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This study aims to analyze the reliability of Nepal’s industrial policies, focusing on the effects of macroeconomic variables on implementation and outcomes. This paper assesses Nepal’s industrial policies, emphasizing the need for improvements, export promotion, and human capital development while recognizing the importance of strategic planning and context-specific approaches for economic growth, stability, and development. The analytical and descriptive approaches have been applied to analyze the data by collecting secondary data sources that include official publications, which encompass 47 time series variables from 1974 to 2020. The findings provide mixed evidence for the economic impacts of liberalization, with exports and liberalization driving overall GDP growth. In contrast, other factors like economic openness, tourism, and their relationship with industrial GDP remain statistically insignificant. The paper indicates that remittances and investment have the most substantial impact on GDP, raising it by 1.86 and 1.21 units per unit increase, respectively. Exports have a moderate impact on industrial GDP (0.403 units). Export-oriented industries and tourism lack significant associations with either type of GDP. Liberalization significantly boosted both GDP and industrial GDP, with an increase of 179465.3 and 49595.62 units, respectively. Imports also jumped post-liberalization, driven by higher remittances as 1.215 units per unit increase. This study on industrial policies in developing economies, focusing on Nepal, adds valuable insights. The findings can ensure policymaking, boost economic growth, and strengthen Nepal’s industrial sector.

The increased price of energy and the limited resources of the planet have increased the worldwide attention to renewable energy resources. The purpose of this paper is to present the European context regarding these renewable sources. In addition, the evolution over time of some indicators relevant to this field is described for better shaping the general audience’s understanding of the current status on the renewable sources. Using a statistical approach, the paper ranks the member states in terms of the consumption of renewable resources in areas such as transport and electricity. Throughout the research, it has been noted that there are significant differences between member states. An example to reinforce what was previously described is the fact that, for the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, the minimum value is approximately eight times lower than the maximum. Additionally, forecasting methods of indicators analysed based on historical data were applied to establish the course of EU27 countries for the year 2030, when the implementation period of the Sustainable Development Goals ends.

Knowledge-intensive service industry has become an important part of social economy, which not only promotes the innovation of modern service industry, but also promotes the upgrading and transformation of manufacturing industry. The agglomeration of knowledge-intensive service industry is not only the inevitable result of economic growth, but also the premise of sustained economic growth. Moreover, China's national economy is transforming from an industrialized economy to a service-oriented and knowledge-based economy, and the importance of knowledge-intensive service industry is increasing day by day. This paper constructs a theoretical framework of the influence of population agglomeration on the economic development of urban agglomerations. The article holds that population agglomeration promotes the economic development of urban agglomerations through the upgrading of industrial structure and the promotion of human capital. In the future, we need to focus on the similarities and differences between population agglomeration and economic development of urban agglomerations in central China, explore the factors of economic development of urban agglomerations, and provide reasonable suggestions for the government to formulate relevant economic policies. This paper, from an innovative research perspective, based on the perspective of population agglomeration, studies the path of its role in regional economic development, which can make up for this defect to some extent. Moreover, the research object has been innovated and the research method has been improved. On the basis of the above, the panel data of the Yangtze River Delta from 2012 to 2021 is selected as the research sample, the location entropy index is taken as the explanatory variable, the regional gross domestic product (GDP) is taken as the explanatory variable, and the rationality of economic theory and the significance of econometric test are considered. Finally, the data are analyzed and tested by regression. The empirical analysis of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration proves the importance of knowledge-intensive service industry agglomeration to regional economic development. Finally, based on the contribution of knowledge-intensive service industry agglomeration to regional economy, the development of knowledge-intensive service industry and the promotion of industrial agglomeration are studied.

The performance evaluation (PE) of the Photovoltaic(PV) system is an index representing the efficiency and reliability of the system. Most PE indicators evaluate the ratio of theoretically calculated power generation to actually measured power generation. The closer the ratio is to 1, the more ideal the PV system is. PV system varies depending on weather conditions and regional characteristics, especially on the types of sensors and measuring variables. Floating Photovoltaics (FPVs) and Marine photovoltaics (MPVs) vary with the environmental variables more as it is installed on the water and sea. In this paper, on the contrary to the existing PE methods, the most accurate regression model considering ambient temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed was used to predict the power in order to improve the accuracy. The optimal PE method for the PV system to easily and accurately detect failures of the PV system is proposed. Data from three FPVs in the same environment were analyzed for 1 year. The PV power prediction model including the wind speed and relative humidity was used to improve accuracy. The quality diagnosis was performed with an improved PE and the impact of various events can be represented through this. In this paper, the distribution of the corresponding Power Performance Index (PPI) values was analyzed using a descriptive statistic method, and indicators in terms of quality control were presented. The PV power generation state can be determined by the location of the average and median values of the boxplot. The fluctuation of PV power generation was identified using the size change of Inter Quartile Range (IQR), which represents the degree of data scattering. As a result, it was confirmed that failure occurred in the system when the IQR value is 2 times bigger than the normal IQR value.

