials and powders disperse composition. The authors propose the methodology for calculating the efficiency of the developed dedusting systems: the centrifugal inertia with air exhaust louver, wet and magnetic ones. It is shown that the account of equations of parameters connections in new devices applying a new analyzing technique for powder and dedusting materialsparticle distribution determines the difference from zero of estimations approximations. It allows solving the estimation problem of particle sizes, fractions, control and diagnosis out-of-frame of traditional approaches to the problem solution.

The urgency of the discussed issue is caused by the need to provide the technology of industrial recycling of technogenic dust in air of mining enterprises. The main aim of the study is to develop the technique for calculating the efficiency of the existing dedusting systems - centrifugal inertia with air exhaust louver, wet and magnetic ones. The methods used in the study: system approach with analytic calculations, methods of experiment measurements and investigations of dedusting systems. The results: The paper introduces the technique for calculating the efficiency of the developed dedusting systems: centrifugal inertia with air exhaust louver, wet and magnetic ones. To ensure regulatory residual dust concentration in emissions taking into account the reliability of dust collectors in their operation the authors have estimated the efficiency of the systems under conditions differing from the experimental ones. The paper describes the technique, design and operation principle of new devices for analyzing dust particulate materials. The article considers the concept of integrated models and constructions of certain devices and systems to analyze dust particulate materials. The concept combines new and existing complementary methods, and means of analysis of dust particulate materials. The work is devoted to investigation of estimation problem for different logical models and mode of operation of new devices for the analysis of dust particulate materials. Application of the devices proposed can significantly reduce duration of analysis in comparison with the known methods: in one device the separation of the particle size is done by sedimentometer, in another device - by particle motion rate in the air. The paper considers the concept of integrated ecology problems which combines complementary methods and devices for the analysis of dust particulate materials and powders disperse composition. The authors propose the methodology for calculating the efficiency of the developed dedusting systems: the centrifugal inertia with air exhaust louver, wet and magnetic ones. It is shown that the account of equations of parameters connections in new devices applying a new analyzing technique for powder and dedusting materialsparticle distribution determines the difference from zero of estimations approximations. It allows solving the estimation problem of particle sizes, fractions, control and diagnosis out-of-frame of traditional approaches to the problem solution.

In this paper, we describe the upgrade of a small electrostatic dust accelerator located at the University of Stuttgart. The newly developed dust source, focusing lens, differential detector and linac stage were successfully installed and tested in the beam line. The input voltage range of the dust source was extended from 0–20 kV to 0–30 kV. A newly developed dust detector with two differential charge sensitive amplifiers is employed to monitor particles with speeds from several m/s to several km/s and with surface charges above 0.028 fC. The post-stage linac provides an additional acceleration ability with a total voltage of up to 120 kV. The entire system of this dust accelerator works without protection gas and without a complex high voltage terminal. The volumes to be pumped down are small and can be quickly evacuated. The new system was used to accelerate micron- and submicron-sized metal particles or coated mineral materials. Improvements in the acceleration system allow for a wider variety of dust materials and new applications.

Dust in feedlots is detrimental to optimal cattle performance. Contributors such as climate, manure production, and animal behaviour can affect dust production and ultimately, cattle health. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) represented to 68% of death loss across 30 feedyards from 2015 to 2017. Bovine respiratory disease specifically costs producers between $800 and $900 million each year with the cost per animal varying based on number of treatments, occurrence, and performance differences. Altering feeding schedule, stocking density, and sprinkler systems have decreased dust concentrations. By using these methods, cattle feeders can limit dust production and promote animal health. This paper serves to consolidate previous research and data discussing the effects of dust on cattle health.

Dustiness of the mine atmosphere during carrying out exploitation is one of the most hazardous factors threaten to health and life of employees. Also it is large hazard for all type of mechanical and electrical devices operating in mining headings. Coal dust is also very dangerous due to its possibility of explosion. Currently applied technologies of rock mass mining process, entire transport process of output and applied ventilation system cause that rock and coal dust is presented practically in each of the mining heading. Practically, is impossible to eliminate dust from mining headings. However, one can determine its parameters and potential ways its displacement. In the paper there is presented modeling research methodology of dustiness state in a driven dog heading. Developed model is the basis for this methodology, including the diphase flow of mixture of air and dust in the mining heading. Analysis was performed for real driven dog heading. Based on performed analyses, distributions of particular fraction and movement trajectories of selected dust grains were determined. Developed methodology gives a lot of opportunities for analysis of dustiness state in mining headings and in other compartments. It enables to determine parameters of particular grains and their impact on ventilation parameters of the air stream in the tested headings. Obtained results can also be used to reduce dust hazard.

