Search

Saxifraga Tourn. ex L. is rich in species diversity with about 440-500 species and broad distribution. The taxonomical issues of this genus have been continuously concerned by the botanists. Saxifraga has important ornamental and medicinal values. Some of European countries have made great efforts on the exploitation and utilization of its ornamental resources. China is one of the diversity centers of Saxifraga, but it has been lagged far behind Europe, USA and even Japan in exploitation and utilization on ornamental value of this genus. The world breeding work in Saxifraga started 150 years ago. By the end of 2022, the 1 692 names of cultivars had been on-line listed by The Saxifrage Society, but only one came from China. In this paper, the germplasm resources of Saxifraga, and progress on its classification and breeding are reviewed, and also the utilization of its ornamental resources is briefly introduced, which will provide an important reference for taxonomical research, breeding and application of this genus in China. The results are as follows: (1) Saxifraga is rich in germplasms, but many scientific issues remain in the evolutionary relationships of its subordinate systems, which require a systematic and in-depth investigation by integrating morphological and molecular biology methods. (2) The cultivars of this genus are mainly raised through cross-breeding and mutant selection, and the majority of cultivars are from the UK, Czech Republic, Germany, and the Netherlands. (3) The breeding of Saxifraga started very late in China, with only few cultivars from one breeding method.

In Romania, the most used plum rootstock, ‘Mirobalan’ does not any problems in terms of graft compatibility and that is why it is widely used. However, it was found that this generative rootstock has low compatibility with the ‘Tuleu gras’ cv. and with all the plum cultivars obtained from it. In this paper, we study the degree of compatibility of 5 plum cultivars (‘Andreea’, ‘Pitestean’, ‘Romanța’, ‘Čačanska Lepotiča’, ‘Jojo’) with 7 Romanian rootstocks (‘Adaptabil’, ‘Mirobolan dwarf’, ‘Mirodad 1’, ‘Mirodad 2’, ‘Redutabil’, ‘BN-4Kr’ and ‘B 83/8’). The evaluation of graft compatibility of these cultivar-rootstock combinations was made through two indices: morphological thickness index of the grafting area (IMÎZA - as a result of the ratio between the surfaces section of the scion, rootstock and grafting union) and anatomical similarity index of the symbionts (IMAAtS) calculated based on the number and diameter of the woody vessels in the scion, rootstock and graft union. Following the measurements, very significant results were obtained, which can explain the degree of affinity between cultivars and rootstocks. The morphological thickness index of the grafting area had values above 0.300, which indicates good and very good graft compatibility in most of the cultivar-rootstock combinations studied, with the exception of the association with ‘Redutabil’ rootstock which have values below 0.300, and the thickness differences between scion, rootstock and graft union were very large, indicating a low level of compatibility between the cultivars studied and this rootstock. The anatomical similarity index of the symbionts had values close to 1, indicating good and very good compatibility. The exception was the combinations of cultivars with the ‘Redutabil’ rootstock, the anatomical similarity index of the symbionts having values below 1

The paper presents brief information about the history of the collection of broad (horse) beans (Vicia faba L.) at the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), its composition, research trends, and significance for domestic breeding. The collection started in 1916 with Vavilov’s collecting activities in the Pamirs. Currently, the collection consists of 1733 accessions from 67 countries, obtained from foreign genebanks through germplasm exchange and seed requests, received from domestic and foreign breeders, and collected in numerous expeditions. Broad beans are used for food (vegetable) and feed; they are adapted to a wide range of latitudes and altitudes. A larger part of the collection is represented by fodder accessions. The main principle whereupon the collection is being augmented is the priorities of domestic breeding. The paper provides information on the botanical, environmental and geographical diversity of VIR’s broad bean collection, its level of studiedness, current research issues, and the use of the collection in the breeding process. The crop’s biological traits, characteristics of vegetable and fodder accessions, current breeding trends and source material for breeding are described. A brief analysis of the current status of broad bean breeding in Russia and VIR’s contribution to this process is presented, including the Institute’s direct involvement in the development of several cultivars of both feed and food uses. Presently, 30 broad bean cultivars are listed in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation, and 28 of them are the products of domestic breeding.

This paper aimed to explore the biochemical characteristics of fresh leaf raw materials of large-leaf cultivars. In this study, four different tenderness fresh tea leaves of single bud, one bud with one leaf, one bud with two leaves and one bud with three leaves picked from Yunnan large-leaf cultivars (Qingshui No.3, Xianggui Yinhao, Yunkang No.10, Yunkang No.14, Yuncha Purui) were selected as the research objects. The variation of raw material taste quality with tenderness of different varieties of Yunnan large-leaf cultivars was investigated by detecting the content of its main flavor substances (tea polyphenols, flavonoids, amino acids and soluble sugars, etc.). Multivariate statistical methods were used to explore the categories and key differential indexes of fresh leaves with different tenderness, meanwhile, fisher discriminant analysis was used to establish the discriminant models for different types of fresh leaves. The results showed that the higher the maturity of fresh leaves, the higher values of phenol ammonia ratio, simple catechins, flavonoid glycosides and peroxidase would be, and one bud with two leaves and one bud with three leaves were significantly higher than single bud and one bud with one leaf (P

This paper presents some features of apple production in Norway, the northernmost apple-growing country in the world. Acceptable growing conditions prevail along the fjords in western Norway and around the lakes in eastern Norway at 60° north. These specific mesic climate conditions are associated with very long summer days (18 h daylight mid-summer) and short winter days (6 h daylight), with frost rarely occurring in the spring along the fjord areas. The present apple-growing technique in Norway is similar to that of other developed apple-growing countries, taking into account that all local growing phases involve a considerable delay in progress (1.5–2 months). Therefore, high-density planting systems based on the use of dwarf rootstocks (mainly M.9) with imported early maturing international apple cultivars are used in most orchards. The most common soil type has high organic matter content (2–18%), which persists due to the cool climate and low mineralization, and a clay content of