Data accuracy plays an important role in any research. One of the reasons a paper is rejected by international accounting journals is non-reliance of editors on domestic data due to lack of access to this data in international databases. Also, one of the ways that editors and reviewers can find out the accuracy of data is to refer to the descriptive statistics of variables previously published in accounting journals. Therefore, this study uses descriptive statistics of frequent variables in accounting journals approved by Ministry of science to provide an overview of variables in Iranian accounting journals and be used by accounting researchers, peer reviewers and editors as a scale of variable limits in papers. This study reviews 632 papers published in sixteen journals approved by the Ministry of Science in 2016, 2017, and 2018. The results show that the standard deviation and dispersion of some variables are high and some are low. Variables such as cash holdings, equity returns, and the ratio of intangible assets have the lowest dispersion, and variables such as earnings per share, book value per share, and the asset's logarithm have the highest dispersion among the variables.

The development of digitalization has injected vigorous impetus into the innovation and transformation of traditional culture. After exploring the logical conventional culture mechanism digitization construction to promote commonwealth, the study makes relevant hypotheses. It establishes a regression model with traditional culture digitization construction as the independent variable and commonwealth development level as the dependent variable. Then, taking the assumption of conventional culture digitization in a certain region as an example, the hypotheses proposed in this paper are verified through the descriptive statistical analysis of the model, multiple commonality diagnosis and regression analysis, and then the innovative, practical ideas of traditional culture digitization construction for commonwealth are explored. After the regression model verification, the digital construction of conventional culture can enhance the development level of the commonwealth. Its dimensions have a significant positive impact on the level of personal income, personal consumption level, and employment opportunities with a level of at least 5%, among which the effect of the integration of traditional culture and tourism is the most prominent, with the coefficients of 0.637, 5.724 and 0.638, respectively. The digitization of conventional culture needs to be built with a The digitization of traditional culture needs to be constructed with the practical ideas of “top + bottom” two-way support, “decoding + translating” two-way mutual feeding, “online + offline” two-channel smooth flow, to realize the acceleration of the commonwealth.

This paper strategically classifies the emotional labor of early childhood teachers and explores the relationship between emotional labor, emotional exhaustion, occupational well-being, and occupational self-efficacy based on a five-dimensional model of teachers’ occupational well-being. A structural equation model was developed to explore the mediating effects of early childhood teachers’ psychological capital between surface behavior, passive depth behavior, and occupational well-being, using psychological capital as a mediating variable. Based on the mediation analysis of the structural equation model, parameter identification and parameter design were performed to conduct descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses of emotional labor and occupational well-being of kindergarten teachers occupational well-being, and to test the moderating effect of social support in the multimedia context. Deep play significantly and positively predicted the dimensions of emotional well-being, professional well-being, interpersonal harmony, environmental satisfaction, and total occupational well-being scores, i.e., β= 0.35, 0.42, 0.40, 0.21, 0.36, P

Statistics plays an important role in medical research， and the selection of appropriate statistical methods is crucial for drawing reliable and valuable conclusions. This paper provides a brief introduction to commonly used statistical analysis methods for medical data， covering descriptive analysis， parametric test， nonparametric test， correlation analysis， regression analysis， and analysis of survival data. It focuses on discussing the assumptions of multiple linear regression， logistic regression and Cox proportional risk regression， as well as how to choose the appropriate statistical methods for analyzing and interpreting medical data based on different research objectives and data types.

Weblogs, often known as "blogs" or "web logs," are currently among the most popular Internet apps. The current paper concerns the impact of blogging on the writing development of EFL students. This article also sought to understand the views of tertiary-level English language learners and examine the effects of blogging on academic writing The questionnaire survey was sent to five tertiary education universities in Iran. The data has been taken from 43 participants Six open-ended questionnaire items were measured. The method used was descriptive statistics and percentages gleaned from the data. The findings showed that students who utilized blogging in their academic writing saw a significant improvement in success scores, demonstrating that blogging helps students become better writers. Students also reported good views toward using blogs in their writing assignments, which, coupled with the results from the study, may suggest that students who have positive attitudes toward blogging are likely to develop into better writers.