Introduction. The paper considers the mathematical analysis of the fractional composition of dust generated during the operation of the rail-cutting machine. It is established that the studied polydisperse material is well described by the one-parameter exponential distribution. At the same time, the lognormal particle size distribution, whose parameters are determined by mathematical programming methods, seems adequate for the purposes of calculating cyclones. The work objective was to develop mathematical methods for correct averaging of the size and mass parameters of dust under the solid metal machining.Materials and Methods. We studied the possibility of approximating experimental data by Rosin – Rammler distributions (classical, generalized three-parameter P(x, D, n, m), and simplified exponential P(x), in which n = 1). The corresponding results were compared to each other and to the data of approximation of the lognormal and double lognormal functions. These results indicate close approximation quality using the following model distributions P(x):• five-parameter double lognormal;• three-parameter type of Rosin-Rammler;• two-parameter classical Rosin - Rammler;• one-parameter exponential.Results. The primary physical analysis of cutting waste was carried out by the laboratory measuring complex Fritsch Analysette 22 Compact which uses the LALLS – low angle laser scattering method. The built-in software provides output of measurement results in primary graphic and digital forms. It was found that the simplest exponential distribution is best suited for a detailed analysis of the dust particle-size distribution based on the experimental data.This distribution enables reproduction of all the integral indicators provided by the instrumental measuring complex along with the graphical data.Discussion and Conclusions. The results obtained can be used to rationalize the local suction machine, and the mathematical models and algorithms can be used for the parametric analysis of any dust captured by cyclones.

Abstract To study the three-dimensional spatial and temporal distributions of dust in tunneling roadways, and to solve the problems of inadequate time and limited number of monitoring points, this paper designs a device for the real-time monitoring and storage of data on the concentrations of dust at multiple measuring points in the same section of a tunnel. The proposed device can measure the total concentration of dust and that of respirable dust in real time at different instances and locations, and using different working procedures. These measurements are used to study the temporal and spatial migration of dust. The results show that there was a sharp fluctuation zone 0–25 m from the heading face, about 25–40 m was high speed subsidence, beyond 40 m was gentle subsidence, The change of respiratory dust is much smoother. At different distances from the heading face, the total dust concentration exhibited a process of “violent oscillation–rapid descent–stable descent,” while the respirable dust exhibited a process of “fluctuating ascent–gradual subsidence.” Changes in the concentrations of total dust and respirable dust dust were consistent at different positions in the same section of the tunnel. The concentration of dust near the wall was low, and those along the sidewalk and air duct of the roadway were slightly higher than in the middle. The concentration of dust farther down the air duct decreased more slowly than that in the remaining lines of measurement. Small amounts of dust featuring large particles settled quickly. High concentrations of dust were observed to be intermittent, and the background value of dust concentration within 100 m of heading face was between 0.5 and 3 mg/m3.

The paper considers the issues of increasing the efficiency and environmental safety of cement production by using clinker dust in slurry preparation and replacing a certain part of clinker with mineral additives having pozzolanic activity. On the basis of research work carried out at the production site of the Baherden cement plant (Turkmenistan), the suitability of a Venturi scrubber to capture the dust generated in wet clinker kilns of cement plants has been established. The technological scheme for the use of the sludge generated in the scrubber in the preparation of clinker was developed. Based on the results of analyses of the main indicators of cement prepared with the addition of sludge the possibility of using the collected dust in the production of cement has been established. The optimal solution for three interrelated problems, such as increasing the efficiency of cement production, reducing the amount of harmful gases emitted into the atmosphere, and rational use of natural resources, is to reduce the specific consumption of clinker by compensating a certain part of it with mineral additives with pozzolanic activity.

The production of cement increases every year, which leads to the emission of dust/gas/ particulate matter. The emission of unfiltered dust would create a significant environmental impact. Hence, it is the responsibility of industries to control the emission of dust. Air filters and electrostatic precipitators (ESP) play a significant role in controlling pollutants. Synthetic filter media which are dangerous to our environment are widely used in most industries. The disposal of synthetic filters is an arduous task as the biodegradability of synthetic materials is poor. Hence, it is essential to develop an eco-friendly air filter material. In this paper, a new type of bag filter was designed by using natural sisal fiber as filtering media. The biodegradability of sisal fiber is better than the synthetic polyester media and also sisal fiber is less expensive. The natural fibers were coated with zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles to improve the dust adsorption rate. Various tests were conducted as per standards to validate the performance of the filler media. The results were impressive. Hence, the proposed sisal fiber-based filter media can be used in cement industries for dust adsorption to minimize the environmental impact.