Fertilisation strategy can have a big impact on apple (Malus domestica Borkh) yield, with considerable environmental and economic implications. This research paper presents the yield and leaf nutrients content of three apple cultivars fertilised with three treatment regimes over 2 years (2020–202) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The specific apple cultivars investigated were: Jonagold Decosta, Red Idared and Gala Schnitzer®Schniga, each fertilised with three treatments: T1 (control‒without fertilization); T2 (300 kg ha−1 NPK (6:18:36) + 150 kg/ha N (calcium ammonium nitrate‒CAN)) and T3 (foliar nutrition‒mixture organic-mineral fertilizer commercially named “FitoFert Kristal” (0.6%) (10:40:10) + “FitoFert Kristal” (0.6%) (20:20:20) + “FoliFetril Ca” (0.5%) (N:Ca)) in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period of two years (2020–2021). Significant differences of different yield categories (yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiency) were found among cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments and years. Yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiency were lowest in cultivar Jonagold DeCosta. Fertilization treatment T1 significantly influenced the lowest yield per tree and yield per hectare with the magnitudes 7.55 kg tree−1 and 27.96 t ha−1, respectively. The highest yield efficiency was found in trees fertilised with treatment T3 with 9.21 55 kg tree−1, 34.11 96 t ha−1 and yield efficiency of 0.25 kg cm−2. Six mineral elements in the apple leaf, such as boron (B), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn), were presented in known magnitudes. The cultivar Jonagold DeCosta's leaves had the highest K, B, and Zn contents with 8500.8 mg kg−1 FW (i.e. fresh weight of leaves), 33.8 mg kg−1 FW, and 12.2 mg kg−1 FW, respectively, while cultivar Red Idared's leaves had the highest Ca, Fe, and Mg contents. The fertilisation treatment T3 influenced significantly the highest content of Ca (301.37 mg kg−1 FW), Fe (116.5 mg kg−1 FW), B (41.6 mg kg−1 FW), Mn (22.4 mg kg−1 FW), and Zn (14.9 mg kg−1 FW) in leaves, while the highest content of K was found in leaves from trees fertilised with treatment T2 (8130.5 mg kg−1 FW). The experimental outcomes have proven that the cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments, and time duration (in years) are the key factors affecting the potassium, calcium, iron, boron, and manganese contents. It was concluded that the foliar application enables easier mobility of elements, which results in a greater number of fruits and larger fruits, which leads to a higher yield. This study is the first of its kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the findings of this research will pave the way for future research activities involving increasing the number of cultivars and different fertilisation treatments on apple yield and leaf mineral composition.

This paper aims to highlight the superior agrobiological and technological potential of hybrid genotypes, obtained by intraspecific hybridization of cultivars 'Victoria' x 'Black Pearl', 'Muscat de Poloskei' x 'Victoria', 'Coarnă neagră' x 'Victoria', 'Victoria' x 'Victoria'. Several genotypes resulted from the hybridization of the mentioned cultivars, which stood out through at least two characters, similar or superior to the parental cultivar were selected in the comparative field. The evaluation of agro-biological characteristics of elites was based on the following indices: percentage of fertile shoots, fertility, and productivity coefficients. Technological descriptors related to the weight of the bunches, the weight of 100 berries, the skin's weight, the seeds, the content of the wort in sugars, the content of the wort in acidity were used in the study. The Victoria cultivar was taken as a witness, being considered a reference both nationally and internationally. The selected genotypes were distinguished by large grapes, very large grains, pleasant colors, high tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors. The new perspective elites show a high percentage of buds, high fertility, medium to high, the accumulation of sugars and total acidity in the must in a favorable way for mass consumption. To present more conclusively the multitude of data obtained, through statistical-mathematical processing, the general conclusions related to the mode of manifestation of hybrid elites in interaction with biotic and abiotic factors have been formulated considering the natural variability of all processes and phenomena involved.

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most widespread tree species introduced into Europe and also into Hungary. It covers 24% of the total Hungarian forest area, providing 25% of the annual timber output of the country. Due to the demands of consumers, new cultivars are to be produced by means of improvement techniques and are to be introduced into the practical forestry use. Mono- and multiclonal cultivars were developed, then variety comparison trials and cultivation tests were established. Based on preliminary yield tests the locust cultivar 'Jászkiséri' (Robinia pseudoacacia 'Jászkiséri') proved to be one of the best black locust cultivars. Consequently, a more precise investigation of the stand structure of this cultivar may also make a significant contribution to the improvement of the relevant cultivation technology. In this study, based on full inventories of 13 stands in 7 subcompartments, age of 5 to 35 years, relationships of mean tree volume to diameter (R2 = 0.9797) and basal area (R2 = 0.9781), furthermore the relationship between mean tree volume and diameter of the stands (R2 = 0.9993) were examined. Besides that, the comparison of 15-year-old 'Jászkiséri' and common black locust (a case study) were presented in this paper, where 'Jászkiséri' proved to be better: significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in diameter, mean tree volume and stem form.

The paper presents the result of a triennial field experiment (2013‒15), aiming to determine the influence of irrigation, nitrogen fertilization, and cultivars, as well as their interactions on the yield and chemical properties of the soybean seeds. Four soybean cultivars (Lucija, Vita, Ika and Tena) of different maturity groups were investigate as a sub‐subplot factor (C). The main plot factor (A - irrigation) resulted in a statistically very significant (P≤0.01) seed yield in all three years, and it was found out by an analysis of variance. The subplot factor (B - nitrogen fertilization) had an impact on the grain yield depending on the research year, while sub‐subplot factor (C-cultivar) significantly affected all examined traits. The factor interactions and their significance varied by the research years. The seed yield achieved in 2013 (3883 kg ha-1) indicated a great importance of all factors’ interaction. The correlations between a seed yield and a protein and oil concentration were determined during the research.