The aim of this paper is to estimate the mass concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E) and m-, p-, o-xylenes (X) inside of the driver-compartment of motor vehicles. The results were compared with the Czech limits for indoor environments and the external concentrations. The experiments were carried out on various routes with different methods of ventilation. The volatile emissions detected inside the vehicle were investigated in the city of Brno, Czech Republic. Cabin air was collected using desorption tubes and the samples were analysed by thermal desorption gas chromatography with a flame ionisation detector coupled with a mass detector. VOC concentrations detected in the cabin of the vehicle ranged from 2.93 µg.m-3 to 7.96 µg.m-3 for benzene, 1.42 µg.m-3 to 4.38 µg.m-3. for toluene, 44.06 µg.m-3 to 152.00 µg.m-3 for ethylbenzene and 63.07 µg.m-3 to 479.62 µg.m-3 for xylenes. The indoor limit value for benzene, according to the Czech standard, is 7 µg.m-3. Levels of toluene were consistently below the Czech hourly standard, whose value according to the Czech standard is 300 µg.m-3. According to our findings, various methods of ventilation are an important factor influencing the BTEX pollution levels within the interior of the vehicle. In addition, this paper presents the influence results of benzene on the health of passengers inside the cabin of the vehicle. The results show that all age categories, especially children under the age of two, are exposed to increased health risks.

The fact is that the energy of each tone of colors has emotional and psychological features, which is used as a tool in informal communication with the aim of long-term memory. Despite the importance of color experience in spaces, only a few studies were conducted on the topic. The aim of this paper was to explore the influence of color experience on the premises of the University North, University Center Varaždin. This paper explores and analyzes experience and satisfaction with warm and cold colors, measures the students’ degree of noticing certain colors in space, i.e. associating certain colors on the University’s ground floor or the first floor to a product or company. Furthermore, this paper examines the evironmental color impact of lecture halls that are painted white, blue, brown or a reddish color. In the design of the University North premises, the emphasis was put on the act of entering into main lecture halls, where wall colors had to match the colors of the University logo. Since the University logo has only two color tones; it is predominantly red, and therefore, when painting the entrance spaces, the emphasis was put on the color white, which, psychologically, makes a space seem bigger and brighter. The last question in the questionnaire was on the color that remained in the long-term memory, and the largest number of respondents opted for the color red. The survey was conducted on 315 students from the University North. Statistical data processing was performed using descriptive statistics. The study has proved that the red tone, although present in a small amount, confirms an affiliation to the University when it comes to informal communication.

Enhancing production and sale has a very significant effect on the competitive advantage of any production enterprise. In practice, especially in companies with highly diversified production, products have a different impact on generating revenue. Therefore, operational management pay attention to the products of the utmost importance. The Pareto analysis is the most broadly used product classification method. It can be said that the results obtained by this analysis are still very burdened by decision-makers’ subjective attitudes. This paper proposes a model for selecting products with the biggest impact on generating revenue in an exact way. In the model’s first stage, whether there is a linear relationship between volume demand and a discounted amount is analyzed applying mathematical statistics methods. In the second stage, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method is proposed so as to obtain a near-optimal set of the most important products. The proposed model is shown to be a useful and effective assessment tool for sales and operational management in a production enterprise.

Hydrological heritage is a relatively new concept in the field of geosite assessment. The principal aim of this study is to apply M-GAM (Modified geosite assessment model) for comparative analysis of the Krupaja spring and the Žagubica (Mlava) spring, located in Homolje area, in Eastern Serbia. According to the classification of geosites of Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, these sites are on the list of protected sites (“hydro(geo)logical” heritage sites) of extraordinary national importance; however, they still have not gained necessary recognition in Serbia. Thus, their assessment according to different target groups should provide a clearer picture of their current condition. As M-GAM considers that not all indicators for evaluation of geosites are of the same importance, this paper applies two methods for comparing and determining the importance of indicators and subindicators in the model (Analytical-hierarchy process (AHP) and descriptive statistics conducted by SPSS). Also, it is assumed that different target groups will give different importance to some indicators in the model, which would result in various evaluation scores for the same geosites. The paper also provides a comparative analysis of the assessment carried out by two different target groups – potential geotourists and geoexperts. The results obtained by AHP and descriptive statistics are quite similar, which confirms the reliability of respondents’ answers and the results gained. The analyzed sites are differently positioned in the evaluation matrix, and implications are further discussed in the paper.

This paper reviews the interdisciplinary collaboration between Environmental Sciences and Statistics. The usage of statistical methods as a problem-solving tool for handling environmental problems is the key element of this approach. This paper enhances a clear pavement for environmental scientists as well as quantitative researchers for their further collaborative learning with an analytical base.