This paper presents the results of research on the development of a technology intended to process electric smelting dusts of ilmenite concentrate with the extraction of silicon and titanium and the production of products in the form of their dioxides. Dusts were processed for silicon separation using the ammonium fluoride method. The optimum conditions for the fluorination and sublimation process of silicon compounds from the electric smelting dust of the ilmenite concentrate were determined: a temperature of 260 °С, a 6 h duration, and mass ratio of dust to ammonium bifluoride of 1:0.5 ÷ 0.9. The sublimation degree of silicon compounds was ~84–91%. The sublimation of titanium fluorides from the remaining sinter was carried out at a temperature of 600 ± 10 °C for 2 h, the mass ratio titanium-containing residue: ammonium bifluoride of 1:0.5, and the degree of sublimation of titanium fluorides was 99%. Iron, manganese, and chromium impurities in the sublimation of titanium fluorides sublimate to a rather low degree. Pyrohydrolysis of titanium fluoride sublimes at 600 °C and allows for the conversion of fluorides into titanium dioxide by 99.5% in 4–5 h. Titanium dioxide of rutile modification with 99.8% TiO2 was obtained after hydrochloric acid purification and calcination. A technological scheme for the complex processing of dust from the electric smelting of ilmenite concentrates with the production of silica and titanium dioxide is proposed.

Poultry farming plays a key role in agricultural air emissions. Particulate matter (PM) level tends to be high in broiler and cage-free layer houses, that may impair health and welfare of animals and their caretakers. To protect public health and welfare, the occupational exposure limit for PM10 and PM2.5 (i.e., PM diameters that are generally ≤10 and 2.5 μm, respectively) are suggested not to exceed 150 µg m−3 and 35 µg m−3, respectively, based on 24-h concentrations thresholds as suggested by US. EPA. However, the levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in poultry houses could be 100 times higher than that limit. For instance, PM10 and PM2.5 levels in cage-free henhouses are higher than 15,000 µg/m3 and 3500 µg/m3 in wintertime. Therefore, it is critical to identify the primary factors affecting PM generation in poultry houses and apply corresponding mitigation strategies. This review paper summarizes PM emission factors, mitigating strategies, and impacts on birds’ and caretakers’ health, and welfare. Generally, PM emissions are affected by various factors, including housing types, seasonal and diurnal variation, manure management, bedding materials, ventilation rates, and birds’ activities. High PM concentrations in poultry houses impair birds’ and caretakers’ liver, kidneys, and respiratory systems. Thus, different mitigating strategies are discussed in this study for addressing those issues. Effective mitigation strategies include frequent house cleaning, optimum light intensity, liquid spraying, bedding management, and air filtration systems. However, mitigation strategies can be cost-prohibitive and have side effects. Therefore, poultry farms should select mitigation strategies based on farm location, climate conditions, environmental policies, and available resources (government assistance programs).

The melting behavior of glaciers on and around the Tibetan Plateau is strongly influenced by their albedo. In this paper, we report continuous observations made on the Qiangtang (QT) No. 1 Glacier, located in the central Tibetan Plateau, during its 2013–2015 melting seasons. Surface snow on the QT No. 1 Glacier mainly had a dust content less than 600 ppm and a black carbon (BC) content less than 10 ppb. A strong negative correlation was observed between albedo and dust content up to a threshold concentration of 1000 ppm, although albedo remained constant when dust concentrations increased above this value. The radii of snow particles showed a log-normal distribution that had a mean value of ~500 μm, but maximum and minimum values of 2539 μm and 40 μm, respectively. Snow density showed a normal distribution with a total range of 193–555 kg/m3, although most snow had a density of 400 kg/m3. Snow, ice, and aerosol radiative (SNICAR) simulations showed that dust and BC in the surface snow of the QT No. 1 Glacier reduced the snow and ice albedo by 5.9% and 0.06%, respectively, during the ablation season in 2015; however, the simulated particle impact was greater than the albedo reduction measured from field data. We interpret that dust has played a significantly more important role in melting of the QT No. 1 Glacier than BC over the study period, which is mainly due to the scarcity of human activities in the region and the low concentration of BC being produced.