Background. The article presents information on the results of screening potato cultivars for major commercial traits: earliness, high yield, high starch content, resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary), virus diseases and potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll. (Ro1)). Materials and methods. VIR’s collection of domestic and foreign potato cultivars served as the material for this research. The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines developed at the Potato Genetic Resources Department of VIR. Results and conclusion. The analysis of pedigrees helped to select source material for the main trends of domestic potato breeding. Data of a number of cultivars identified by analyzing progenies from self-pollination are presented in the paper. Potential sources of major commercial traits were found: cvs. ‘Banba’ (k-25222), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Belukha’ (k-25146), ‘Charoit’ (k-25221), ‘Colleen’ (k-25224), ‘Gala’ (k-25270), ‘Geyzer’ (k-25266), ‘Gornyak’ (k-25311), ‘Larets’ (k-25211), ‘Leoni’ (k-25244), ‘Manifest’ (k-25265), ‘Meteor’ (k-25212), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Prizer’ (k-25217), etc. were identified as high yield sources; cvs. ‘Aktyubinskiy-2’ (k-25300), ‘Alaya roza’ (k-25144), ‘Charaўnik’ (k-25139), ‘Darnitsa’ (k-25179), ‘Lad’ (k-25180), ‘Levada’ (k-25121), ‘Maksimum’ (k-25136), ‘Palitra’ (k-25123), ‘Tamyz’ (k-25307), ‘Universal’ (k-25137), ‘Vektor’ (k-25200), ‘Vytok’ (k-11897), ‘Zarevo’ (k-10773) and ‘Zholbarys’ (k-25155) as sources of high starch content; cvs. ‘Aral’ (k-25107), ‘Aymurat’ (k-25248), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Berkut’ (k-25250), ‘Gastsinets’ (k-25264), ‘Musinskiy’ (k-25312), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Rapsodiya’ (k-25130), ‘Senim’ (k-25306), ‘Sunkar’ (k-25258), ‘Tamyz’ (k-25307), ‘Udovitskiy’ (k-25260), ‘Vektor’ (k-25200), ‘Velikan’ (k-25201), ‘Zholbarys’ (k-25155) and ‘Zvezdochka’ (k-25209) as sources of late blight resistance; cvs. ‘Adil’ (k-25112), ‘Azart’ (k-25196), ‘Bastion’ (k-25198), ‘Charoit’ (k-25221), ‘Favorit’ (k-25132), ‘Gastsinets’ (k-25264), ‘Geyzer’ (k-25266), ‘Krasavchik’ (k-25210), ‘Maksimum’ (k-25136), ‘Malyshok’ (k-25189), ‘Manifest’ (k-25265), ‘Nadezhda’ (k-25213), ‘Nur-Alem’ (k-25253), ‘Pamyati Lorkha’ (k-25214), ‘Rapsodiya’ (k-25130), ‘Senim’ (k-25306), ‘Sirenevyy tuman’ (k-25143), ‘Sultan’ (k-25131), ‘Shchedrik’ (k-25126), ‘Tekes’ (k-25173), ‘Velikan’ (k-25201), ‘Volat’ (k-25263), ‘Zhemchuzhina’ (k-25128), etc. as sources of field resistance to virus diseases. Cultivars combining resistance to potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll. (Ro1)) with other valuable commercial traits were also identified.

In this paper, during a 4-year period (2003-2006) effects of six pollenizers (President, Italian Prune, Stanley, Čačanska Rodna, Agen 707, and California Blue) on the degree of fruit set in the plum cultivar Čačanska Najbolja were examined. Besides the controlled pollination of this cultivar, open pollination was investigated. Functional pollen ability in pollenizer-cultivars was established by in vitro pollen germination. Degree of fruit set was determined comparing the number of fruit set (10 days after pollination, 21 days after pollination and number of harvested fruits) against the number of pollinated flowers. The results indicated that all pollenizer cultivars, studied in this paper, possessed satisfactory in vitro pollen germination (30.1-67.4%). The number of fruit set determined 10 days after pollination was very high and did not differ among pollenizers. Highly significant differences were found between the pollenizers in the number of fruit set 21 days after pollination and significant ones in relation to the number of harvested fruits. Compared to open pollination, higher number of fruit set 21 days after pollination and higher number of harvested fruits were obtained when cultivars Stanley (17.0%; 7.6%) and Italian Prune (14.6%; 6.9%) were used as pollenizers, therefore those cultivars are recommendable as good pollenizers for the cultivar Čačanska Najbolja.

Apple is nutritionally valuable and present as fresh fruit in human nutrition throughout the year. Also apple is a raw material in food processing, primarily in the production of juices, nectars, refreshing soft drinks, marmalades, jams, compotes, apple cider vinegar and dried fruits. In the last decade on the world market there is a great interest in dried apple products (commercially called apple chips). During preservation by drying the technological process aimed at the final product of optimal quality is required. The subject of this paper is the kinetics of the apple cv. Granny Smith, cv. Idared and cv. Jonagold drying in laboratory dehydrator for the purpose of pinpointing at which level of humidity the maximum speed of evaporation is achieved and at which level of humidity apple slices begin to change in colour and geometric shape. Parameters of the drying process were the same for all three cultivars, 3hrs at air temperature of 70oC and 5hrs at air temperature of 50o. The amount of evaporated water is expressed in relative and absolute units of measure. The purpose of this paper is to determine which one of the three tested cultivars provides the best properties for drying, i.e. in terms of oxidation of polyphenolic compounds to find the cultivar which will provide that the final product is technologically and organoleptically the most acceptable. The results showed that the sample cv. Granny Smith expressed the least oxidation of polyphenolic compounds (browning), curved edges and shrivelled apple slices. After that the sample cv. Jonagold followed. The sample cv. Idared showed the worst results. Following the drying kinetics of all three samples, it can be concluded that the cultivars Granny Smith and Jonagold were achieving the lower maximum speed of evaporation, unlike the cultivar Idared. The cultivars Granny Smith and Jonagold have attained consistent drying and in this way the technological process was finished with a smaller temperature stress for plant tissue, resulting in a much better quality of the final product.

Production of poplar plantation is in great part in correlation with its health condition. Big areas under the trees of the same age and almost identical (sort) or identical (clones) genetical characteristics are ideal environment for occurrence and development of different diseases. They could easy reach epyphitotic intensity, in such conditions and start to endanger wood mass production and cause big financial loss. Aim of paper was to present the most important diseases worldwide, which are reported on poplar species of sections: Leuce, Aigeiros and Tacamahaca. Beside the most important diseases in paper are presented fungi which were found during many years of study of natural stands and plantations of poplars in Serbia.