This paper presents the experimental database and corresponding statistical analysis (Part I), which serves as a basis to perform the corresponding parametric analysis and machine learning modelling (Part II) of a comprehensive study on organic soil strength and stiffness, stabilized via the wet soil mixing method. The experimental database includes unconfined compression tests performed under laboratory-controlled conditions to investigate the impact of soil type, the soil’s organic content, the soil’s initial natural water content, binder type, binder quantity, grout to soil ratio, water to binder ratio, curing time, temperature, curing relative humidity and carbon dioxide content on the stabilized organic specimens’ stiffness and strength. A descriptive statistical analysis complements the description of the experimental database, along with a qualitative study on the stabilization hydration process via scanning electron microscopy images. Results confirmed findings on the use of Portland cement alone and a mix of Portland cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag as suitable binders for soil stabilization. Findings on mixes including lime and magnesium oxide cements demonstrated minimal stabilization. Specimen size affected stiffness, but not the strength for mixes of peat and Portland cement. The experimental database, along with all produced data analyses, are available at the Texas Data Repository as indicated in the Data Availability Statement below, to allow for data reproducibility and promote the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning competing modelling techniques as the ones presented in Part II of this paper.

This study investigated the use of a free GeoGebra application, where the ability of a GeoGebra software application had the potential to simplify and help the teaching and learning process in the informatics management study program, Medan State Polytechnic. The focus of this research was the incorporation of conventional method-based teaching, namely using the assistance of writing instruments such as pencils, pens, and paper when describing the Venn diagram in mathematical logic courses with the help of the GeoGebra application which made it easier for students to drew circles and determine the slices and combinations on the Venn diagram. The resulted of this study were obtained from the scores of student assignments and the results of interviews conducted online with the number of respondents consisting of 44 students who successfully uploaded assignments through the SIPADI application. The value analysis obtained was compiled into tables then processed using the SPSS application using the pair test and linearity test. Based on the output obtained, it was known that the GeoGebra value obtained the average value of learning outcomes or the mean of 75.9773, while for the average learning outcomes using conventional methods or the mean of 68.9091. The number of respondents or students who took the test amounted to 44 people, Std. Deviation for GeoGebra method was 5.800092 and conventional method was 5.56909, and Std. Error Means. Based on the results of descriptive statistical tests, the average value of the GeoGebra method > conventional method was 75.9773> 68.9091, so descriptively there was an average difference between the GeoGebra method and the conventional method.

This paper attempts to characterize through statistical indicators of statistical data that we have available. The purpose of this paper is to present statistical indicators, primary and secondary, simple and synthetic, which is frequently used for statistical characterization of statistical series. We can thus analyze central tendency, and data variability, form and concentration distributions package data using analytical tools in Microsoft Excel that enables automatic calculation of descriptive statistics using Data Analysis option from the Tools menu. We will also study the links which exist between statistical variables can be studied using two techniques, correlation and regression. From the analysis of monetary policy in the period 2003 - 2014 and information provided by the website of the National Bank of Romania (BNR) seems to be a certain tendency towards eccentricity and asymmetry of financial data series.

Rate distortion theory was developed for optimizing lossy compression of data, but it also has applications in statistics. In this paper, we illustrate how rate distortion theory can be used to analyze various datasets. The analysis involves testing, identification of outliers, choice of compression rate, calculation of optimal reconstruction points, and assigning “descriptive confidence regions” to the reconstruction points. We study four models or datasets of increasing complexity: clustering, Gaussian models, linear regression, and a dataset describing orientations of early Islamic mosques. These examples illustrate how rate distortion analysis may serve as a common framework for handling different statistical problems.

Dates are a great food that meets many human needs, and the government should encourage and intensify efforts to support the expansion of palm cultivation and development and focus on its production in our country as a means of food security in the future. In addition, palm trees have an important economic role in improving the country's economy. In this paper, a sharp decline in the quality of production will be highlighted. So, the aim of the study is to know the most important types of palm trees that affect the production of tigers for the year 2019 if the study includes 11 governorates, and the multiple linear regression method has been applied in selecting the most important types affecting the production.. and the types of palm trees did not appear Halawi and Khattawi and Khadari any effect on Dates production in the aforementioned year, although these types are considered to be one of the desirable first-class varieties in the Iraqi market, and for export in particular, in a manner that supports the country's economy.

The paper presents information on the state-of-the-art of physical development and opportunities of students practicing football at the Todor Kableshkov University of Transport. The aim is to obtain information about the physical condition, development and fitness of students. The testing methodologies applied are standard and the examinations have been carried out with wearing sport suits. For the purpose of the study a test battery including 13 tests has been applied: 5 with anthropometric parameters and 8 to measure physical capability. The data have been subjected to statistical processing. As a result of the study, growth of most indicators has been observed. The progress established has proved that the approach in selection of methods for development of physical qualities in physical education and sport classes is correct.