Photovoltaic conversion is an optimal solution for the electrification of rural areas, especially deserts for the abundance of solar energy in these regions. In recent years, many studies have been carried out to maximize the energy productivity of a PV array system and increase its efficiency. However, the arid and semi-arid region is characterized by a climate whose parameters significantly influence the operation of PV installations. This paper presents an overview investigation of the major internal and external factors significantly affecting both the efficiency and the performance of solar cells and the power of PV systems. These factors include the type of PV material, solar radiation intensity received, cell temperature, parasitic resistances, cloud, and other shading effects, inverter efficiency, dust, module orientation, weather conditions, geographical location, and cable thickness. Simulation of a PV system has been carried out in MATLAB-SIMULINK to prove the effectiveness of the proposed modeling method. These simulation results are useful to predict the production of the PV module under real operating conditions.

Abstract The northern part of India, adjoining the Himalaya, is considered as one of the global hot spots of pollution because of various natural and anthropogenic factors. Throughout the year, the region is affected by pollution from various sources like dust, biomass burning, industrial and vehicular pollution, and myriad other anthropogenic emissions. These sources affect the air quality and health of millions of people who live in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains. The dust storms that occur during the premonsoon months of March–June every year are one of the principal sources of pollution and originate from the source region of Arabian Peninsula and the Thar desert located in north‐western India. In the year 2018, month of May, three back‐to‐back major dust storms occurred that caused massive damage, loss of human lives, and loss to property and had an impact on air quality and human health. In this paper, we combine observations from ground stations, satellites, and radiosonde networks to assess the impact of dust events in the month of May 2018, on meteorological parameters, aerosol properties, and air quality. We observed widespread changes associated with aerosol loadings, humidity, and vertical advection patterns with displacements of major trace and greenhouse gasses. We also notice drastic changes in suspended particulate matter concentrations, all of which can have significant ramifications in terms of human health and changes in weather pattern.

Dust particles leaving the comet nucleus surface are entrained by the gas within the first few nuclear radius distances and are subjected to a complex hydrodynamical environment. From distances of about 20 nuclear radii outwards, the particles decouple from the accelerating gas and are mainly affected by solar gravity and radiation pressure for small-sized nuclei. Their motion is then a function of their so-called β parameter, which is the ratio of the radiation pressure force to gravity force, and their velocity when the gas drag vanishes. At a given observation time, the position of those particles projected on the sky plane form the coma, tail and trail structures that can be observed from ground-based or space-borne instrumentation. Monte Carlo models, based on the computer simulation of the Keplerian trajectories of a large set of dust particles, provide the best possible approach to extract the dust environment parameters from the observed scattered solar light or thermal emission. In this paper, we describe the Monte Carlo code along with some successful applications of such technique to a number of targets.

In this paper, the atmospheric environmental corrosion grade of substations in 11 prefecture level cities in Shanxi Province is evaluated through a metal hanging sheet experiment. Combined with the main environmental factors, such as temperature, relative humidity, and the concentration of main pollution factors, such as SO2, Cl−, dust, etc., the influence of various factors on the corrosion of transmission and transformation equipment is analyzed, and the corresponding anti-corrosion measures are put forward.

This article attempts to highlight a phenomenon that more or less permanently damages emulsion paint layers, the surfaces of which remain sufficiently permeable for dust particles to become permanently anchored there; when the particles are nanometric, this can cause a permanent change in appearance. Based on scientific documents, empirical observations, laboratory analyses, case studies, and reconstructions of characteristic pictorial layers, this paper aims to highlight the medium- and long-term risks that alter these surfaces, in order to realize strategies for better prevention. The physico-chemical nature of these vulnerable materials will be discussed first, followed by the dust’s involvement; finally, the topic will be illustrated through concrete examples, with photos taken using digital, 4 K optical, and Scanning Electron Microscope equipment (SEM), in order to show how the problem of dust particle accumulation impacts even the most contemporary works of art.

In this paper, we present a simplified algorithm to retrieve snow grain size, dust mass absorption coefficient and dust mass concentration from spectral diffuse reflectance measurements at three wavelengths located in the visible and near infrared. The theoretical model is then compared with field spectroscopy data collected in different days from an automated spectrometer in the Alps.

This paper concerns investigations on dust particles and noise emission in mineral aggregate production. Two technological circuits of aggregate production were under investigation. The first circuit was based on a two-stage screening system, while the other was designed on a basis of a patented solution of regular aggregate production. Results of investigations show that an innovative circuit allows for reduction of screening stages which results in shortening the entire circuit. The quality of obtained products is better, while the environmental footprint of the latter circuit is lower. Results of investigations showed that reduction both in terms of dust particle emission and in noise generation was achieved.