Green pea (Pisum sativum L.) has a long tradition in Serbia and Montenegro as a processing crop. Short growing season, relatively simple production, pleasant taste and high nutritional value stimulate both production and consumption of peas. The objective of this paper is to present the main characteristics of two pea varieties, domestic cultivar Tamis and imported cultivar Jof and the influence of prolonged time between harvest and processing on the changes of main characteristics. Both cultivars have grains of very high quality that can be used for industrial processing as well as for garden growing (the green market). In the present paper the results of one-year study are shown: cultivar characteristics, growing season length, and physico-chemical (tenderometer value (TM), dry matter, alcohol insoluble solids (AIS), sugar and starch) measurements for texture determination. According to the results, the optimal way of processing for each variety was recommended. .

In this paper we provide characteristics of the germplasm collection of cultivars, mutants, marker lines and recombinants of the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) stored at the Genetics Dept. of Biological Faculty of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. A history of this collection is briefly described together with the main scopes of its application in both retrospectives and perspectives.

The method of subjecting plants to frost in the boxes is one of the ways to create provoking conditions for estimating frost tolerance of plants. Frost resistance of winter crops is very dynamic. It increases in the autumn; it is the largest at the beginning and in the middle of the winter and it sharply reduces by the spring. Apart from the seasonal dynamics there is a deviation of frost resistance during the years depending on the conditions of forming frost resistance. We present results of state of the plants after freezing with various temperatures (-18°С; -20°С; -21°С; -22°С). Preservation of varieties and lines after freezing in the boxes changed in dependence of the temperature. The preservation of the plants varied from 32,3 to 88,5 % at -20°С; at -21°С it was 17,2 – 77 % and at -22°С these indexes varied from 0 to 54,5%. The maximum preservation at -22°С has been noted among the cultivars ‘Don 107’ (53,5 %), ‘Donskaya Bezostaya’ (54,5 %) and ‘Asket’ (51,1 %). For more accurate assessment of frost resistance we have used a don method (the method of bushes). The cultivars ‘Donskaya Bezostaya’ (45%), ‘Kapitan’ (43,3 %) and ‘Asket’ (36,7 %) are characterized with a high level of preservation of plants. The productivity of studied samples varied from 5,05 to 7,82 t/ha. The varieties ‘Krasa Dona’ (7,82 t/ha), ‘Ermak (7,74 t/ha) and ‘Lidiya’ (7,45 t/ha) showed the largest productivity. The qualitative traits (protein content, gluten content and SDS-sedimentation) of the studied cultivars and lines have been given in the paper.

The article reveals basic problems of soybean seed-growing, considers the problems of maintaining of cultivars purity and shows distinctive features of the cultivars. It also sets out indicators of soybean quality and gives their values according to GOST. Because seed quality and genetic homogeneity of a cultivar depend upon both time of reproduction and compliance of cultivation technology, the article reveals technological methods of soybean cultivation, i.e. a place in crop rotation, peculiarities of general and seedbed preparation, a choice of methods and terms of sowing, seeding rates, measures of care for crops and defense from pests and diseases, peculiarities of harvesting and post-harvesting processing and seed storage. The recommendations about optimal soil temperature, seeding rates have been given for the cultivars of different groups of ripeness depending on width of row spacing and depth of seeding. The article deals with the problems of soybean care and the most widespread herbicides for weed control, terms and doses of application. The most harmful pests, permitted substances and doses of application for their control have been listed in the work. We also recommended methods of adjusting soybean harvesters and equipment which can be used for drying and cleaning of seeds. The technology of seed storage is considered in the paper as well. A set of measures to receive soybean seeds with high seeding properties has been recommended.We suppose its fulfillment can increase quality of primary seed-growing, providing all farms of Rostov region with highly reproductive soybean seeds.

The article reveals basic problems of soybean seed-growing, considers the problems of maintaining of cultivars purity and shows distinctive features of the cultivars. It also sets out indicators of soybean quality and gives their values according to GOST. Because seed quality and genetic homogeneity of a cultivar depend upon both time of reproduction and compliance of cultivation technology, the article reveals technological methods of soybean cultivation, i.e. a place in crop rotation, peculiarities of general and seedbed preparation, a choice of methods and terms of sowing, seeding rates, measures of care for crops and defense from pests and diseases, peculiarities of harvesting and post-harvesting processing and seed storage. The recommendations about optimal soil temperature, seeding rates have been given for the cultivars of different groups of ripeness depending on width of row spacing and depth of seeding. The article deals with the problems of soybean care and the most widespread herbicides for weed control, terms and doses of application. The most harmful pests, permitted substances and doses of application for their control have been listed in the work. We also recommended methods of adjusting soybean harvesters and equipment which can be used for drying and cleaning of seeds. The technology of seed storage is considered in the paper as well. A set of measures to receive soybean seeds with high seeding properties has been recommended.We suppose its fulfillment can increase quality of primary seed-growing, providing all farms of Rostov region with highly reproductive soybean seeds.

The method of subjecting plants to frost in the boxes is one of the ways to create provoking conditions for estimating frost tolerance of plants. Frost resistance of winter crops is very dynamic. It increases in the autumn; it is the largest at the beginning and in the middle of the winter and it sharply reduces by the spring. Apart from the seasonal dynamics there is a deviation of frost resistance during the years depending on the conditions of forming frost resistance. We present results of state of the plants after freezing with various temperatures (-18°С; -20°С; -21°С; -22°С). Preservation of varieties and lines after freezing in the boxes changed in dependence of the temperature. The preservation of the plants varied from 32,3 to 88,5 % at -20°С; at -21°С it was 17,2 – 77 % and at -22°С these indexes varied from 0 to 54,5%. The maximum preservation at -22°С has been noted among the cultivars ‘Don 107’ (53,5 %), ‘Donskaya Bezostaya’ (54,5 %) and ‘Asket’ (51,1 %). For more accurate assessment of frost resistance we have used a don method (the method of bushes). The cultivars ‘Donskaya Bezostaya’ (45%), ‘Kapitan’ (43,3 %) and ‘Asket’ (36,7 %) are characterized with a high level of preservation of plants. The productivity of studied samples varied from 5,05 to 7,82 t/ha. The varieties ‘Krasa Dona’ (7,82 t/ha), ‘Ermak (7,74 t/ha) and ‘Lidiya’ (7,45 t/ha) showed the largest productivity. The qualitative traits (protein content, gluten content and SDS-sedimentation) of the studied cultivars and lines have been given in the paper.