The paper deals with interpretation of the results of the comparative statistical analysis of pottery from the late Bronze Age settlements in the lower reaches of the Belaya river – Kakry-Kul, Birsk, Udelny-Duvaney. The analysis has been aimed to determination the cultural identity of these settlements and to establishing genetic links between ceramics of the Early Ananyino (Pitted Ware and Corded Ware) Culture and the Late Bronze Age ceramics in the Volga and Kama region. The analysis of ceramics has been carried out according to the program and methods developed by V.F. Gening and G.A. Fedorov-Davydov at their time. The obtained results show that the Late Bronze Age settlements in the lower reaches of the river Belaya belong either to the Maklasheevka (according to V.N. Markov) or to the Byrgynda (according to L.I. Ashikhmina) cultures of the Lower Kama basin; in their morphological features, the ceramics of the of Early Ananyino type, decorated with a complex cord and pit ornament, differ markedly from the pottery of the Late Bronze Age in the Volga-Kama region, which does not allow the authors to speak about the genetic relationship between the compared groups of ceramics. That is, the pottery of the Early Ananyino type with a cord and pit ornament was brought to the Volga-Kama region outside. Most likely, the origin of this pottery should be sought in the late Bronze Age settlements in more northern areas.

This paper attempts to delineate from a theoretical of view the financial data series relative to other statistical data, starting from the financial econometrics’ models and from the resulting features of the specific descriptive statistics’ analysis of these characteristic series. From the analysis of these financial data during either very short and short or medium periods of time or from the information provided by the website of the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB), the trend of great values of kurtosis or eccentricity and skewness or asymmetry of series appears as a characteristic tendency. During a long period of time, between 1920 and 2008, this tendency seems to be more relevant, being confirmed by an excerpt from the author’s earlier paper written in 2009, concerning the statistical Dow Jones Industrial Average Index (DJIA Index). The skewness, kurtosis and normality of data distribution analysis, using Jarque Bera test, along with the identification of residual autocorrelation or serial correlation in the presence of significant residual values and heteroskedasticity are the major evaluated aspects. Finally, the author investigates the optimal way to ensure statistical comparability inflationary and deflationary method for financial series of data, and offers a solution to the selection of the appropriate indicator from the categories of the absolute values, absolute variation of the absolute values and the relative variation of the absolute values, expressed by percentages, with the finding of the latter alternative as the best alternative in the world of financial modelling of the economic and financial processes and phenomena.

The primary objective of every investor is to see how his money grows. No matter where one decides to plant or invest his money, there is an inevitable process that follows. The important thing is to closely monitor events and record every detail of information. Unless there is a proper system, issues will build and may become difficult to manage. This is the main reason why there are tools which are necessary to use when planting the seeds for investments. These tools are packed into one parcel and referred to as statistics. The term statistics will refer to descriptive and inferential statistics, probability, parametric and non-parametric tests, time series, and business intelligence. This paper will define statistical gears which are normally used by business managers to gather and analyze data for planning and decision-making. It will further highlight how the elements of statistics can build a strong pillar to run a business and alleviate potential challenges through the use of a tool known as the problem solver.

Organizations that hope to achieve a competitive advantage through employee engagement will be most successful by incorporating and including employee engagement in the performance management process. Therefore, essence of the performance management must to be convergence to employees and establish communication with each one. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between employee engagement (assessment of employee competencies and preferences of the engagement mechanisms), and performance management process in rural destinations. In this paper, the assumption is that the employee are more engaged if they feels belonging to the organization and see the value of their work and that this can be achieved through rewards and recognition system and effective communication channels. The research was conducted on 79 employeed in the Fruška Gora National Park, Serbia.

Assuring the health of the general public is a major objective of each country’s public health system. To insure this goal the public health system needs to offer good quality and prompt services according to the population’s needs The paper presents the main results of a two step sampling procedure applied within the medical institutions from Bucharest in July 2007. Using a representative sample of 407 persons the paper presents the main descriptive statistics calculated on the most important variables that were taken into account in order to quantify the impact of the reform measures applied in the public health care system on the quality of the medical services provided to the general public.

The aim of this research is to find common characteristics of stock exchanges in the region, which will facilitate further research and present a good opportunity for investment by investors. It is known that between the economic development and the development of financial markets of an economy there is a high degree of correlation. The study includes eight stock exchanges in the region, for the period from 2008 to 2014. The paper applied the techniques of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis in order to reach the key results, using tools SPSS20 and Excel. Analysis of the results observed countries in the region confirms the fact that these are mostly small, open and underdeveloped economies. On the basis of positioning it is necessary to carefully observe the financial markets in the region and devote enough attention in the further development, in order to use the existing potential for economic development.