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant. PM2.5 and PM10 pose particularly serious threats to the ecological environment and human health. Vegetation plays an important role in reducing the concentration of particles. Based on a long time series of air quality, meteorological, and vegetation coverage data in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, the present paper evaluated the influence at the overall and built-up area scales and quantified the process involved in the dry settlement of particles on vegetation based on a mathematical model. The experimental results showed that (1) the total amounts of PM10 reduced by vegetation in the BTH area were 505,200 t, 465,500 t, 477,200 t and 396,500 t in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, and the total amount of PM2.5 was reduced by 19,400 t, 19,200 t, 16,400 t and 12,700 t, respectively. The annual reduction in PM10 and PM2.5 from 2015 to 2018 by vegetation in the BTH region showed a downwards trend, and the annual reduction was mainly caused by the significant decrease in PM concentration. (2) More than 80% of the reduction in annual yield was concentrated in May–September, and a large leaf area was the main reason for the largest yield reduction in the growing season. The efficiency of PM reduction in forestland was approximately five–seven times that in grassland, and the deciduous broad-leaved forest was the main driver of this reduction in each forest. (3) The reduction in PM10 by vegetation was approximately 30 times that of PM2.5. However, the reduction in PM2.5 by vegetation should not be ignored because PM2.5 has a stronger correlation with human production and living activities. Increasing the area and density of green space via afforestation, returning farmland to forest and giving full play to the self-purification function of green spaces are very important to reducing and controlling the concentration of PM.

The paper presents complementary approaches based on experimental and numerical works to address the behavior of tokamak-relevant tungsten particles loaded with tritium. Sampling of particles inside the WEST tokamak have been realized thanks to an in situ particle collection system called Duster Box. This method allowed to identify various types of tungsten particles among them spherical shaped micro-particles between 5 µm and 30 µm in diameter. Based on these results a surrogate tungsten powder has been provided by means of spheroidization process and sieving method. Moreover, the powder tritium retention capacity was measured and specific activities of 90 MBq.g−1 and 280 MBq.g−1 were obtained for particles with 17 µm and 11.5 µm median diameters, respectively. Considering such tritium activities trapped in the particles, Monte-Carlo simulation were performed to estimate the electrostatic self-charging rates and the corresponding electrical charge carried by the radioactive tungsten dust. The results of these experiments provide robust data for the assessment of the dispersion of toxic/radioactive material in the environment that could follow a loss of containment.

Isfahan province is beset by vegetation poverty in most of its pastures due to such climatic characteristics as low rainfall, high variability, high temperature, and high evapotranspiration especially in desert areas. The occurrence of erosions by the least wind blow in some areas has caused a flow of sand to cities, villages, military centers and so on. Therefore, recognizing wind tunnel removal sites can be of considerable help in combating wind erosion. In this paper, using meteorological and meteorological data, we tried to study the general morphology of sand dunes and the wind regime in each region in Segesi plain located in Isfahan province. Also, by locating harvest areas and identifying erosion-sensitive faces, we identified the areas that play the most role in wind sediments. The areas that are under wind erosion and without vegetation are identified to be the main source of dust. The distribution of available drug species and the NDVI vegetation in the region were studied too. The corresponding areas are good places where to plant medicinal plants, especially the herb Alhagi persarum, to reduce dust. Considering that this herb has the widest dispersal in the area, combining this map with the map of critical erosion centers indicates that the areas poorly covered by vegetation undego the worst wind erosion.

The paper presents a case study on the pollutant emissions from coal burning at the Mintia Thermal Power Plant. The Mintia Thermal Power Plant is a Romanian electric and thermal energy producer. The power plant consists of three large combustion plants that run on solid fuel (coal) natural gas or fuel oil. The emission of pollutants into the atmosphere is made by three chimneys with a height of 220 m. The plant has been included in the National Transition Plan on Industrial Emissions for the period 2016-2020.