This paper presents information on the main characteristics of the raspberry production in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the 2012 - 2017 period, raspberry production has become a significant segment of agricultural production and rural development. The export of frozen raspberry comprises more than 50% of the total fruit and vegetables exports from B&H. The raspberry production is accompanied by the increase in the construction of processing facilities (cold storage capacities). In the overall structure of the raspberry production, floricane cultivars prevail ('Willamette'). Primocane cultivars such as 'Polka' have been introduced in the production recently. Due to the lack of knowledge in cultivation specifics and the biology of this fruit species, yields achieved in the raspberry production are generally lower than actual fruiting potential. Fluctuation of raspberry prices on the global market may have long-term negative effects on the raspberry production in B&H.

The surface exploitation of mineral raw materials inevitably changes the environment, thus resulting in soil degradation. This paper presents the results of growing sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Pers.) in the reclaimed Deposol (technosols) in the Stanari Coal Mine area. Green manuring was the cultural practice used for sudangrass growing and land reclamation. The purpose of this research is to increase the amount of organic matter in the Deposol surface layer. The research was performed within a two-year period (2009-2010) at the experimental (technosol) site of the Stanari Coal Mine, located on the inside part of the overburden deposition site, near the Raskovac pit. The research of green manuring included a two-factor experiment with four replications. Two cultivars of sudangrass (Factor A) were used with three fertilization treatments (Factor B). The soil analyses indicated a sandy and low fertile soil. The experimental plot Deposol showed favorable physical properties, whereas its chemical and biological properties proved very unfavourable. The highest yield of biomass (29.15 t ha-1), as well as the dry matter (10.30 t ha-1), was recorded in the cultivar ‘Piper Sweet’ (in 2009), which was completely treated with mineral fertilizers. The lowest yields of biomass (2.05 t ha-1) and dry matter (0.95 t ha-1) were observed in the cultivar ‘Srem’ in 2010. Statistically significant differences were found between the treatments applied, emphasizing that only certain cultivars of sudangrass and types of fertilization (encompassing reasonably high amounts of nitrogen) can significantly increase the amount of organic matter in Deposol.

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) has attracted much attention due to its high nutritional value and medicinal properties. The crop has a long history of cultivation in Japan, and today, it is used mostly for manufacturing soba noodles which are quite popular in Japanese cuisine. Cultivation of common buckwheat in the country decreased gradually until the 1970’s, but has started to increase again in recent years. In this paper, we provide an overview of common buckwheat production in Japan with emphasis on the agronomic characteristics of representative Japanese cultivars and landraces.

To obtain a high tuber yield of early crop potato good conditions for plant growth must be ensured. Potato has a relatively shallow root system and requires significant nutrient inputs to maintain tuber productivity and quality. The paper presents the results of the research on the effect of complex fertilizers type NPK MgS with and without microelements from the nitrophoska (HydroComplex, Nitrophoska Blue Special and Viking 13) and the amophoska group (Polimag S), and single-nutrient fertilizers on the plant growth and tuber yield of very early potato cultivars (‘Aster’, ‘Fresco’, ‘Gloria’) on loamy sand soil. The field experiment was carried out in mideastern Poland (52°03'N, 22°33'E). Potatoes were harvested 75 days after planting (the end of June). The type of fertilizer (single-nutrient or complex fertilizer) slightly affected the growth of potato plants. With the use of complex fertilizers, the assimilation leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) were similar to the application of single-nutrient fertilizers. Of the examined complex fertilizers, Viking 13 (representing the nitrophoska group without microelements) resulted in a smaller increase of assimilation leaf area in comparison with the cultivation without mineral fertilization. The type of fertilizer exerted a greater influence on the plant growth of ‘Aster’ (Poland) than ‘Fresco’ (The Netherlands) and ‘Gloria’ (Germany). The productive effects of complex fertilizers in early crop potato culture on loamy sand soil were comparable with single-nutrient fertilizers. The highest tuber yield was achieved with the application of Nitrophoska Blue Special (from the nitrophoska group with the lowest NNH4+ concentration); the total tuber yield was higher on average by 2.94 t*ha-1 (21.0%) and the yield of marketable tuber fraction (diameter above 30 mm) by 2.55 t*ha-1 (20.4%) in comparison with the cultivation without mineral fertilization. Although the total tuber yield was a little lower, the share of large tubers (diameter above 51 mm) in the yield was recorded with the use of Polimag S (from the amophoska group and with the most Mg, S, Zn and B concentration of all complex fertilizers applied) and Viking 13 (from the nitrophoska group with Ca). The single-nutrient and complex fertilizers applied in the experiment had no effect on the dry matter, starch or Lascorbic acid content in potato tubers. Regardless of the type of fertilizer applied, the tuber yield, average weight of one tuber and the share of medium-sized tubers (diameter of 4150 mm) in the yield of ‘Aster’ were highest. The yield of marketable tuber fraction of the ‘Aster’ was higher than ‘Fresco’ and ‘Gloria’ on average by 3.03 t*ha-1 (22.0%) and 4.57 t*ha-1 (37.4%), respectively. About 25% of the ‘Gloria’ yield made up of non-marketable tubers (diameter below 30 mm). Tubers of ‘Aster’ contained more dry matter and starch than ‘Fresco’ and ‘Gloria’, however, the content of Lascorbic acid in tubers of the tested potato cultivars was similar.