This paper presents a new index for determining the shape of land parcels. Parcel shapes are usually represented descriptively (i.e. ribbon-shaped, rectangular, irregularly shaped), which is useless for automated distinguishing between parcel shapes or for determining and distinguishing between the patterns formed by parcels. Thus, we developed a Parcel Shape Index (IOP) to describe parcel shape characteristics, and then tested it in the test area of Gorenje pri Divači to analyse selected fields – as irregular blocks, enclosures, continuous strips, and furlongs. We found that IOP allows for a differentiation of parcels according to their shape as well as parcel patterns formed due to the individual types of dividing arable land.

Generalized world experience and summary of scientific literature on the issue of power market price features have been presented in the paper; indicators for evaluation of these features have been offered as well and the analysis of price characteristics in Lithuanian power exchange has been performed. The following methods have been employed – scientific literature analysis and generalization and statistical analysis methods. The main features of power market price and factors influencing them have been determined in the theoretical part of the paper. Indicators which enable to evaluate the features of power market price have been proposed in the methodological part of the paper. The analysis has shown that power market price was volatile in Lithuania. In winter when thermal power plants operated in the market, power market price tended to increase, but its volatility decreased. In spring, when cheap import was available, power market price tended to reduce, but its volatility increased. Power market price was the most volatile and highest in summer. During this season price spikes often formed. Price spikes in summer took 2.64% of all time analyzed. Elektros energijos rinkos kainos savybių tyrimas: Lietuvos atvejis Santrauka Straipsnyje apibendrinama pasaulinė patirtis ir susisteminama mokslinė literatūra elektros energijos rinkos kainos savybių problematika, pasiūlomi kainos savybių vertinimo rodikliai, atliekamas biržos kainos savybių tyrimas Lietuvos pavyzdžiu. Tikslui pasiekti taikomi du metodai – mokslinės literatūros sisteminimo ir statistinės analizės. Teorinėje darbo dalyje išskiriamos pagrindinės elektros energijos rinkos kainos savybės ir veiksniai, darantys įtakos savybių pasireiškimui. Metodinėje darbo dalyje pasiūlomi rodikliai, sudarantys galimybę įvertinti kainos kaitumą ir kainų smailių pasireiškimą. Atlikus empirinį tyrimą nustatyta, kad Lietuvoje elektros energijos kaina buvo kaiti. Žiemos laikotarpiu, kai prekybą rinkoje vykdė šiluminės elektrinės, kainos kaitumas mažėjo, tačiau vidutinė kaina didėjo. Pavasarį, esant galimybei importuoti elektros energiją pigiau, kainos kaitumas didėjo, o vidutinė kaina mažėjo. Kaičiausia ir didžiausia kaina buvo vasarą (variacijos koeficientas – 19,74 proc., standartinis nuokrypis – 32,50 LTL/MWh, vidutinis kainų lygis – 164,60 LTL/MWh), kurios metu dažniausiai susiformuodavo kainų smailės. Jos truko 2,64 proc. viso 2010–2011 m. rugsėjo mėn. laiko. Reikšminiai žodžiai: elektros energija, didmeninė rinka, kaina, aprašomoji statistika, kaitumas, kainų smailė.

Branding is a crucial component in marketing that determines the success of an organisation. However, developing a successful brand to gain competitive advantage is essentially a marketing problem in the Ghanaian jewelry industry. Globalization and competition especially from Asia and other developed parts of the world results in market share decline, firms’ failure and job losses in the Ghanaian jewelry industry. The objective of this paper was to study the branding strategies of Precious Minerals Marketing Corporation (PMMC) and ERNIE’S Classic Jewelry and how that influences their competitive advantage. Primary data were obtained from management and customers of these two companies through interviews and questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the survey data. The results indicate that Research and Development, Internal Branding, Brand Positioning/promotion and Customer Orientation are the critical branding factors for competitive advantage adopted by the firms. However, Precious Minerals Marketing Company (PMMC) was found to be more competitive compared to ERNIE’S Classic Jewelry through brand building. The results have several implications and recommendations for firms’ development through branding.

Measuring performance of stock market presents both a theoretical and practical challenge. Efficient financial markets considered the main condition for economic growth and development in developing countries and for developed countries. The aim of the study is to show the level of development and common features of capital markets in the countries in the region. The paper applied the techniques of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis in order to reach key results. The study covers eleven stock indices, three stock exchange indices (SP500, DJI, NIKKEI225) are indicators of changes in global capital markets while the remaining eight are indicators of changes in capital markets in the region (Serbia - BelexLine, Montenegro - Monex, Bosnia and Herzegovina - Birs and Sasx, Croatia - Crobex, Macedonia - MVI-10, Romania-BET, Bulgaria - Sofix).Analysis of the results observed countries in the region confirms the fact that capital markets in the countries in the region, mainly small and under-developed.