Abstract Background Exposure to airborne proteins can be associated with the development of immediate, IgE-mediated respiratory allergies, with genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors also playing a role in determining the likelihood that sensitisation will be induced. The main objective of this study was to determine whether airborne concentrations of selected common aeroallergens could be quantified in the air of homes using easily deployable, commercially available equipment and analytical methods, at low levels relevant to risk assessment of the potential to develop respiratory allergies. Additionally, air and dust sampling were compared and the influence of factors such as different filter types on allergen quantification explored. Methods Low volume air sampling pumps and DUSTREAM® dust samplers were used to sample 20 homes and allergen levels were quantified using a MARIA® immunoassay. Results It proved possible to detect a range of common aeroallergens in the home with sufficient sensitivity to quantify airborne concentrations in ranges relevant to risk assessment (Limits of Detection of 0.005–0.03 ng/m3). The methodology discriminates between homes related to pet ownership and there were clear advantages to sampling air over dust which are described in this paper. Furthermore, in an adsorption–extraction study, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) filters gave higher and more consistent recovery values than glass fibre (grade A) filters for the range of aeroallergens studied. Conclusions Very low airborne concentrations of allergenic proteins in home settings can be successfully quantified using commercially available pumps and immunoassays. Considering the greater relevance of air sampling to human exposure of the respiratory tract and its other advantages, wider use of standardised, sensitive techniques to measure low airborne protein concentrations and how they influence development of allergic sensitisation and symptoms could accelerate our understanding of human dose–response relationships and refine our knowledge of thresholds of allergic sensitisation and elicitation via the respiratory tract.

Recycling has become a top priority research task in highly developed countries, addressed from the perspective of environmental protection as well as cost-effectiveness of products. In many countries, including Poland, landfilling is still commonly accepted as a method of choice for waste neutralisation. This paper presents results of studies on the environmental impact of iron-bearing foundry waste in the event of its landfill disposal.

The paper presents results of study on concrete using quarry dust to replace sand at levels of 0%, 25%, and 100% by weight. Design mixes were prepared to achieve concrete grades C25, C30, C35, C40 and C45 for each of the three replacement levels. Prismatic specimens were prepared to study the stress-strain behaviour of the concrete. It was observed that the stress-strain curves were similar for all sand replacement levels and that concrete with 100% quarry dust had the maximum strain values. The results of the study showed that for all concrete grades, 25% sand replacement level gave higher (7.9%) modulus of elasticity (MoE) while 100% sand replacement level gave lower (8.6%) MoE relative to 0% sand replacement level. The estimated MoE was compared with values obtained from the formulas proposed by the BS, ACI and IS for estimating the MoE using the compressive strength of concrete. It was found that blending sand and quarry dust produces concrete of enhanced mechanical properties.

In the paper, the authors focused on the environmental problems of pollution emissions caused by households using batch boilers fired with solid fuels. The aim of this study is to analyse the course of changes in the actual efficiency and emission of a solid fuel updraft boiler, the most popular type of batch boilers used in Poland in recent years. The subject of analysis is the comparison of the values of atmospheric emissions of harmful substances depending on the type of wood burnt in the boiler. The investigation comprises the combustion characteristics of three types of woody biomass (in billets), i.e., pine, birch, and beech. Based on the carried out research of all billets, the beech has the lowest values of CO (3497 mg/m3) and particulate matter (116.9 mg/m3). Despite this, obtained results exceed the current permissible limits based on the standard PN:EN 303-5:2012. The highest efficiency (54.13%) was obtained for birch billets, the lowest for pine (45.13%). The research has shown that the real heating efficiency during the combustion of wood, irrespective of the type of wood being burnt, is low. To summarise, the outdated installations contribute to air pollution several times higher, which indicates the need to replace inefficient heat sources using solid fuels with modern equipment that meets the most stringent standards.

In this paper, a solution to the problem of the change in the pressure drop in a respirator filter during cyclic air motion is suggested since the current theory of filtering is based on steady-flow processes. The theoretical dependence of the pressure drop in the respirator filter on air flow rate is determined, which is represented by the harmonic law, which characterizes the human respiration process during physical work. For the calculation, a filter model was used, which is represented by a system of parallel isolated cylinders with a length equal to the total length of the filter fibres surrounded by porous shells formed by a viscous air flow field, with a size determined by the equal velocities of the radial component of air flow and undisturbed flows. The flow-around process in the proposed model of air flow through the respirator filter is described by the Brinkman equation, which served to establish the total air flow resistance in the proposed system under conditions of velocity proportionality. It consists of two parts: the first characterizes the frictional resistance of the air flow against the surface of the cylinder, which imitates the filter fibre; the second—the inertial part—characterizes the frequency of pulsations of respiratory movements during physical performance. The divergence of the analytical results and experimental studies is no more than 20%, which allows the use of the established dependence to estimate the change in pressure drop in a respirator filter made of filter material “Elephlen” when the user carries out different physical activities. This allows the period of effective protective action of respirators with different cycles of respiration during physical activities to be specified, which is a very serious problem that is not currently regulated in health and safety regulations, and it also allows the prediction of the protective action of filters and respiratory protection in general.