In this paper we presented the yield testing results of PKB winter triticale hybrids: PKB Vožd and PKB Kardinal, compared to standard cultivars: Favorit (Center for Small Grains, Kragujevac) and Odisej (Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad). Field experiments were held at Institute PKB Agroekonomik, Padinska Skela, during 2013 and 2014. Statistical significance was determined for factors year and cultivar. The highest yield had cultivar PKB Kardinal (9,437.33 kg ha-1), whereas cultivar Favorit achieved the lowest yield (6,379.67 kg ha-1), in both experimental years. According to our results, new triticale cultivars developed at Institute PKB Agroekonomik had significantly higher yield, compared to standard cultivars used.

The goal of this paper is to show that logistic regression is an analytical method of interest to evaluate the marketability of different pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. Two studies were conducted on “Italian sweet” pepper cultivars. Fruit samples were introduced in storage chambers and kept at 9 °C and 85–95% relative humidity during the study period. The fruits were evaluated individually and periodically by measuring the deterioration of fruit quality (rot, ageing, etc.). In this study, categorical explanatory variables (rot, etc.) and continuous explanatory variables (days of storage) were integrated and combined to determine the probability of marketability of the fruit. The results show that the binary logistic model is a useful statistical tool to analyse together both categorical and continuous variables in the study of the marketability of pepper cultivars.

This paper presents the results of the studies of some pomological characteristics (mass, length and width, shape index, petiole length, number and mass of seeds) and chemical properties of pear fruit (soluble dry matter, total and invert sugar, sucrose, total acidity, pH of fruit) for cultivars Bella di Giugno, Santa Maria and Williams. The study was conducted in 2011 in the ecological conditions of Bratunac. Based on the following indicators, our intension was to estimate success of breeding of these cultivars in the mentioned area. According to the obtained results, the best economic and biological characteristics showed the cultivar Bella di Giugno and Williams. The growth of these two cultivars in terms of Bratunac is reasonable and economically feasible, with the tendency of production increase in the mentioned area.

Elephant foot yams make a significant contribution to diets in tribal people of India. However, there is insufficient study of their nutritional and antioxidant value. In this paper the various traits of eleven cultivars of elephant foot yam: BCA-1, BCA-2, BCA-4, BCA-5, BCA-6, NDA-4, NDA-5, NDA-9, IGAM-1, AC-28 and Gajendra were studied and observed during the growth and development stage. The cultivar of BCA-6 contained the maximum amount of starch and total phenol at 100 Days After Planting (DAP) while cv., NDA-9 and NDA-5 showed the maximum content of starch and total phenol at 250 DAP respectively. However, the cultivar BCA-1 stored the maximum amount of carbohydrate at 100 DAP whereas ascorbic acid and β-carotene content was highest at 250 DAP. The protein amount was maximum in cv., BCA-2 and AC-28 at 100 and 250 DAP respectively. This information will provide breeders with the ability to develop desirable types of elephant foot yams having high yields and better nutritional profiles.

Data concerning the effect of spring frosts on the survival of flower buds of several apple and pear cultivars, as well as on the damage caused by spring frosts to apple fruit are presented in the present paper. Observations were conducted in experimental and commercial orchards in the Lublin area in the years 2000, 2005 and 2007. The lowest temperature in spring in the consecutive years occurred on the following dates: 2000 - 3rd and 4th May, 2005 - 1st April and 22nd May, and 2007 - 2nd and 4th May. The most serious damages of buds were found in apple trees of Red Boskoop, Rubin and Jonagold cvs. grown in the experimental orchard in Felin (Lublin) (this was an average value for the years 2000 and 2007), whereas the buds of the late flowering cultivars of Golden Delicious Smoothee, Royal Gala and Ligol survived with significantly lesser damages. These observations generally confirmed those made in commercial orchards in 2005 and 2007, in which buds of cv. Elise also showed high resistance to spring frosts. Pear trees of cv. Concorde showed low damage to flower buds in 2007 and produced a reasonably good crop. Fruits of cv. Jonagold and its mutations Wilmuta, Jonica, Decosta and Rubinstar proved to be very sensitive to spring frosts, as well as fruits of cv. Lired. The positive influence of the Polish rootstock P60 on flower bud survival was observed in the year 2000. However, this was not confirmed in 2007, thus further observations are necessary to check these effects.

In this paper was analyzed number of kernels per spike in 20 genetically divergent wheat cultivars originated from different breeding centers in Serbia. Investigation conducted during two seasons which characterized different climatic condition. For analysis used samples of 60 wheat plants (20 plants in 3 replications) which were harvested in full maturity stage. The differences in average values for number of kernels per spike in studied cultivars were determined. The variability of number of kernels per spike was established. In average, number of kernels per spike for all cultivars was higher in second year 72.22 than in first experimental year 68.73. The highest number of kernels/spike in both year expressed Tanjugovka cultivar and the lowest Yugoslavia cultivar. Average value of coefficientvariation for all cultivars varied from 14.19 in first year to 12.92 in second year. Average number of kernels per spike for both year of growing, varied from 54.56 in cultivar Yugoslavia to 77.83 in cultivar Tanjugovka. Significant differences for number of kernels/spike were found among cultivars in both years as well between years. Heritability in wide sense for number of kernels/spike was 79.13%.

This work investigated effect of height and cultivar on morphological properties of bast and core fiber of tobacco stalk (Nicotiana tabacum). Also, in this research cultivar effect on chemical properties of tobacco stalk were investigated. Selected cultivars include Barley and Virginia, and investigative height positions were chosen 5, 50 and 75% of stalk height. Results indicated that bast fiber length, diameter and wall thickness are more effective than those of core fiber. Chemical analysis of stalk’s parts indicated that cellulose and ash contents of bast were higher than those of core, but lignin content of bast was significantly less than that of core. Also, extractive material of bast was less. Statistic results showed that length and wall thickness of Barley’s bast fiber were higher compare to Virginia, but there was no significant difference in terms of morphological properties of core fibers between these cultivars. Cellulose percentage of Barley cultivar was higher, where as lignin, extractives and ash contents of Barley were lower than that of Virginia cultivar. Also, cultivar type didn’t have significant effect on contents of tobacco stalk parts (bast, core and pith). Results indicated that, fiber length, diameter and wall thickness of bast decreased as height increases, but in core fiber, just fiber length decreased and other properties of core fiber had different behavior. Moreover, bast and pith percentages increased by height increasing while, core percentage decreased. In general, results of this research showed that, tobacco stalk are a suitable row material for pulp and paper production, re fiber dimensions and chemical components.