Food festivals are a mainstay of the festival sector and some surveys show that they currently account for 30 percent. Despite this, we know very little about this important part of event tourism, and its economic and social impacts. This study tries to show, by econometric methods, the impacts on the local economy made by food festivals – and, at the same time, fhe effects -of the multiplicator and spillover factors. This paper looks for some correlation between the local index-number of tourism and gastronomic festivals, using data from more than 200 events and festivals and 123 settlements. The first step in the survey was to determine two tourism factors, and this was followed by our methodological studies of these factors. Although the summarized conclusions may not support the general opinion as can be found in the relevant literature – that is, a positive correlation between gastronomic festivals and local tourism, new research directions are revealed.

This paper analyzes the information content of metadata and full texts in German Medical Science (GMS) articles in English language. The object of the study is to compare semantic entities that are used to enrich GMS metadata (titles and abstracts) and GMS full texts. The aim of the study is to test whether using full texts increases the value added information. The comparison and evaluation of semantic entities was done statistically. Measures of descriptive statistics were gathered for this purpose. In addition to the ratio of central tendencies and scatterings, we computed the overlaps and complements of the values.The results show a distinct increase of information when full texts are added. On average, metadata contain 25 different entities and full texts 215. 89% of the concepts in the metadata are also represented in the full texts. Hence, 11% of the metadata concepts are found in the metadata only. In summary, the results show that the addition of full texts increases the informational value, e.g. for information retrieval processes.

The contemporary market laws and consumer society impose that road users are regarded to as consumers, and road landscape – as a product. In this context, consumers’ willingness to use the product is equivalent to road users’ willingness to drive on the road. Consumers’ fastidiousness induces to develop road landscape in a way which ensures satisfaction of drivers’ versatile needs, including the aesthetic ones. However, development of desirable-to-drive road landscape remains one of the challenges of land management. Hence, based on the analysis of aesthetic needs of road users, the paper proposes a framework for creation of desirable-to-drive road landscape. The research rests on photofixation, Kansei engineering, regression, correlation and descriptive analyses. The landscape of the main Lithuanian roads was investigated. The results show that the willingness to drive on a road depends on the level of tune of all the elements comprising the roadscape, the amount of positive impression left by the roadscape, roadscape’s pleasurability, level of sophistication, and skittishness. The guidelines for the development of desirable to drive road landscape are proposed, and the map of distribution of roadscape in Lithuania, according to the willingness to drive, is drawn.

As part of its public sector modernization effort, a North African government has put a lot of effort and allocated significant budgets since 1997 to modernize one of its main public sector companies. Consequently, this company, that mainly offers postal services, initiated many IT-based projects to computerize all paper-based ongoing services offered through its branches and to present new products to customers. This company was aiming to improve service quality and to diversify the range of its services. However, some of these IT-based projects inevitably faced problems. Some projects were either not completed successfully, cancelled, over-budget or taking more time than scheduled. As a result, many employees and customers of this company were dissatisfied and complained about bad planning, slowness and significant disruptions in these projects, an event that affected adversely the quality of service. This study aims at determining the causes of these project disruptions, failures or delays. To achieve this aim, 30 experienced project developers and engineers working in that company’s IT department volunteered to respond to a detailed questionnaire specifically developed for this purpose. The questionnaire included questions about project vision clarity, time/cost management, project quality assurance, risk management and human resources management. Results show that the main reasons for disruptions, failure or delays in IT projects are lack of business plan and poor documentation during and after finishing projects, lack of clear quality assurance criteria, standards and reviews, and poor project risk management practices. Ramifications of such results in terms of improving IT project management practices in the public service sector are finally presented.

This paper identifies some characteristic statistical aspects of the annual legislation’s dynamics and structure in the socio-economic system that had defined Romania, over the last two decades. After a brief introduction devoted to the concepts of social and economic system (SES) and societal computerized management (SCM) in Romania, first section describes the indicators, the specific database and the investigative method and a second section presents some descriptive statistics on the suggestive abnormality of the data series on the legislation of the last 20 years. A final remark underlines the difficult context of Romania’s legislative adjustment to EU requirements.