This paper demonstrates possibility of separate zinc and lead recovery from coal composite pellets, composed of EAFD with other synergetic iron-bearing wastes and by-products (mill scale, pyrite-cinder, magnetite concentrate), through a two-stage process. The results show that in the first, low temp erature stage performed in electro-resistant furnace, removal of lead is enabled due to presence of chlorides in the system. In the second stage, performed at higher temperatures in Direct Current (DC) plasma furnace, valorisation of zinc is conducted. Using this process, several final products were obtained, including a higher purity zinc oxide, which, by its properties, corresponds washed Waelz oxide.

Various types of waste materials containing zinc (e.g. dusts and sludges from gas dedusting process) are obtained in steel industry. The contents of Zn in these materials may vary considerably. Even a low concentration of zinc in recirculated products precludes their recycling in ferrous metallurgy aggregates. Long storage of this type of material can lead to contamination of soil and water by zinc compounds which can be leached out by acid rain, for example. This paper focuses on research involving alkaline leaching tests of low zinc content iron-bearing materials. These tests were preceded by the analysis of the elemental, phase and grain size composition, and analysis of the thermodynamic conditions of the leaching process. The main aim of research was to decrease the content of the zinc in the sludge to the level where it is suitable as an iron-bearing material for iron production (~1% Zn). Leaching at elevated temperatures (368 K, 60 min) has led to a decrease in the zinc content in the sludge of about 66%. The research revealed that long hour leaching (298 K, 100 hours) carried out at ambient temperatures caused a reduction in zinc content by 60% to the value of 1.15-1.2% Zn.

This paper presents the results of recent work to develop and trial a mine machine radar sensor for underground coal mine vehicles. There is an urgent industry need for an integrated solution to the problem of operating an underground vehicle in conditions of dense ambient dust and/or smoke, such as may occur in underground coal mines after a fire or explosion. Under these conditions, sensors such as cameras and lidar offer limited assistance due to their inability to penetrate thick dust. Thermal infrared can penetrate dust but still results in poor vision, as there is insufficient temperature contrast between the tunnel walls and the ambient air. Microwave radar sensors are able to penetrate the dust, and suitable radar sensors have been developed for use in the automation industry. Adapting such sensors for use in an underground coal mining environment was the focus of this research effort, and involved trialing a suitable sensor in dust and smoke chambers as well as trials in an underground coal mine with introduced dust. Data processing and the development of a suitable user interface were key aspects of the research. Since any sensor would have to operate in an explosive atmosphere, a related research work developed a flameproof dielectric enclosure to allow the use of the radar in the mine environment.

ABSTRACT Photovoltaic systems have been consolidated in the global energy scenario as an option of low environmental impact energy generation, high reliability and great applicability in urban centers, acting like energy generators near the point of consumption. The Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), with the proposal of testing the performance of grid-connected photovoltaic systems (On Grid PV Systems) and help its entry into the Brazilian energy matrix, implemented this technology in two of its buildings: Green Office (GO) And Neoville. This paper analyzed the effects of dust on the Photovoltaic Systems performance based on daily energy. The analysis was carried out from the solar irradiance data from the places where the panels are installed and the electrical power data collected at the mass memory of the inverter of the two systems, in order to be analyzed and compared before and after the cleaning of the photovoltaic modules. The results at the end of the study indicate that dust directly impacts in the performance of the PV system.

This paper describes a way of reducing pollutant dust emissions exhausted in the atmosphere when manufacturing expanded clay by applying high effective wet dust cleaners with a combined scheme of dust separation from the gas flow within dust aspiration systems. Brief description of technological processes and devices and related major sources of emissions and discharges of pollutants into the atmosphere in the expanded clay’s producing is provided. An industrial survey of a representative sample of aspiration systems and enterprises producing granular clay pellets using dust precipitators within those systems is given. The main results of the dispersed analysis of variance dimension’s particle of expanded clay dust stemming and exhausting from the kilns are presented. The expediency to develop new, more efficient structure of precipitators for gas flow aspiration system in the production of expanded clay is justified. This new wet dust cleaner cuts dust emissions from the expanded clay gravel into atmosphere. Experimental research and evaluation of the leakage’s degree of dust particles meant as an outlet exhaust coefficient for the elaborated wet dust cleaner have been done. Treatment dependence of the outlet exhaust coefficient was obtained in the regression dependence as a function of several parameters for this wet dust precipitator.