The paper analyzes the effect of different doses of nitrogen and planting density on grain yield in nine winter wheat varieties and one variety of triticale. All these varieties have been created at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. It was found that all three individual factors: variety, planting density and the amount of applied nitrogen had a significant impact on yields. Also, the interaction of variety/sowing density had a highly significant effect on yield, while the other interaction effects were not statistically significant. The highest yield was obtained in cultivar NS-40S, and was significantly higher than the of other varieties. On average for all varieties tested, highest yield was obtained when fertilizing with 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen, but was significantly higher only in comparison to the control variant. The highest yield was obtained at densities of 500 germinated seeds per m2, but not statistically significantly different than the yield obtained at 300 and 700 germinated grains/m2. The lowest yield was obtained at the highest planting density of 900 germinated grains/m2.

The program of winter rapeseed breeding at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops covers the development of winter and spring rapeseed cultivars and hybrids. Winter rapeseed cultivars are selected for high and stabile grain and oil yield, good oil quality, low erucic acid and glucosinolate content (type 00) and tolerance to stresses caused by abiotic and biotic factors. This paper reviews agronomic characteristics and grain and oil quality of a new cultivar of winter rapeseed Jasna. In the trials of the Serbian Commission for new cultivars registration, cultivar Jasna had higher grain yield then standard, in the three locations and two years. In average the yield was 4566 kg/ha. Oil content is at the level of the standard. The erucic acid content and glucosinolate content are lower then that in the standard and that are positive characteristics. .

Cabbage breeding at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops is aimed at the development of cultivars and hybrids whose properties meet the demands of the food processing industry and green market, intensive food production and human population, and which are adapted to the local agroclimatic conditions. This paper presents the main characteristics of a cabbage cultivar released by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia in 2007. The cabbage cultivar Orion is primarily intended for fresh consumption in summer and pickling. The head is slightly flattened to oval-shaped, reddish white at cross section, with tender inner leaves, good taste and quality. The length of the growing season is 85-95 days (from transplanting to technological maturity). .

In this paper the influence of crop density and harvesting time on yield and quality of various sugar beet cultivars has been analyzed. During three year research conducted on soil of carbonate chernozem on loess terrace on experimental field of Institute Tamiš in Pančevo. Method of completely random block system in four repetitions we're analyzed the influence of crop density (80.000 plants per ha, 100.000 plants per ha and 120.000 plants per ha) and harvesting time (10th Sept, 01st Oct and 20th Oct) on yield and quality of various sugar beet cultivars of different technological type (Esprit N - type, Belinda Z - type and Chiara NE - type). Increase in crop density had very little effect on increase on sugar beet yield. The yield was considerably increased in the period between the first harvesting date and the second. The highest yield of consumable sugar was obtained of cultivars of N - type Esprit and lower yield was obtained of cultivars of Z - type (Belinda). .

The paper studied the effects of different nitrogen rates (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N/ha) on the soybean cultivar Proteinka, inoculated with the NS - Nitragin microbial fertilizer. Trials were set up at Backi Petrovac on a soil with no previous history of soybean cultivation. Samples of plant material were taken twice, once at soybean flowering and once at maturity. At flowering, the largest mass and length of the above-ground plant parts were recorded in the treatment with 60 kg N/ha, while the largest nodule number, mass and N content were obtained with 30 kg N/ha. The largest pod, grain numbers and grain mass and N content were produced by the inoculated treatment with no N added, and that was the treatment that produced the largest yield as well.

The traits of germination energy, seed germination, as well as root and hypocotyls length of domestic alfalfa cultivars (Slavonka, Stela, Vuka) were investigated in a climate chamber. The experiment was set up at two pH levels of water solution (4.00 and 6.00) and temperature levels of 10°C and 20°C using rolled filter paper method. Significant difference between cultivars (p=0.01, p=0.05) was determined for germination energy, seed germination and hypocotyls length. Cultivar Slavonka had the highest average values for germination energy and seed germination, and the lowest for hypocotyls length. Cultivar Vuka had the lowest germination energy (but with the same germination as Stela) and the longest hypocotyls. Seed germination as well as root and hypocotyl length significantly depended (p=0.01) on pH of water solution. The higher average values of all traits were found at pH 4.00, except for germination energy. Temperature also significantly affected on all investigated traits (p=0.01), whilst the higher values were attained at higher temperature. Interactions cultivar x pH and cultivar x temperature were significant (p=0.01) for all traits, while pH x temperature interaction was not significant only for seed germination.

The objective of this work was to test a simple method for root hair evaluation of 21 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes, most of them used in breeding programs in Brazil. Hairs of basal and primary roots of 5-day old seedlings, produced on germination paper with no phosphorus addition, were visually evaluated by a rating scale after staining with 0.05% trypan blue. The method reveals variability among the genotypes, and the standard error of the mean is relatively low.O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar um método simples para a avaliação de pêlos radicais de 21 genótipos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris), a maioria deles usada em programas de melhoramento no Brasil. Os pêlos de raízes basais e primárias de plântulas com idade de cinco dias, produzidas em papel de germinação sem adição de fósforo, foram avaliados visualmente, com o auxílio de uma escala de avaliação, depois de coloridos com "trypan blue" (0,05%). O método diferencia bem os genótipos, e o erro-padrão da média é relativamente pequeno.

This paper deals with the resistance of twenty commercial winter wheat cultivars to common bunt causal agent (Tilletia tritici). Significant differences among the cultivars concerning the infection percent were observed, as well as the differences in the level of commercial cultivars' resistance to T. tritici. Most of the studied cultivars belonged to susceptible categories, and just few of them to the resistant ones. Cultivar Lasta was classified as highly resistant during the both investigation years in Kragujevac, while in Leposavić Lasta and Tiha were classified as resistant. The other studied cultivars were more or less susceptible.