This paper succeeds in investigating, through a questionnaire-based research conducted on a population of managers-teachers, the opinion of the skills / competences which are the main managerial and decision-making support. Ordered hierarchically as early as their intial scaling in the phase of drafting the questionnaire and piloting the project, the three categories of competences / skills:Technical skills – 5 pointsInterpersonal skills – 3 pointsSkills of self-improvement – 2 points provide an interesting correlation between them and aggregately, and also with the scores of other 24 detailed comptences in the joint research of the two specific questionnaires designed to support the investigation proper. The article details some of the gaps or the differences between the teachers-managers’s and the teachers’ subpopulation. Another interesting problem solved here is provided by modelling the managerial aggregate score by means of the factors identified in the body of a matrix of correlation.

In this paper we intend to identify the research trends manifested in the literature on the survey interviewer characteristic’s. A first objective pursued was to identify the distribution of research topics, their territorial distribution and their dynamics expressed in the study of survey interviewer characteristics. A second objective was to verify if the publication of articles in a journal depends on the theme, on the geographical area from which the author came or on the period of the research. In order to achieve these objectives we used descriptive statistics, multiple correspondence analysis and logistic regression. Using the statistical software R statistical data were processed.For the analyzed sample, the results of statistical analysis showed that a signifi cant number of articles have been published by American and European researchers. Most these articles were published after 2000, and the main research theme is the analysis of the survey interviewer characteristics. The data analysis shows that the moment of publication of the research results in a prestigious journal depends on economic, political, social and cultural context characteristic of geographical area from which the author comes. The results also showed that a certain period when the articles by analyzed sample where published and the geographical area from which the researcher comes had a negative effect on the estimated probability to approach a research topic. Also, articles written by U.S. researchers were more likely to be published.

This paper presents some solutions to recruit staff for the Marketing Department of a metallurgical enterprise. Our goal is to present the psychological characteristics of a certain category of employees on a sample of 107 employees and to evaluate the relationship between the motivation to work and those characteristics. In order to realize such evaluation we used the linear mixed effects model in the statistical software program R. The results showed that a significant effect on work motivation have factors like work climate and the employee agreeability.

Along with a growth in the spread of renewable energy (RE) use, the demand of reliable and more detailed data about the disposable RE source is increasing. The paper presents the initial stage of processing meteorological data as baseline information for describing the RE potential. The analysis method of descriptive statistics has been applied for data processing. Research was performed to illustrate the benefit of the applied analysis. Using meteorological data collected in the Laboratory of Building Energy and Microclimate Systems of Civil Engineering Research Centre, the analysis of received findings and statistical processing was performed. The research showed that statistical characteristics gave additional valuable information about dominant RE streams in a particular location. It was determined that the chaotic nature of stream variation and occurred outliers of values influence the values of RE streams greatly when average magnitudes are calculated. Having the limits of values to RE stream variation and the weighted centre of distribution without outliers creates a possibility of selecting a RE transformer or their combination more objectively and choosing equipment operation parameters to use local conditions better. The evaluation of local meteorological conditions applying statistical methods may help both the energy user and the creator of a technological solution to developing sustainable RE expansion. Santrauka Didėjant atsinaujinančiosios energijos išteklių (AEI) naudojimo mastui, auga poreikis turėti patikimus ir vis išsamesnius disponuojamo atsinaujinančiosios energijos šaltinio duomenis. Pristatomas pirminis meteorologinių duomenų, kaip pradinės AEI potencialą apibūdinančios informacijos, apdorojimo etapas. Apdorojant duomenis taikomas aprašomosios statistikos analizės metodas. Šios analizės taikymo privalumams iliustruoti buvo atliktas tyrimas – Civilinės inžinerijos mokslo centro Pastato energetinių ir mikroklimato sistemų laboratorijoje sukauptų meteorologinių duomenų analizė ir statistinis apdorojimas. Kaip parodė tyrimas, statistinės charakteristikos suteikia vertingos papildomos informacijos apie konkrečioje vietoje vyraujančius AEI srautus. Nustatyta, kad, skaičiuojant vidutines AEI srautų reikšmes, didelę įtaką daro chaotiška srautų kitimo prigimtis ir pasitaikančios reikšmių išskirtys. Turint AEI srautų kitimo reikšmių ribas ir pasiskirstymo svorinį centrą atmetus išskirtis, galima objektyviau išsirinkti AEI transformatorių, transformatorių derinį ar parinkti labiau vietos sąlygas atitinkančius įrenginio darbinius parametrus. Vietos meteorologinių sąlygų įvertinimas statistikos priemonėmis gali padėti tiek energijos vartotojui, tiek technologinio sprendinio kūrėjui prisidėti prie darniosios AEI plėtros. Reikšminiai žodžiai: meteorologiniai duomenys, atsinaujinančioji energija, aprašomoji statistika.