Arsenic in dust and aerosol generated by mining, mineral processing and metallurgical extraction industries, is a serious threat to human populations throughout the world. Major sources of contamination include smelting operations, coal combustion, hard rock mining, as well as their associated waste products, including fly ash, mine wastes and tailings. The number of uncontained arsenic-rich mine waste sites throughout the world is of growing concern, as is the number of people at risk of exposure. Inhalation exposures to arsenic-bearing dusts and aerosol, in both occupational and environmental settings, have been definitively linked to increased systemic uptake, as well as carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health outcomes. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to identify human populations and sensitive sub-populations at risk of exposure, and to better understand the modes of action for pulmonary arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. In this paper we explore the contribution of smelting, coal combustion, hard rock mining and their associated waste products to atmospheric arsenic. We also report on the current understanding of the health effects of inhaled arsenic, citing results from various toxicological, biomedical and epidemiological studies. This review is particularly aimed at those researchers engaged in the distinct, but complementary areas of arsenic research within the multidisciplinary field of medical geology.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the hazards in operating post-harvest lines in an agricultural organization, with emphasis on pre-cleaning and drying of grain. The paper deals with a description of technology of pre-cleaning and drying grain. Risk assessments at post-harvest line were processed by using the point method. The point method is used to review the hazards for working positions in terms of safety at work. This work identifies threats, proposes measures and solutions to eliminate or minimize the consequences of each risk. Evaluations of the hazards are processed before and after the measures were taken. Based on the results, it can be stated that the risk was reduced below the level of acceptable risk after the measures were taken.

Sand and dust storm events (SDEs), which result from strong surface winds in arid and semi-arid areas, exhibiting loose dry soil surfaces are detrimental to human health, agricultural land, infrastructure, and transport. The accurate detection of near-surface dust is crucial for quantifying the spatial and temporal occurrence of SDEs globally. The Arabian Peninsula is an important source region for global dust due to the presence of extensive deserts. This paper evaluates the suitability of five different MODIS-based methods for detecting airborne dust over the Arabian Peninsula: (a) Normalized Difference Dust Index (NDDI); (b) Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) (31⁻32); (c) BTD (20⁻31); (d) Middle East Dust Index (MEDI) and (e) Reflective Solar Band (RSB). We derive detection thresholds for each index by comparing observed values for ‘dust-present’ versus ‘dust-free’ conditions, taking into account various land cover settings and analyzing associated temporal trends. Our results suggest that the BTD (31⁻32) method and the RSB index are the most suitable indices for detecting dust storms over different land-cover types across the Arabian Peninsula. The NDDI and BTD (20⁻31) methods have limitations in identifying dust over multiple land-cover types. Furthermore, the MEDI has been found to be unsuitable for detecting dust in the study area across all land-cover types.

This paper focuses on the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in 20 dust samples collected from the streets of the Organized Industrial District in Sakarya, Turkey using sequential extraction procedure were determined by ICP-OES. The three-step BCR sequential extraction procedure was used in order to evaluate mobility, availability and persistence of heavy elements in street dust samples. Three operationally defined fractions isolated using the BCR procedure was: acid extractable, reducible, and oxidizable. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages: Cd (82.3%) > Mn (80.0%) > Zn (78.8%) > Cu (70.2%) > Ni (65.9%) > Pb (63.8%) > Cr (47.3%) > Co (32.6%). Validation of the analytical results was checked by analysis of the BCR-701 certified reference material. The concentrations of metals in the street dust samples have been shown a decrease after the each extraction stage.

Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an annual herbaceous species used for centuries in a multitude of countries, especially in Africa (Sub-Saharan Africa), but also in the Americas and Asia, mainly for its grain and fi brous remainders, these used as animal fodder or as a combustible. Already for some decades the non-structural sugars from Sorghum stalks became of interest for the ethanol production business either for industrial, beverage or fuel uses. The species is particularly interesting because of its characteristic low energy, chemicals and water inputs. In addition, this is achieved with a very interesting performance in terms of Greenhouse Effect Gases (GEG) emission mitigation. This paper discusses the Sweet Sorghum production under climatic/soil conditions in Portugal and its possible use in a combined bio-energy production plant. Results from experimental fi eld trials ran in Portugal (Province of Beira Interior) for two years showed yields up to 90 tonnes of fresh biomass per hectare at very low inputs. They confi rm that this crop cultivation is technically feasible and economically effective for the above region and can become a cash crop. The technical aspects of the Sweet Sorghum growing processes and profi table use are especially discussed. These include the ethanol production, co-generation of heat and power as well as biogas generation. The interest in some valuable co-products use is raised, too. Advantages of integrating these processes are also analyzed.