Due to the unique taste features and pro-health values of fruits, hot pepper is cultivated in Poland on the commercial scale, most frequently with the use of single harvest which results in fruits at various maturity stage: green fruits, fruits turning colour and physiologically mature fruits (red). This paper, based on the results of 3-year experiments, evaluates utility and biological value of fruits of four Polish cvs.: ‘Bronowicka Ostra’, ‘Orkan’, ‘Cyklon’ and ‘Rokita’. Agricultural study was conducted for three years, during the period 2009–2011. Fruits of various maturity stage consisted of the marketable yield of the and hot pepper from a single harvest. The evaluated cultivars differed in utility and biological value of fruits, quantity and fruit yield structure. The greatest yield was obtained from ‘Orkan’ and ‘Rokita’ cvs. (2.17 kg·m-2 ), yet the greatest yield of physiologically mature fruits (1.16 kg·m-2) from ‘Bronowicka Ostra’ cv. whose share in marketable yield was 65.0%. Biological value of fruits depended on maturity stage and cultivar genotype. Physiologically mature fruits contained most dry mass (13.18%), soluble solids (4.4%), L-ascorbic acid (199.9 mg·100 g-1 f.m.), total sugars (2.92%). Yet more capsaicinoids were proved in green fruits and fruits turning colour. Least dry mass (%) and total sugars (%) were noted in ‘Orkan’ cv., whereas least L-ascorbic acid in ‘Bronowicka Ostra’ cv., in which fruits at every stage of maturity accumulated most capsaicinoids.

Com o objetivo de selecionar progênies de cafeeiros resultantes do cruzamento de 'Catuaí' com 'Mundo Novo' mais produtivas e adaptadas aos diferentes ambientes, instalou-se o presente trabalho. Foram utilizadas 12 progênies, na 4ª geração por autofecundação do 2º retrocruzamento de Catuaí com Mundo, desenvolvidas pelo programa de Melhoramento Genético do Cafeeiro em Minas Gerais, coordenado pela EPAMIG e como testemunha as cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC-99, Rubi MG-1192 e Acaiá Cerrado MG-1474. Os experimentos foram instalados em São Sebastião do Paraíso e Três Pontas em Minas Gerais, utilizando o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis plantas por parcela. Avaliou-se a produção de grãos em sacas de 60 kg de café beneficiado/ha. Realizou-se a análise de variância, com parcelas subdivididas onde cada colheita (ano) foi considerada como uma subparcela. Os dados de produção por local foram analisados conjuntamente, considerando-se todas as colheitas. As médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar que as melhores progênies foram H 1190-11-70-2, 1190-11-119-1, 1190-11-70-1 e 1190-11-8-2, sendo as progênies H 1190-11-70-1 e 1190-11-8-2, com maior adaptabilidade sobre os dois ambientes.The objective of this paper was to select coffee progenies from the crosses of 'Catuaí' with 'Mundo Novo', the most productives and adapted to different environment. In this experiment twelve progenies were selected, in the fourth generation for the second self-backcrossing of the Catuaí and Mundo Novo, developed by EMPRESA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA DE MINAS GERAIS, Coffee Breeding Program. The coffee cultivars Catuaí Vermelho IAC-99, Rubi MG 1192 and Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474 were also as control. The experiments were conducted in São Sebastião do Paraíso and Três Pontas in Minas Gerais using the randomized block design, with four replicates and six plants per plot. There were evaluated the production based in the 60 kg bag of processed coffee/ha. The variance analysis was realized with split plot where each harvest (year) was considered as one split plot. The production data by place was analysed together, considering all the harvest. The treatment means were compared by Scott-Knott test, at 5% of probability. The results obtained showed that the best progenies were H 1190-11-70-2, 1190-11-119-1, 1190-11-70-1 and 1190-11-8-2 and the progenies H 1190-11 -70-1 and 1190-11-8-2 had the highest adaptability on two environments.

The paper presents principal properties of 5 new cultivars of small grains created in the Center for Agricultural and Technological Research in Zaječar. They are as follows: Arena (winter bread wheat), Premium (winter malting barley), Tango (winter triticale), Center (spring oat) and Balsa (spring naked barley). In 2004 and 2005 these cultivars were registered by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia. The Arena cultivar has good indices of technological quality and high yield genetic potential which is successfully preserved even in dry years. The Premium cultivar, besides high yield capacity, has a very low protein grain content what makes it especially suitable for brewers industry. Triticale Tango is intended, in the first place, for animal feeds and like Arena cultivar. is highly tolerant to draught. Spring oat Center is Zaječar's first made oat cultivar in this group of small grains. Cultivar Balsa is the first spring six-row naked barley in Serbia and Montenegro. Creating of Balsa cultivar is the attempt to meet the future demands on the market. By the act of registering above mentioned cultivars the Center in Zajecar has completed and enlarged its already existing variety of small grains assortment.

A comparative study of different pruning ways and bud load, as well as their influence on growth, yield and quality of Rhine Riesling B-21, Riesling Italian, and Zupljanka vine cultivars in the conditions of the Rasina vine district, during the period 2000 - 2001, is given in this paper. This research results have shown that grape yield and quality varied, and the greatest grape yield was observed in the variant with the greatest bud load. The Rhine Riesling B-21 demonstrated the best results. It should be pointed out that bud load per vine had a much greater influence on the studied traits than the applied way of pruning. .

The simple crossing of different poplar species enables a relatively easy method of obtaining the new cultivars and clones by artificial selection combined with production characteristics. The first step in the study of resistance of the newly selected individuals to parasites is the artificial infection of the control plants. If the plant shows the adequate degree of resistance, it is introduced to individual sites and its behavior to the pathogen is monitored in the conditions of natural infections. After the tests with artificial infections, the cultivar Populus x euramericana cv. Pannónia showed satisfactory results, so its monitoring was continued in the plantation production. This paper presents the study of this cultivar resistance to the infections by the fungus Discosporium populeum in natural conditions. Based on the study results, the cultivar Pannónia can be recommended for use, especially at the sites with poorer hydrological characteristics.